The A2 motorway , also known as the Egnatia Odos ( Greek : Εγνατία Οδός ), is a tolled controlled-access highway in northern Greece that runs from the western port of Igoumenitsa to the eastern Greek–Turkish border at Kipoi . The entire route is part of the Greek section of the E90 road , which runs from Lisbon , Portugal in the west, and Zakho , Iraq in the east.
53-511: (Redirected from Egnatia Odos ) Egnatia Street or Egnatia Odos may refer to the following roads: A2 motorway in northern Greece , commonly known as the Egnatia Odos Via Egnatia , a Roman road Egnatia Street, Thessaloniki , a commercial street [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about roads and streets with
106-599: A combined length of 99 km / 61.5 miles) and 1,650 bridges. It is a limited-access highway with sophisticated electronic surveillance measures, SCADA controls for the lighting/tunnel ventilation, and advanced vehicle collision absorption measures. Part of its length, a section of about 360 km (220 mi) from Evros to Thessaloniki , parallels the ancient Roman Via Egnatia , which ran from modern Durrës in Albania to Thessaloniki and thence to Byzantium (now Istanbul , Turkey ). The project has therefore been dubbed
159-505: A large role in providing finance during crises including the 2008 financial crash and the COVID-19 pandemic. Over 60 years since its inception in 1958 to 2018 the EIB has invested over 1.1 trillion euros. It primarily funds projects that "cannot be entirely financed by the various means available in the individual Member States". The EIB is one of the biggest financiers of green finance in
212-527: A modern Via Egnatia (in Greek , Egnatia Odos / Εγνατία Οδός). However, the parallel is not exact; the original Via Egnatia was much longer (1,120 km / 696 miles) and its western section, from Thessaloniki to the Adriatic Sea, ran much further north than the modern road. The project has raised concerns for the survival of nearby sites of ecological and archaeological significance. The construction of
265-502: A portion of possible losses from a portfolio of loans and sets the ground for additional financing. A guarantee is a legal contract with which a third party (guarantor) promises to assume a borrower's debt or other liabilities in the event of default . The European Investment Bank's advisory services are carried out by the European Advisory Hub and are available for public and private projects inside as well as outside
318-518: A project's overall cost, for the public and the private sector, and for small and medium-sized businesses through intermediated lending partners. The EIB's private sector financing of single large investment projects or investment programmes start from €25 million. It offers framework loans starting from €100 million to public sector entities for investment programmes that consist of a number of smaller projects. Loans for both private and public sector projects have to be aligned with one or more priorities of
371-463: A total of 670 km (420 mi). The megaproject began in 1994 and was completed in 2009 at a cost of €5.93 billion ($ 8.27 billion); it was managed by the state-owned company Egnatia Odos, S.A. The route traverses the mountainous Greek regions of Epirus and Macedonia , crossing the Pindos and Vermio mountain ranges, which posed formidable engineering challenges. It includes 76 tunnels (with
424-696: A trillion euros. The European Investment Fund (EIF) is the European Union's venture capital arm. It also provides guarantees for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). In 2018, 25 million SMEs in the EU made up 99.8% of all non-financial enterprises, employed around 97.7 million people (66.6% of total employment) and generated 56.4% of total added value (EUR 4,357bn). The EIF supports businesses through all their stages of development; pre-seed, seed-, and start-up-phase (technology transfer, business angel financing, microfinance, early stage venture capital) to
477-620: A wide network of commercial Banks, national Banks and institutions, leasing companies, venture capital and private equity funds, angel investors and various providers. Within the European Commission's Investment Plan for Europe , the EIB Group and the European Investment Fund for Strategic Investments are part of a plan aimed at relieving investors of some of the risks inherent in projects. Project financing
530-527: A €25 billion fund which was endorsed by the European Council as part of the overall European Union COVID-19 response package . All 27 EU Member States were invited to contribute to the fund in the form of guarantees proportional to the respective share in the bank. Using the EGF, the EIB group 'aimed to mobilise' up to €200 billion of additional financing for small and medium-sized European businesses from
583-568: Is a not for profit organisation and provides long-term project funding, guarantees and advice to further the goals of the European Union. It is part of the European Commission's Investment Plan for Europe strategy which aims to bridge investment gaps by taking on some of the risk in projects it funds. The bank funds projects in the areas of; climate, environment, innovation and skills, infrastructure, small and medium-sized enterprises, cohesion and development as well as crises including
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#1732772602089636-575: Is granted after preliminary screenings of the viability and the carbon emissions associated with the projects. The European Investment Bank has provided financial resources for both economic impacts of the pandemic and for health-related emergencies, the search for a vaccine against COVID-19, and solutions to slow the spread of the virus. On 26 May 2020, the EIB Board of Directors approved the Pan-European Guarantee Fund (EGF),
689-451: Is limited. Through intermediaries, the EIB finances micro-enterprises (0–9 employees), small enterprises (10–49 employees), medium-sized enterprises (50–249 employees), mid-caps (250-3 000 employees). In 2019 the EIB Group provided €25.52 billion in loans and other services to 386,600 SMEs and mid-caps which employ 4.4 million. As a supranational institution, the EIB focuses on economic, social and territorial cohesion and solidarity within
742-834: Is part of InnovFin, the EU Finance for Innovators, a joint initiative of the EIB Group in cooperation with the European Commission under Horizon 2020 ). Through it the EIB Group provides direct financing to mid-caps . The group also offers venture debt financing under the European Growth Finance Facility, backed by the European Fund for Strategic Investments . The EIB Group works with a broad network of commercial Banks, national promotional Banks and institutions, leasing companies, venture capital and private equity funds, angel investors and service providers, including in regions where access to finance
795-549: Is rated triple-A, the most credit-worthy rating on the bond market, by "the Big Three" credit rating agencies: Moody's, Standard and Poor's, and Fitch. Each member state pays capital into the EIB's reserves which is broadly in line with their share of EU gross domestic product. The EIB was founded by the Treaty of Rome , which came into force on 1 January 1958. It was the first of the world's regional development banks and
848-783: Is sometimes referred to as the largest multilateral development bank (MDB). The EIB was established to facilitate equitable development in the EU through lending to regions that are less developed and to support the EU's internal market. The EIB is active in 140 countries throughout the world. It makes around 10% of its investments outside the EU to support the European Union's development aid and cooperation policies. The EIB has been criticised and caused controversy for various actions and inactions of its own (or projects it funded), including: insufficient stakeholder consultation, lack of organisational transparency, climate change response, defense and promotion of vegetarian and vegan values, tax avoidance, and staff harassment. The European Investment Bank
901-544: Is the European Union 's investment bank and is owned by the 27 member states. It is the largest multilateral financial institution in the world. The EIB finances and invests both through equity and debt solutions companies and projects that achieve the policy aims of the European Union through loans, equity and guarantees. The EIB focuses on the areas of climate, environment, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), development, cohesion and infrastructure. It has played
954-771: Is the European Union's bank and is owned by the Member States of the European Union. Its role is to fund projects that achieve the aims of the European Union. Most of the EIB's activity (90%) takes place inside the European Union with the aim of fostering European integration and development. It makes investments outside Europe to support the EU's development aid and cooperation policies. It is active in 140 countries which are grouped into: Enlargement countries, European Free Trade Association (EFTA) , EU Southern Neighbourhood, EU Eastern Neighbourhood, Sub-Saharan Africa , Caribbean and Pacific, Asia and Latin America, Central Asia and
1007-452: Is the process of improving a company's creditworthiness by taking internal and external measures. The EIB increases the protection of the senior debt, enhances the credit rating and credit quality for project finance and aims to help projects attract further private finance from institutional investors. By offering guarantees to small and medium-sized enterprises or mid-caps , the Bank covers
1060-578: The COVID-19 pandemic and the financial crisis of 2007–2008 . Since 1959 the European Investment Bank has signed almost 25,000 projects around the world. It funds projects both inside and outside the EU that meet one of the criteria of; in less developed regions, where projects can not be funded by individual member states and projects which benefit multiple member states. The bank aims to support sustainable economic growth both within
1113-1058: The European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD), the European Social Fund Plus (ESF+), the European Maritime, Fisheries and Aquaculture Fund (EMFAF), and the Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund (AMIF). Apart from financing projects using its own resources, the European Investment Bank establishes mandates and partnerships which help to fund riskier projects and to blend loans with grants ; which are disbursed funds or products that do not require repayment. Mandates can also involve financial investment and can be based on technical and financial advice. The EIB has partnerships with organisations across
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#17327726020891166-399: The Bank offers Green Bonds and Sustainability Awareness Bonds. The European Investment Bank issued the first Green Bond in 2007, called a Climate Awareness Bond. The EIB is the global leader of Green Bonds issuance with over EUR 30.8bn raised in 2020 across 16 currencies. With the money raised through Green Bonds, the EIB exclusively supports projects that contribute to climate action in
1219-655: The COVID-19 pandemic It also expanded its partnership with the United Nations Development Programme and increased cooperation with the Association of European Development Finance Institutions to assist impacted businesses in developing countries, providing financing for €280 million partnered with the World Health Organization to finance health care projects in 10 African countries. Since its foundation in 1958,
1272-422: The EIB provides direct quasi-equity financing to support companies aiming for financing to grow which involves venture debt products for European companies in the field of biotech and life sciences , software and ICT , engineering and automation , renewables and clean technology . These investments, which are a relatively recent addition to the bank's work, tend to be smaller than its previous limits on
1325-730: The EIB. Besides direct debt financing or project finance for the private sector, the EIB makes loans to intermediaries including Groupe BPCE (France), Deutsche Bank AG (Germany), or Intesa Sanpaolo (Italy) that provide small and medium-sized businesses with local and targeted funds up to €12.5 million and below the EIB's threshold for direct private financing of €25 million. The European Investment Bank invests and co-invests in companies and funds that focus on infrastructure, environment, or small- and medium-sized enterprises and mid-size corporations in exchange for equity which allows companies to raise capital by selling shares for short term costs or to achieve long-term financial goals. In some cases,
1378-496: The European Commission or other public authorities, from the European Investment Bank or at its own risk. In 2012, the EIB Institute was created to promote and support social, cultural, and academic initiatives with European stakeholders and the public at large. It works on community and citizenship for the EIB Group. The EIB Institute is an integral part of the EIB and does not have a separate legal personality. The EIB
1431-402: The European Investment Bank (EIB) and the European Investment Fund (EIF) and the EIB Institute. 90% the European Investment Bank's activity takes place inside the European Union with the aim of fostering European integration and development. It makes investments outside Europe to support the European Union's development aid and cooperation policies. It is active in some 140 countries throughout
1484-446: The European Investment Bank has supported the development of infrastructure for both EU Member States and third countries. In 2019, the EIB provided €15.74 billion to support infrastructure projects. The EIB supports infrastructure projects involving; sustainable transport ; energy efficiency , urban development, digital networks, social housing and key public buildings, cultural heritage and water and wastewater management. The bank
1537-479: The European Union at the time of the country's accession to the European Union. Following Brexit and the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union, the European Investment Bank's board of governors decided that the remaining Member States would proportionally increase their capital subscriptions to maintain the same level of overall subscribed capital (EUR 243.3 billion). As of March 2020,
1590-474: The European Union. Besides advice on specific investment mechanisms or market development, the services can involve strategic and technical guidance on completing a project. Prior to a funding agreement with the EIB or other investors, future clients can make use of the bank's expertise in the fields of financial structuring, procurement and regulation, or impact assessment, e.g. regarding a project's implications on climate change. It does not offer advice related to
1643-439: The Member States of the European Union and externally. Because of its AAA credit rating in the international markets the EIB is able to borrow and lend at low rates. The bank pursues the objectives of the European Union by providing long-term project funding, as well as guarantees and advice. The EIB Group (European Investment Bank and European Investment Fund) supports companies, small businesses and start-ups by cooperating with
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1696-409: The Member States of the European Union and outside the EU. The EIB prioritises projects addressing inequalities by providing jobs and education, public infrastructure and services, a sustainable environment across the European Union. The EIB's annual target for cohesion financing is 30% of all new operations in the EU, Pre-Accession and EFTA countries which amounted to €16.13 billion in 2019. In 2023,
1749-495: The Pindos stretch (i.e. from Grevena to Ioannina ) was delayed due to environmental concerns about the destruction of the habitat of the endangered brown bear. However, a new routing was proposed in 2003, and this part was completed by April 2009. In addition to the main highway, three perpendicular auxiliary highways are under construction connecting the highway to important cities, ports and airports of Macedonia. 94 km of
1802-554: The Union. Financial instruments co-funded by EU shared management funds, such as loans, guarantees, and equity investments, are efficient ways to invest in growth and development across the European Union. These instruments leverage public funding to attract additional private investments, contributing to EU policy objectives like economic growth, job creation, and social cohesion. fi-compass offers tailored advice on using financial instruments under various EU shared management funds, including
1855-734: The United Kingdom. As an independent body the bank takes its own borrowing and lending decisions. It cooperates with other EU institutions, especially the European Commission , the European Parliament , and the Council of the European Union . The EIB lends to both the private and the public sector through various financial products: Financing is the Bank's main activity, it also provides guidance on how to utilise additional sources of investment. The European Investment Bank provides long-term loans , typically up to 50% of
1908-572: The aim of contributing to stable growth within the Member States of the European Union, emerging markets and developing countries. Since 2010 the EIB financing outside the European Union reached €69.6 billion. In 2020 the European Investment Bank Group has offered loans to more than 100 countries, financed vaccines, diagnostics and treatments and invested €1.7 billion to help the Western Balkan countries recover from
1961-514: The development and commercialisation of new products, economic processes and business models, increased investment in research and development, education, upskilling and training and improved connectivity and access through broadband and mobile networks. In addition; the adoption and diffusion of digital and other emerging technologies and empowering women's participation in the labour market. The EIB Group finances sustainable projects and supports investments that reduce poverty and inequality aims with
2014-537: The first carbon-neutral continent by 2050. It finances projects that; limit global warming to 1.5 °C by the end of the decade, fight environmental degradation , stop biodiversity loss and address inequalities caused by climate change. In 2019, the European Investment Bank Group financed projects for €19.3 billion to fight climate change. Since 2000, the EIB has financed projects which include skills development with more than €210 billion of investment, including €14.4 billion in 2019. This support targeted/aimed at;
2067-728: The goals and principles of the Paris Agreement by the end of 2020. In November 2020, the EU member states approved the EIB Group Climate Bank Roadmap 2021–2025 that outlines its upcoming contributions to the European Green Deal and to sustainable development outside the EU. By the end of 2021, the EIB will stop financing all fossil fuel projects. The EIB contributes to the European Green Deal which aims for Europe to become
2120-528: The growth and development segment (formal venture capital funds, mezzanine funds, portfolio guarantees/credit enhancement). The European Investment Bank is the EIF's majority shareholder, holding 62% of shares. The other main shareholder is the European Commission, which holds 29% of shares. The EIF operates on the basis of specific mandates from the European Council and the European Parliament, from
2173-401: The international capital markets. The EIB issues bonds to borrow money on capital markets which it then lends to its clients, which is a common way for governments and corporations to borrow money. Both parties agree on a fixed date when the loan is due to be paid back usually including an interest rate. The EIB's bonds are purchased by retail investors and institutional investors around
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2226-609: The motorway had been built as part of other motorways, before the official project began in 1994. Between 1997 and 2004, 393 km of motorway were built. The main part of the project was completed by 30 May 2009. A final bridge was opened on 10 May 2014 The exits of the completed sections of the A2 motorway: In 2020, EIB and Egnatia Odos are committed to fund treatment of 7000 high risk sites in Greece. European Investment Bank The European Investment Bank (EIB)
2279-425: The private sector. European Union companies are eligible to seek financing from the Pan-European Guarantee Fund if they have financial issues due to the economic implication of the COVID-19 pandemic but could have been able to secure loans under pre-crisis circumstances. In December 2019, the European Investment Bank signed a €50 million loan to help BioNTech work on cancer treatments. A new loan worth €100 million
2332-405: The purchase or sale of securities or any advisory services regarding project evaluation and audit. fi-compass is a comprehensive advisory service platform developed by the European Commission and the European Investment Bank (EIB) Group. It supports EU shared management managing authorities and other stakeholders by providing practical know-how and learning tools on financial instruments across
2385-500: The renewable energy sector (including wind , hydroelectric , solar and geothermal energy production) and the energy efficiency sector (e.g. projects for district heating , co-generation, and building insulation). The European Investment Bank's has capital from its shareholders, the Member States of the European Union. Each Member State is subscribed in capital based on its economic weight (expressed in Gross domestic product ) within
2438-480: The same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egnatia_Street&oldid=1241924456 " Category : Road disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages A2 motorway (Greece) The A2 motorway runs
2491-678: The size of its deals, because they are aimed at startups and growth companies. The European Investment Fund (EIF) supports the EIB by working with SMEs and related financial partners (Banks, guarantee, leasing and microfinance institutions, private equity and venture capital funds etc.). The EIB's investments in equity and debt funds usually cover 10% to 20% of the fund size (with a maximum of 25%) and address climate action, infrastructure, or private sector development and social impact goals. The EIB provides credit enhancement of senior debt using subordinated financing , funded or unfunded guarantees and contingent credit lines. Credit enhancement
2544-449: The subscribed capital of the EIB has increased by an additional EUR 5.5 billion, following the decision by two Member States to increase their capital subscriptions ( Poland and Romania ). The EIB's total subscribed capital now amounts to EUR 248.8 billion. The departure of the UK from the EU did not impact the EIB Group's AAA credit rating. The EIB Group was formed in 2000. It is composed of
2597-414: The world in the following geographical areas: Enlargement countries , European Free Trade Association (EFTA) , EU Southern Neighbourhood, EU Eastern Neighbourhood, Sub-Saharan Africa, Caribbean and Pacific, Asia and Latin America, Central Asia and the United Kingdom. It is one of the largest supranational lenders in the world. Since its establishment in 1958, the European Investment Bank has invested over
2650-603: The world, including the European Commission and European External Action Service , the United Nations (e.g. Sustainable Energy for All ) or the International Fund for Agricultural Development . The European Investment Bank is a not for profit organisation. While it is a European Union body, none of the European Investment Bank's funds come from the European Union budget, the bank is financially autonomous. It has its own resources and money raised through
2703-435: The world. In 2007, the EIB became the first institution in the world to issue green bonds . In 2019 it committed to stop funding fossil fuel projects by the end of 2021. The EIB plans to invest 1 trillion euros in climate-related projects by 2030 including a just transition . The EIB is not funded through the budget of the EU . Instead, it raises money through the international capital markets by issuing bonds. The EIB
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#17327726020892756-421: The world. The EIB focuses on long-term investment and is triple-A rated by Moody's , Standard and Poor's , and Fitch . This allows the Bank to borrow money at lower rates to then lend it at lower rates to projects inside and outside Europe that foster EU policy objectives. In addition to benchmark bonds, public bonds, and private placements that vary in terms of size, currencies, maturities, and structures,
2809-643: Was approved in June 2020 to support the company's vaccine trials and manufacturing. BioNTech's COVID-19 vaccine was approved for use by the UK drug regulators in December 2020. The EIB Group, is one of the world's main financiers of climate action. The EIB plans to invest 1 trillion euros in climate-related projects by 2030 including a just transition . As the EU's climate Bank, the European Investment Bank Group committed in November 2019 to align its activities with
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