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40-688: The Ekalluktogmiut (also spelt Iqaluktuurmiutat and Ikaluktuurmiut ) were a geographically defined Copper Inuit subgroup in Canada 's Nunavut territory. They were located along the Ekalluk River near the center of Victoria Island , Albert Edward Bay in western Victoria Strait , and Denmark Bay . According to the Arctic explorer Vilhjalmur Stefansson , the Ekalluktogmiut winter hunt on Dease Strait . This article relating to

80-546: A Franco-American syndicate represented by de Lobel to begin work on the Trans-Siberian Alaska railroad project, but no physical work ever commenced. Suggestions have been made to construct a Bering Strait bridge between Alaska and Siberia. Despite the unprecedented engineering, political, and financial challenges, Russia green-lit a US$ 65-billion TKM-World Link tunnel project in August 2011. If completed,

120-539: A team of 65 swimmers from 17 countries performed a relay swim across the Bering Strait, the first such swim in history. They swam from Cape Dezhnev, Russia, to Cape Prince of Wales , United States (roughly 110 kilometers (68 mi), due to the current). They had direct support from the Russian Navy, using one of its ships, and assistance with permission. A physical link between Asia and North America via

160-512: The tupilaq is similar to the Christian concept of the devil . The angakkuit ( shamans ) could be male or female. They warded off evil spirits, functioned as intermediaries between people and the spirit world, healed illness or taboo violations, and controlled weather. Copper Inuit lived within geographically defined subgroups well documented by Stefansson, Franz Boas , and others: Bering Strait The Bering Strait has been

200-813: The Back River . To the east, the Copper Inuit and the Netsilingmiut were separated by Perry River in Queen Maud Gulf . While Copper Inuit travelled throughout Victoria Island, to the west, they concentrated south of Walker Bay , while to the east, they were concentrated south of Denmark Bay . As the people have no collective name for themselves, they have adopted the English term "Copper Inuit". It represents those westernmost Central Inuit who used and relied on native copper gathered along

240-640: The Indigenous peoples of North America is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Nunavut -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Copper Inuit Copper Inuit , also known as Inuinnait and Kitlinermiut , are a Canadian Inuit group who live north of the tree line , in what is now the Kitikmeot Region of Nunavut and in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region in

280-554: The Inuvik Region of the Northwest Territories . Most of them historically lived in the area around Coronation Gulf , on Victoria Island , and southern Banks Island . Their western boundary was Wise Point, near Dolphin and Union Strait . Their northwest territory was the southeast coast of Banks Island. Their southern boundary was the eastern shore of Great Bear Lake , Contwoyto Lake and Lake Beechey on

320-513: The McClure Arctic expedition , Irish explorer, Robert McClure abandoned his ship, HMS  Investigator , at Mercy Bay on Banks Island in 1853 during his search for Franklin's lost expedition . It provided extensive amounts of wood, copper, and iron which the Copper Inuit used for years. Richard Collinson explored the area in 1850–1855. In the belief that the Copper Inuit had migrated to Hudson Bay for trading at various outposts,

360-704: The North American continent . Its deepest point is only 90 m (300 ft) in depth. It borders the Chukchi Sea (part of the Arctic Ocean ) to the north and the Bering Sea to the south. The strait is a unique habitat sparsely populated by the Yupik , Inuit , and Chukchi people who have cultural and linguistic ties to each other. From at least 1562, European geographers thought that there

400-515: The "Ice Curtain". It was completely closed, and there was no regular passenger air or boat traffic. Since 2012, the Russian coast of the Bering Strait has been a closed military zone . Through organized trips and the use of special permits, it is possible for foreigners to visit. All arrivals must be through an airport or a cruise port, near the Bering Strait only at Anadyr or Provideniya . Unauthorized travelers who arrive on shore after crossing

440-601: The 103-kilometer (64 mi) tunnel would be the world's longest. China considered construction of a "China-Russia-Canada-America" railroad line that would include construction of a 200-kilometer-long (120 mi) underwater tunnel that would cross the Bering Strait. In 1956, the Soviet Union proposed to the US a joint bi-national project to warm the Arctic Ocean and melt some of the ice cap. As designed by Petr Borisov,

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480-412: The 1930s, the ceremonial clothing of the Copper Inuit had died out, although it was intentionally revived in the 1990s. Copper Inuit had an animistic spiritual system, which included belief that animal spirits could be offended through taboo violations. They believed that dwarfs, giants, "caribou people", and the sea-goddess Arnapkapfaaluk or "big bad woman" inhabit the world. Their conception of

520-591: The Bering Strait by removing St. Lawrence Island and parts of Seward and Chukotski Peninsulas . A strait 320 kilometers (200 mi) wide would let the Japan Current melt the Arctic Ocean. In the 21st century, a 300-kilometer (190 mi) dam has also been proposed. However, the aim of the proposal is to preserve the Arctic ice cap against global warming. During the Cold War , the Bering Strait marked

560-454: The Bering Strait nearly became a reality in 1864 when a Russian-American telegraph company began preparations for an overland telegraph line connecting Europe and America via the east. It was abandoned when the undersea Atlantic Cable proved successful. A further proposal for a bridge-and-tunnel link from eastern Russia to Alaska was made by French engineer Baron Loicq de Lobel in 1906. Czar Nicholas II of Russia issued an order authorising

600-622: The Canadian government's 1906 map marked Victoria Island as "uninhabited". It was not until the early years of the 20th century that trading ships returned to Copper Inuit territory. They followed Vilhjalmur Stefansson 's encounter with, and report on, so-called Blond Eskimos among the Copper Inuit from his Arctic exploration of 1908–1912. During the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913–1916 , Canadian ethnographer Diamond Jenness spent two years living with and documenting

640-470: The Copper Inuit diet. They liked raw but not boiled eggs . They used and cooked food and products from the sea, but kept them separate from those of the land. Copper Inuit clothing consisted of short-waisted inner parkas accented with long, narrow back tails, and sleeves that came short of the wrist. In severe weather, they added a heavy outer parka. Women's parkas were distinguished by elongated hoods, and exaggerated, pointed shoulders. Boots extended up

680-595: The Copper Inuit were hunter-gatherer nomads . Their settlement and acculturation to some European-Canadian ways has occurred only since the 1940s, and they have also continued the hunting and gathering lifestyle. They lived in communal snowhouses during the winter and engaged in breathing-hole ( mauliqtoq ) seal hunting. In the summer, they spread out in smaller, family groups for inland caribou hunting and fishing. The people made copper arrows, spear heads, ulu blades, chisels, harpoons, and knives for both personal use and for trade amongst other Inuit. In addition to

720-497: The Copper Inuit. Copper Inuit traditionally speak Inuinnaqtun and Inuvialuktun , sometimes referred to as Western Canadian Inuktitut. Historically, Copper Inuit lived among tundra , rocky hills, outcrops, with some forested areas towards the southern and southwestern range. Here they hunted Arctic ground squirrel , Arctic hare , caribou ( barren ground and Peary's herds), grizzly bear , mink , moose , muskox , muskrat , polar bear , wolf , and wolverine . They fished in

760-603: The Coronation Gulf area to co-exist with the Copper Inuit. The first Holman -area (Ulukhaktok) trading post was established in 1923 at Alaervik, on the north shore of Prince Albert Sound , but it closed five years later. The post relocated to Fort Collinson on Walker Bay, north of Minto Inlet . Two other stores opened in Walker Bay but closed by 1939, in the years of the Great Depression . In 1960,

800-636: The Inuit and the Dene , as well as others which may have involved Europeans. This conflict seems to have been instigated by both the Dene and the Inuit and possibly was caused by trade disputes but sometimes due to raids for women. One of the better known of these battles was recorded by European explorer, Samuel Hearne . In 1771, Samuel Hearne was the first European to explore the Coppermine River region. It

840-421: The Soviet Union in 3.3 °C (37.9 °F) water during the last years of the Cold War . She was congratulated jointly by American President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev . In June and July 1989, three independent teams attempted the first modern sea-kayak crossing of the Bering Strait. The groups were: seven Alaskans, who called their effort Paddling Into Tomorrow (i.e. crossing

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880-631: The Soviet plan by arguing that while the plan was feasible, it would compromise NORAD and thus the dam could be built at only an immense cost. Soviet scientist D. A. Drogaytsev also opposed the idea, stating that the sea north of the dam and north-flowing rivers in Siberia would become unnavigable year round, and the Gobi and other deserts would be extended to the northern Siberia coastline. American Charles P. Steinmetz (1865–1923) earlier proposed to widen

920-583: The Soviet project called for a 90-kilometer-wide (56 mi) dam across the Bering Strait. It would block the cold Pacific current from entering the Arctic. By pumping low-salinity cold surface water across the dam to the Pacific, warmer and higher salinity sea water from the Atlantic Ocean would be introduced into the Arctic Ocean. However, citing national security concerns, the CIA and FBI experts opposed

960-597: The border between the Soviet Union and the United States . The Diomede Islands — Big Diomede (Russia) and Little Diomede (US)—are only 3.8 km (2.4 mi) apart. Traditionally, the indigenous people in the area had frequently crossed the border back and forth for "routine visits, seasonal festivals and subsistence trade", but were prevented from doing so during the Cold War. The border became known as

1000-669: The copper products, Copper Inuit soapstone products were highly regarded in the Bering Strait trade network. Other trade partners included Inuvialuit from the Avvaq Peninsula and Caribou Inuit to the south. Many Copper Inuit gathered in the Cambridge Bay area in the summertime because of plentiful game. According to Robin McGrath , there are Inuit stories that show there was a history of conflict between

1040-583: The crossing on Sea-Doos but were arrested and permitted to return to Alaska on their Sea-Doos after being briefly detained in Lavrentiya , the administrative center of the Chukotsky District . They were treated well and given a tour of the village's museum, but not permitted to continue south along the Pacific coast. The men had visas but the western coast of the Bering Strait is a closed military zone . Between August 4 and 10 (US time), 2013,

1080-402: The dance clothing of the Copper Inuit has been extensively studied and preserved in museums worldwide. The design of these garments was inextricably linked with the religious practices of the Copper Inuit, containing what anthropologist Bernadette Driscoll-Engelstad describes as "design references alluding to the integration of the human and animal realm, the natural and the supernatural." By

1120-487: The extensive network of ponds, lakes, and rivers, including the Coppermine, Rae, and Richardson Rivers , which sustained large populations of freshwater Arctic char (also found in the ocean), grayling , lake trout , and whitefish . The marine waters supported codfish , bearded seal , and ringed seal . Ducks, geese, guillemots, gulls, hawks, longspurs, loons, plovers, ptarmigans, and snow buntings were also part of

1160-648: The federal government shipped three housing units to Holman, and another four in 1961. In the years to follow, some families moved to Holman permanently, while others lived there seasonally. Some Copper Inuit moved to the communities of Coppermine (Kugluktuk) or Cambridge Bay. Still others gravitated to outposts along Bathurst Inlet , Contwoyto Lake , Coronation Gulf , and on Victoria Island. The Copper Inuit have gradually adopted snowmobiles , satellite dish television service, and Christian churches. Many young people now speak English rather than Inuinnaqtun . Together, these introductions have created social change among

1200-572: The international dateline); a four-man British expedition, Kayaks Across the Bering Strait ; and a team of Californians in a three-person baidarka , led by Jim Noyes (who launched his ambitious expedition as a paraplegic). Accompanying the Californians was a film crew in a umiak, a walrus-skin boat traditional to the region; they were filming the 1991 documentary Curtain of Ice , directed by John Armstrong. In March 2006, Briton Karl Bushby and French-American adventurer Dimitri Kieffer crossed

1240-518: The interruption of the first by bad weather. In February 2012, a Korean team led by Hong Sung-Taek crossed the straits on foot in six days. They started from Chukotka Peninsula, the east coast of Russia on February 23 and arrived in Wales, the western coastal town in Alaska on February 29. In July 2012, six adventurers associated with "Dangerous Waters", a reality adventure show under production, made

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1280-492: The leg to button at the waistline. They made the soles from feathers or bird skins. Copper Inuit used different napkins for different meals: ptarmigan skins when eating caribou, and gull skins when eating seal. Contemporary clothing and boots may be made of a variety of skins, including: In addition to their everyday clothing, historically, many Inuit had a set of ceremonial clothing made of short-haired summer skins, worn for dancing or other ceremonial occasions. In particular,

1320-552: The lives of Copper Inuit. He sent thousands of artifacts of their material culture to the Geological Survey of Canada . Along with trade, European contact brought influenza and typhoid . These newly introduced infectious diseases likely weakened resistance of the natives. Between 1929 and 1931, one in five Copper Inuit died from a tuberculosis epidemic. Around the same time, the whaling industry deteriorated. Alaskan Iñupiat and Mackenzie Delta Inuvialuit came into

1360-483: The lower Coppermine River and the Coronation Gulf. According to Knud Rasmussen (1932), other Inuit referred to Copper Inuit as Kitlinermiut , as Kitlineq was an Inuit language name for Victoria Island. Copper Inuit, like all Inuit, are descendants of the Thule people . Changes in the environment may have resulted in the transition from prehistoric Thule culture to Copper Inuit culture . For about 3,000 years

1400-483: The most accepted one. Numerous successful crossings without the use of a boat have also been recorded since at least the early 20th century. The Bering Strait is about 82 kilometers (51 mi) wide at its narrowest point, between Cape Dezhnev , Chukchi Peninsula , Russia , the easternmost point (169° 39' W) of the Asian continent and Cape Prince of Wales , Alaska , United States, the westernmost point (168° 05' W) of

1440-533: The strait by 1847. In March 1913, Captain Max Gottschalk (German) crossed from the east cape of Siberia to Shishmaref, Alaska , on dogsled via Little and Big Diomede islands. He was the first documented modern voyager to cross from Russia to North America without the use of a boat. In 1987, swimmer Lynne Cox swam a 4.3-kilometer (2.7 mi) course between the Diomede Islands from Alaska to

1480-415: The strait on foot, walking across a frozen 90-kilometer (56 mi) section in 15 days. They were soon arrested for not entering Russia through a regular port of entry. August 2008 marked the first crossing of the Bering Strait using an amphibious road-going vehicle. The specially modified Land Rover Defender 110 was driven by Steve Burgess and Dan Evans across the straits on its second attempt following

1520-449: The subject of the scientific theory that humans migrated from Asia to North America across a land bridge known as Beringia when lower ocean levels – a result of glaciers locking up vast amounts of water – exposed a wide stretch of the sea floor, both at the present strait and in the shallow sea north and south of it. This view of how Paleo-Indians entered America has been the dominant one for several decades and continues to be

1560-416: Was a Strait of Anián between Asia and North America. In 1648, Semyon Dezhnyov probably passed through the strait, but his report did not reach Europe. Danish-born Russian navigator Vitus Bering entered it in 1728. In 1732, Mikhail Gvozdev crossed it for the first time, from Asia to America. It was visited in 1778 by the third voyage of James Cook . American vessels were hunting for bowhead whales in

1600-470: Was here that Matonabbee , leader of Hearne's Chipewyan Dene guides, and his companions massacred a Copper Inuit group at Bloody Falls . Further exploration did not take place until the period of 1820–1853, which included the Sir John Franklin expeditions of 1821 and 1825. John Rae encountered Copper Inuit at Rae River in 1847, and at Cape Flinders and Stromness Bay in 1851. During

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