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158-616: Durham University (legally the University of Durham ) is a collegiate public research university in Durham , England , founded by an Act of Parliament in 1832 and incorporated by royal charter in 1837. It was the first recognised university to open in England for more than 600 years, after Oxford and Cambridge , and is thus the third-oldest university in England . As a collegiate university, its main functions are divided between

316-458: A Community College, similar to HKU's Centennial College, which been in a partnership arrangement with the University of Wollongong since 2014. Most of the public universities in India follow the collegiate system. The University of Mumbai, is a collegiate public state university located in the city of  Mumbai ,  Maharashtra , India. The University of Mumbai

474-460: A Regent Master of Theology at Paris, left a legacy to found University College, Oxford in 1249. Although this is taken as the foundation date of University College, it was not until after 1280 that the college actually began operating. At around the same time Balliol College was founded by John de Balliol via a grant of land in 1263 as a penance imposed by the Bishop of Durham, and Merton College

632-445: A Royal Commission in 1862 and later spread to other universities. Those attending University College were expected to bring a servant with them to deal with cooking, cleaning and so on. The level of applications to Bishop Hatfield's Hall led to a second hall along similar lines, Bishop Cosin's Hall , being founded in 1851, although this only survived until 1864. Elsewhere, the university expanded from Durham into Newcastle in 1852 when

790-467: A big environment that's the common feature". In many collegiate universities, the teaching is centrally organised through departments and faculties on a university-wide basis. The level of participation in teaching of colleges in such universities varies: they may provide no formal teaching (e.g. Durham), may provide some teaching to their own students (the Oxbridge model), may provide some teaching that

948-549: A college is not obligatory for students, and only students in residence count as college members. The colleges manage admission to the college (but not the university) and provide academic tutorials to students. The University of the Arts Singapore (UAS) is a publicly-funded private collegiate university in Singapore. It is a federation of two local arts colleges — Nanyang Academy of Fine Arts , and LASALLE College of

1106-408: A collegial tradition in the mode of Oxbridge, but the federal principle has been widely emulated." Similarly a conference on The Collegiate Way in 2014 concentrated entirely on universities with residential colleges (e.g. Oxford, Cambridge, Durham, etc.), making no mention of federal universities. This was in keeping with the idea that "The collegiate way is the notion that a curriculum, a library,

1264-740: A collegiate model, with five colleges on the Peterborough campus. All students are affiliated to a college. A notable collegiate university in Mainland China is The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen , which inherits the tradition from The Chinese University of Hong Kong in Shatin , Hong Kong. The number of collegiate universities in France has increased over the past years. These include: The University of Hong Kong (HKU) has an affiliated Anglican college, St John's College, which

1422-462: A consortium led by Interserve would design, build and operate two colleges at Mount Oswald (new buildings for John Snow College and one new college ) for £105 million. The project company (in which the university has a 15 per cent stake) financed the construction via a £90 million 46-year bond issue. The two colleges opened in 2020. Separately, the university announced that it had raised £225 million to fund its estate masterplan through

1580-456: A faculty, and students are not enough to make a college. It is an adherence to the residential scheme of things." Yet the federal principle has also been called the "Cambridge principle", and is sometimes seen as essential to a collegiate university. There is also dispute as to what is meant by a federal university: some writers have argued that the distinct feature of a federal system is the separation of teaching and examination, but others see

1738-545: A few years prior to this, been an examination board for its colleges, and Trinity College Dublin combined elements of the collegiate and professorial styles. More recently, the collegiate and federal traditions have been seen as separate in Britain, although both inspired by different aspects of the colleges at Oxford and Cambridge, e.g. "With the partial exception of Durham (and in the twentieth century York, Kent and Lancaster) there has been no serious attempt to create in Britain

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1896-491: A non-residential college model, and New York University has similar "learning communities" to support non-residential students. The specifics of how the collegiate system is organised – whether college membership is necessary for students, whether colleges are legally independent, the role colleges play in admissions, etc. – vary widely between different universities. While the ancient universities of Oxford and Cambridge consist of independent colleges that supplement

2054-506: A range of undergraduate courses, but may also offer post-graduate courses. More established colleges may even offer PhD programs in some departments with the approval of the affiliating university. The only ' ancient university ' in Ireland , North or South, is the University of Dublin . Created during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I , it is modelled on the collegiate universities of Cambridge and Oxford. However, only one constituent college

2212-820: A university" but to which no other colleges had ever been added, the Durham system allowed for the university itself to found further colleges, which it did with the establishment of Hatfield College in 1846. The University of London , founded in 1836, was very different. It was, in its original form, an examining body for affiliated colleges . The first two of these - University College London (UCL; founded 1826) and King's College London (founded 1829) were already in existence and resembled non-collegiate 'unitary' universities, as found in Scotland and continental Europe, except in their lack of degree-awarding powers. There had been much dispute over UCL's attempt to gain recognition as

2370-457: A university's graduation ceremony or, more generally, to any formal assembly of the university (similar to congregation in some British universities). At Harvard and Columbia universities it is the name used for the matriculation ceremony that formally welcomes new students at the start of the academic year. At some universities in the UK and other countries, convocation refers to the body of

2528-539: A university, and the University of London was designed as a political solution to put an end to this dispute and to enable the students at both UCL and King's to receive degrees. It was modelled to a certain extent on Cambridge, where (at that time) the senate of the university was responsible for examinations and the colleges for the teaching, and also took on some features of the University of France , an institution established under Napoleon in 1808 that had absorbed

2686-580: A very curious federal institution in 1908 – its Durham division was itself collegiate, while its Newcastle division had two independent colleges (Armstrong College, the civic university college affiliated to Durham since its creation in 1871, and the Medical College, which had been affiliated since the 1850s). The two colleges of the Newcastle division were merged in 1937, and Newcastle finally became an independent university in 1963. Similarly,

2844-501: Is Ulster University , which is located in Northern Ireland (see United Kingdom on this list). In Italy , independent halls of residence known as 'colleges of merit' operate in a number of university cities, offering tutoring, supplementary teaching, and additional diplomas. The university in which the collegiate model is most developed is the University of Pavia with four independent colleges (including two established in

3002-600: Is a former Catholic seminary that is a licensed hall of residence of the university. It hosts parts of the Business School and of the Centre for Catholic Studies, with the university having committed to leasing the East Wing until 2027 and to establishing a residential research library at Ushaw. Queen's Campus in the borough of Stockton-on-Tees ( Thornaby , North Yorkshire ) 30 miles from Durham City. Until 2017–18,

3160-498: Is available university or faculty-wide (e.g. Toronto), or may be responsible for delivering centrally organised, university-wide teaching (e.g. Roehampton). Whatever their role in teaching, almost all are residential communities and they will often have their own halls for meals, libraries, sports teams and societies; such colleges are thus sometimes termed residential colleges . Monash University in Australia has, however, developed

3318-723: Is for the main part a unitary university, currently operate in this manner. This should not be confused with the situation where courses at an independent college are validated by a university but the college does not become part of that university, e.g. the relationship between the New College of the Humanities and Southampton Solent University from 2015 to 2020. Over time, the level of federation may evolve, particularly as independent colleges grow and seek to establish themselves as universities in their own right. University College London and King's College London were for much of

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3476-567: Is one of the largest universities in the world. As of 2013, the university had 711 affiliated colleges. As of 22 November 2021, the UGC lists 441 state universities. The oldest establishment date listed by the UGC is 1857, shared by the  University of Calcutta , the  University of Madras  and the  University of Mumbai . Most State Universities are collegiate universities administering many affiliated colleges (often located in small towns) that typically offer

3634-531: Is planned to become Durham's 18th college. The Waterside Building, home of the business school 's Department of Management and Marketing from 2024, is on the east bank of the River Wear north (downstream) of the city centre. Boldon House in Pity Me will house some professional services from 2025. The university published a strategy document in 2017 setting out (among other things) a roadmap for development of

3792-448: Is that "colleges are societies (Latin collegia ), not buildings". This is expressed in different ways in different universities; commonly students are members of a college, not residents of a college, and remain members whether they are living in the college or not, but this is not universal and the distinction may be drawn in other ways (see, e.g., the University of Otago below). Residential colleges also commonly have members drawn from

3950-424: Is the senate. ) At Durham University , convocation was established as the assembly of members of the university by the university's fundamental statue in 1835. Women were admitted to convocation from 1913. Durham's degrees were awarded at meetings of convocation until 1938, when this power was transferred to the senate and awards were instead made at congregations of the university. As of 2024, it consists of

4108-711: The Bill Bryson Library (named after the writer Bill Bryson , chancellor of the university 2005–2012), Development in the 21st century has included the Arthur Holmes Building (2003; earth sciences; named after Arthur Holmes , Professor of Geology), the Calman Learning Centre (2007; named after Kenneth Calman , vice-chancellor and warden 1998–2006), the Palatine Centre (2012; law and the university's administration),

4266-593: The Church of England until the Church Assembly was established in 1920. Their origins date back to the end of the seventh century when Theodore of Tarsus (Archbishop of Canterbury, 668-690) reorganized the structures of the English Church and established a national synod of bishops. With the recognition of York as a separate province in 733, this synod was divided into two. In 1225, representatives of

4424-643: The Daniel Libeskind -designed Ogden Centre for Fundamental Physics (2016), and the Lower Mountjoy Teaching and Learning Centre (2019), the only part of the site west of South Road. In October 2013, a geological sculpture of the British Isles titled What Lies Beneath Us – a map with the geology of each location shown by a sample of the rock found at that location (and, for most areas, from that location) – by artist John de Pauley

4582-696: The Education Reform Act 1988 legally recognised as "Institutions of a University", while others are not; colleges of the University of London are recognised bodies under the 1988 act that have the right to award degrees of the University of London and (in many cases) their own degrees. Some colleges are legally independent of their parent university, while others are not. Collegiate universities with centralised teaching and undergraduate teaching in colleges: Collegiate universities with centralised teaching and residential-only colleges: Collegiate universities with centralised teaching carried out by

4740-622: The Matariki Network of Universities and the Coimbra Group . The university estate includes 83 listed buildings , ranging from the 11th-century Durham Castle to the 1960s brutalist students' union . The university also owns and manages the Durham World Heritage Site in partnership with Durham Cathedral . The university's ownership of the world heritage site includes Durham Castle, Palace Green and

4898-771: The Orient and Levant to the Far East and the Indian Sub-continent , with over a third of the collection relating to China. The Chinese collection and the Egyptian collection were granted Designated Status as collections of national importance by the Museums, Libraries and Archives Council in 2008. Collegiate university For universities with residential colleges , the principal difference between these and non-collegiate halls of residence (or dormitories)

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5056-657: The Queen's Campus in Stockton-on-Tees . One of the major public attractions in Durham City is the 10 ha (25-acre) Botanic Gardens , established (on the current site) in 1970, with over 80,000 visitors annually. As of 2021, the university estate contains over 380 buildings with a floor area of 424,600 square metres (4,570,000 sq ft), including 189,400 square metres (2,039,000 sq ft) of residential area in 170 residential buildings (not including

5214-471: The Queen-in-Council was issued granting the university use of Durham Castle , which had previously been a palace of the Bishop of Durham, for further accommodation. In 1846, Bishop Hatfield 's Hall (later to become Hatfield College ) was founded, providing the opportunity for students to obtain affordable lodgings with fully catered communal eating, a revolutionary idea at the time, endorsed by

5372-630: The Russell Group of research-intensive British universities. Between 2010 and 2012 the university was criticised for accepting funds from controversial sources, including the government of Iran, the US State Department , the prime minister of Kuwait, and British American Tobacco . The university announced in 2016 that it would relocate the colleges and academic activities currently at the Queen's Campus to Durham City from 2017; with

5530-748: The St Cuthbert Gospel , for the nation for £9 million. It is displayed equally in London and Durham, being shown at the university's Palace Green Library for the first time as part of the Lindisfarne Gospels Durham exhibition in 2013. In addition to the central library system, many colleges maintain their own libraries, such as the Bettenson, Brewis, Williams and Fenton Libraries of St Chad's College, which contain over 38,000 volumes. Durham staff and students can also access

5688-503: The University of Dhaka , University of Rajshahi and University of Chittagong . In Canada the University of Toronto has a collegiate system for students in the faculty of Arts and Sciences on its St George campus that took form from the mid 19th century, originally modelled after that of Oxford. Toronto has a mix of independent and dependent colleges, all of which offer academic programmes that are available faculty-wide rather that just to members of that college. While all students of

5846-475: The University of Queensland , the University of Tasmania , the University of Western Australia , the University of Sydney , the University of Melbourne and the University of New South Wales . Monash University runs an unusual "non-residential college" system for students living off-campus. In Bangladesh , the National University, Bangladesh is a public collegiate university that

6004-479: The University of Wales, Cardiff ) and Imperial College London (formerly a college of the University of London). Similarly Newcastle University was part of the federal University of Durham until 1963 and the University of Dundee was a college of the University of St Andrews until 1967. A number of autonomous universities in South Africa were formerly colleges of the University of South Africa . Many of

6162-474: The engineer ) were established at Stockton, replacing UCS, and the new medical school (operating in association with the University of Newcastle upon Tyne ) accepted its first students. In 2002, her golden jubilee year, the Queen granted the title "Queen's Campus" to the Stockton site. By 2005, Queen's Campus, Stockton, accounted for around 18 per cent of the total university student population. In 2005,

6320-459: The second Earl Grey who was the prime minister when the university was founded. Expansion up Elvet Hill continued, with Van Mildert College , Trevelyan College (1966), and Collingwood College (1972) all being added to the university, along with the relocation of the botanic garden (1970) and the business school (1977). These were not the only developments in the university, however. The Graduate Society, catering for postgraduate students,

6478-451: The 16th century: Collegio Borromeo , founded in 1561, and Collegio Ghislieri , founded in 1567) and 12 public colleges. However, neither in Pavia nor in any other Italian university do students have to be members of colleges. The University of Macau has moved to a residential college system since 2010, when two pilot colleges were established. Further colleges have been founded since, and

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6636-623: The 17th and 18th centuries, persisted until 1834, when they (along with the religious orders that ran then) were suppressed following the Portuguese civil war. The colleges of Paris were closed along with the university itself and the rest of the French universities after the French Revolution, as were the colleges of the University of Salamanca . While the continental universities retained control over their colleges, in England it

6794-481: The 20th century dependent colleges of the central university, without separate legal identities, and all London colleges received funds through the University of London rather than directly. The trend since the latter half of the 20th century has been for increased decentralisation; taken to its ultimate, this has led some colleges to formally end their relations with the parent university to become degree-awarding universities. Examples include Cardiff University (formerly

6952-476: The Archbishop of York Thomas Musgrave stated that since the time of Henry VIII the archbishop had only attended personally two sessions (in 1689 and 1708). The legislative powers of the convocations varied considerably over the centuries. Until 1664, they (not Parliament) determined the taxes to be paid by the clergy, but their powers in general were severely curtailed by Henry VIII in 1532/4; and from

7110-499: The Arts . It was announced as a planned-university in 2021, and took its present name in 2022. UAS will be the seventh local university of Singapore, and also will be the only publicly-funded private university other than the defunct and restructured UniSIM in Singapore. UAS will have its own degree-conferring power in Singapore. There are a number of British universities with colleges of different types. Some are listed bodies under

7268-594: The Arts, in Spanish: UNA - Universidad Nacional de las Artes , established in 1993 as a Collegiate University, incorporation of various national institutions dedicated to the teaching of fine arts. The origins of the current UNA University lay in the 1875 founding of the National Society of the Stimulus of the Arts by painters Eduardo Schiaffino, Eduardo Sívori, and others. Their guild was rechartered as

7426-834: The Chemistry Building (chemistry), the Maths building (temporary home of the school of education), the West Building (geography), the Rochester Building (physics, named after George Rochester , Professor of Physics), the Christopherson Building (engineering, named after Derman Christopherson , vice-chancellor and warden 1960–1979), the Higginson Building (engineering, named after Gordon Higginson , Professor of Engineering), and

7584-516: The Church of England. Regulations for degrees were finalised in 1836 and the university was incorporated by royal charter granted by William IV on 1 June 1837 as the "Warden, Masters and Scholars of the University of Durham", with the first students graduating a week later. At the opening of the university, accommodation was provided in the Archdeacon's Inn (now Cosin's Hall ); in 1837 an order of

7742-675: The College of St Thomas du Louvre (1186) and the College of the Good Children of St Honore (1208–1209) – although these may both have had more of the character of grammar schools than colleges of the university  – various monastic colleges starting with the Dominicans in 1217, and the College of Sorbonne for non-monastic theology students in 1257. From Paris, the idea spread to Oxford, where William of Durham , who had been

7900-516: The Convocation was an estate of the realm like Parliament and that the lower clergy were being illegally disfranchised and denied its proper voice in government. Business was resumed in 1701 and by the time Queen Anne died in 1714 draft canons and forms of service had been drawn up for royal assent. However, there was an inherent tension between the two houses, the lower house was mainly Tory in its politics and high church in its doctrine while

8058-616: The Convocations met only for formal business at the beginning of each parliament until the middle of the nineteenth century when Canterbury (in 1852) and York (in 1861) began to discuss issues of the day. The resumption of proper business was brought about by the political changes which had taken place some twenty years earlier. Until the Great Reform Bill of 1832, Parliament had been theoretically an Anglican body, and many churchmen began to argue that neither Parliament nor

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8216-585: The Crown in 1545 following the Reformation. The strong tradition of theological teaching in Durham gave rise to various attempts to form a university within the city itself, notably under King Henry VIII and then under Oliver Cromwell , who issued letters patent and nominated a proctor and fellows for the establishment of a college in 1657 . However, a proposal to allow the college to confer degrees met with opposition from Oxford and Cambridge universities, and

8374-420: The Crown. Over the next eight years it was established that it could debate and act provided it did not try to discuss or frame canons and that the archbishop could only prorogue (adjourn) a session with the consent of his fellow diocesans. In 1851, Canterbury received a petition, in 1853 it appointed committees and by 1855 Archbishop Sumner was convinced of the value of Convocation and those bishops who had opposed

8532-653: The Durham Castle and Cathedral UNESCO World Heritage Site and multiple other heritage assets including three ancient monuments (the Maiden Castle Iron Age promontory fort , Cosin's Library and Divinity House ), four grade I listed buildings (including Kingsgate Bridge , the Exchequer Building on Palace Green , the gatehouse, keep, north range and west range of Durham Castle , and multiple listings covering surviving sections of

8690-647: The Durham Union have included Richard Dannatt , Sir Edward Leigh , and Crispin Blunt . The Durham Colleges Students Representative Council (SRC) was founded around 1900 after the model of the College of Medicine SRC (in Newcastle). The Durham University SRC was formed in 1907 with representatives from the Durham Colleges, the College of Medicine, and Armstrong College (also in Newcastle). In 1963, after

8848-451: The Durham division expanded rapidly. St Aidan's Society ( St Aidan's College from 1961) was founded in 1947 to cater for non-resident women and the decision was made to expand further on Elvet Hill (where the science site had been established in the 1920s), relocating St Mary's College, building new men's colleges, vastly expanding the existing pure science provision in Durham, and adding applied science (1960) and engineering (1965). In 1947,

9006-652: The Faculty of Arts and Sciences on the St George campus are members of one of the colleges, students in other undergraduate faculties (Applied Science and Engineering, Architecture, Landscape and Design, Kinesiology and Physical Education, and Music) are only members of colleges if they live in a college residence, and the University of Toronto Mississauga and University of Toronto Scarborough are non-collegiate. Trent University in Peterborough, Ontario also has

9164-513: The Latin post-nominal letters Dunelm after their degree, from Dunelmensis (of, belonging to, or from Durham). Between around 1286 and 1291 the Benedictine monks of Durham established a hall at Oxford University to provide them with a seat of learning. In 1381 this received an endowment from Thomas Hatfield , Bishop of Durham, becoming Durham College . Durham College was surrendered to

9322-575: The Mountjoy site include Applebey (West Building; capacity 275; named after Malcolm Applebey, chair of the Durham Colleges Council 1937–1955); Scarbrough (Chemistry Building; capacity 264; named after Roger Lumley, 11th Earl of Scarbrough , chancellor of the university 1958–1969); Dawson (Dawson Building; capacity 228); the Calman Learning Centre lecture theatres: Arnold Wolfendate (capacity 400, named after Sir Arnold Wolfendale , Astronomer Royal and Professor of Physics), Rosemary Cramp (capacity 260, named after Dame Rosemary Cramp , first female professor at

9480-561: The National Academy of Fine Arts in 1905 and, then in 1923, on the initiative of painter and academic Ernesto de la Cárcova, created as a department of arts extension education in the University of Buenos Aires , known as the Superior Art School of the Nation in Spanish "Escuela Nacional Superior de las Artes" . In Australia, many universities have residential college systems, often combining independent (frequently denominational) and university-owned colleges. Some universities also have non-collegiate residences. Collegiate universities include

9638-400: The Principal of the University of Edinburgh in 1870 divided them into three types: collegiate (Oxford, Cambridge and Durham), professorial (the Scottish universities – St Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh – and the new colleges in Manchester and London) and non-teaching examination boards (London). However, even at that time drawing hard lines was difficult: Oxford had, until

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9796-406: The Privy Council approving changes in Durham's statutes to make UCS a college of the University of Durham. Further integration of the Stockton development with the university led to the formation of the University of Durham, Stockton Campus (UDSC) in 1998 and the separation of teaching responsibilities from UCS. In 2001, two new colleges, John Snow and George Stephenson (after the physician and

9954-430: The Revolution of 1688 which brought William III and Mary II to the throne when attempts to include some of the Protestant dissenters met such resistance in the lower house that the government abandoned them and the Convocations resumed their purely formal meetings In 1697 Francis Atterbury published his Letter to a Convocation Man concerning the Rights, Powers and Privileges of that Body which, in essence, claimed that

10112-451: The School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health being transferred to Newcastle University . The Queen's Campus became an International Study Centre to prepare overseas students to study at Durham, run by Study Group . In March 2017 Lord Rees opened the Ogden Centre for Fundamental Physics, designed by Daniel Libeskind . The new building, named after alumnus Peter Ogden , provides extra laboratories and office space for 140 staff. In May 2017

10270-414: The UK and the University of Pavia in Italy have a mix of independent and university-owned (or, in the case of Pavia, state-owned) colleges. In many collegiate universities, following the pattern of Oxford and Cambridge, membership of a college is obligatory for students, but in others it is either not necessary or only necessary for students in particular faculties, e.g. at the University of Toronto, where

10428-488: The US state systems started as single campuses but have evolved to become federal systems, and the University of the Philippines similarly started as one campus but is now a system of "constituent universities". There are around 80 universities around the world with residential college systems. In Argentina, the first educational institution to host this administrative format was IUNA Instituto Universitario Nacional de las Artes, since 2014 renamed UNA National University of

10586-401: The US were previously non-collegiate but have established residential colleges in the 20th or 21st century. There were around 30 universities with residential colleges in the US in 2010, examples include: Many state university systems consist of campuses that are legally part of a single corporation (e.g., the Regents of the University of California is the corporation that owns and operates

10744-434: The United Kingdom in the 1830s, and has been described as "a far better model for people at other institutions to look to, than are the independent colleges of Oxford and Cambridge". This has been widely followed in the US, where the colleges at universities such as Harvard, Yale and Princeton are entirely owned by the central university. Some universities, such as the University of Otago in New Zealand, Durham University in

10902-447: The University of London from 1900. The level of legal separation – e.g. whether the colleges are separate corporate bodies – varies between universities. As the colleges are primarily teaching institutions, they may not always be residential communities and many are effectively universities in their own right. Some colleges are part of loose federations that allow them to exercise nearly complete self-governance, and even (as in

11060-549: The Venerable Bede for men, established in 1839, also existed in the city and these merged to form the mixed College of St Hild and St Bede in 1975. From 1896 these were associated with the university and graduates of St Hild's were the first female graduates from Durham in 1898. During its expansion phase the university also became the first English university to establish relationships with overseas institutions; firstly in 1875 with Codrington College , Barbados, and secondly in early 1876 with Fourah Bay College , Sierra Leone. Under

11218-422: The academic departments of the university and its 17 colleges . In general, the departments perform research and provide teaching to students, while the colleges are responsible for their domestic arrangements and welfare. The university is a member of the Russell Group of British research universities and is also affiliated with the regional N8 Research Partnership and international university groups including

11376-619: The area around Howlands Farm (Josephine Butler and Stephenson colleges), the Leazes Road site (Hild Bede College), and the Business School site on Mill Hill as possible locations for new accommodation development (i.e., new colleges). A 'strategy refresh' was approved in 2023, which included establishing a new cultural quarter on the old swimming baths site in Elvet and developing interdisciplinary science research and laboratory facilities at Upper Mountjoy. Ushaw College , 5 miles west of Durham,

11534-560: The arrangements the two colleges became affiliated colleges of the university with their students sitting examinations for and receiving Durham degrees. The landmark event was not met with universal applause, with the London Times stating "it would not be much longer before the University of Durham was affiliated to the Zoo". After nearly a century of affiliation and with the prevailing winds of decolonisation, Fourah Bay became independent of

11692-605: The biological sciences building in 1993 (now biosciences). The mathematical sciences and computer sciences building opened in 2021 and also includes the Hazan Venture Lab, intended to equip students for entrepreneurship and to encourage student start-ups. The local NHS administrative offices are also located in John Snow House in Upper Mountjoy. Large lecture theatres with a capacity of over 200 on

11850-476: The bishops in the House of Lords expressed the mind of the Church as a whole In 1847 the routine session at the beginning of a new Parliament coincided with the polemical nomination of Dr Hampden to the see of Hereford. The formal address to the Queen was debated for six hours and an amendment carried praying the Crown to revive the active powers of convocation. The driving force behind the campaign to achieve this

12008-504: The campus was home to around 2,000 full-time students in two colleges ( John Snow and Stephenson Colleges ) and the Wolfson Research Institute , with a bus connecting Queen's Campus to Durham City. The colleges and academic departments were relocated between 2017 and 2018, and Queen's Campus became an International Study Centre (ISC) run by Study Group , preparing non-EU foreign students to enter degree courses at

12166-490: The case of colleges of the University of London ) award their own degrees. Other colleges are not legally separate from their parent university, e.g. the University of the Arts, London (UAL) in the UK and many state university systems in the US. In some US state systems, a " flagship campus " may be identified – often the original campus of the system – which is considered (either officially or informally) to stand above

12324-755: The castle walls around the north of the castle and along the top of the river bank behind Hatfield College and St Cuthbert's Society) and 79 grade II or II* listed buildings. As of 2023, the estate in Durham includes 112 ha (280 acres) of woodland scrub (with 46 ha (110 acres) of woodland designated as Areas of High Landscape Value, including the 32.4 ha (80 acres) of Great High Wood, Hollingside Wood and Blaid's Wood additionally designated as Ancient Semi-Natural Woodlands , Sites of Nature Conservation Importance and Sites of Ecological Value), 53 ha (130 acres) of farming and grazing land, and 27 ha (67 acres) of amenity grassland, alongside 51.4 ha (127 acres) of built environment. The estate also includes

12482-534: The cathedral and monastic chapters were included for the first time and in 1285 the membership of the Convocation of Canterbury assumed the basic form which it retained till 1921: Bishops, Abbots (till the 1530s and the Dissolution of the Monasteries ), Deans, and Archdeacons, plus one representative of each cathedral chapter and two for the clergy from each diocese. By the fifteenth century, each convocation

12640-540: The chancellor would be appointed by convocation, as remains the case) and the abolition of ad eundem degrees. This reform also removed the university from the authority of the Dean and Chapter of Durham Cathedral , who had been the governors of the university since its foundation. Thirty years after this, the Royal Commission of 1937 recommended changes in the constitution of the federal university, resulting in

12798-421: The chancellor, the vice-chancellor and warden, the deputy vice-chancellor and provost, the pro-vice-chancellors, graduates of the university who have registered as members of convocation, and other officers of the university appointed by the university's council. It appoints the chancellor of the university, most recently Fiona Hill on 28 November 2022, and receives the annual report of the university. In

12956-434: The colleges are all associated with the Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Sometimes, as noted above, referred to as federal universities , these are universities where the teaching function is entirely carried out by constituent colleges, which will often have their own faculties and departments. This is represented by examples such as Oxford and Cambridge up to the mid 19th century, the University of Wales from 1893 to 2007, and

13114-412: The colleges of Oxford or Paris. Colleges evolved in different directions in different places, but many European universities lost their colleges in the early 18th century. At the University of Coimbra , for example, many colleges were established in the 16th century, although these were limited to the study of theology with the other faculties remaining non-collegiate. These colleges, joined by others in

13272-541: The colleges: Collegiate universities where all teaching is carried out in the colleges: Unitary universities with centralised teaching and associated colleges that carry out their own teaching: The US has a wide variety of systems. There are a number of universities with residential colleges , most of which are owned by the central university, which may be referred to as residential colleges or as houses. These do not normally participate in formal teaching, although there are exceptions to this. Most collegiate universities in

13430-615: The creation of Newcastle University , the Durham Colleges SRC became the Durham University SRC, and was renamed as the Durham Students' Union in 1970. Until the mid 19th century, University of Durham degrees were subject to a religion test and could only be taken by members of the established church. Medical degrees in Newcastle were exempt from this requirement from the start of the affiliation of

13588-601: The department of Government and International Affairs, as well as the Teikyo University of Japan in Durham and the Oriental Museum . Ustinov College, Durham's postgraduate college, is located in Sheraton Park, beyond Elvet Hill. Rushford Court , owned by Unite Students , is the temporary home of Hild Bede College as of 2024 and was also used by John Snow College in 2019–20. In the longer term, it

13746-586: The departments in the faculty of social science and health. Development of what is now Lower Mountjoy began in 1923 with the Dawson Building (originally the Science Building until 1952, when it was named after Sir Arthur James Dawson, a northeast educator). This building is now home to the departments of archaeology and anthropology, but has also housed chemistry, geology, physics, biology, botany and zoology. Later 20th century development included

13904-427: The distinction as being one of governance and distribution of authority. A distinction is sometimes made between federal universities , collegiate universities (where the college is the primary academic unit, i.e. Oxford and Cambridge) and universities that have residential colleges but where these do not participate in teaching. One definition of a collegiate university states that "it's the sense of community within

14062-545: The entire University of California system), but are operationally independent. Examples of such institutions include the University of California , the State University of New York , the University of Michigan , the University of Texas System . Like UC Santa Cruz , UC San Diego also has a residential college system inspired by the British model. At both campuses, the academic resources are provided primarily by

14220-471: The estate over the period to 2027, including the development of a new home for the business school at Elvet Waterside (Old Elvet), to open in 2021, the redevelopment of the arts and humanities facilities at Elvet Riverside (New Elvet), opening from 2022, the construction of four to six new colleges, and the continued development of the Mountjoy site. The university's Estate Masterplan for 2017–2027 identified

14378-482: The federal University of New Zealand was established in 1874. A modification of the University of London plan was used for the Queen's University of Ireland , established in 1850. This took in three newly established colleges: the Queen's Colleges of Belfast , Cork and Galway . This was more federal than London, but proved inflexible and was replaced in 1880 by the Royal University of Ireland , which

14536-556: The first purpose-built self-catering college for students within Durham. This was the first new college to open in Durham itself since the creation of Collingwood in the 1970s. In May 2010, Durham joined the Matariki Network of Universities (MNU) together with Dartmouth College (US), Queen's University (Canada), University of Otago (New Zealand), University of Tübingen (Germany), University of Western Australia and Uppsala University (Sweden). In 2012, Durham (along with York , Exeter and Queen Mary, University of London ) joined

14694-437: The five undergraduate colleges operate two intercollegiate athletic programs , with Claremont, Harvey Mudd, and Scripps forming one program and Pomona and Pitzer the other. Some universities that once featured collegiate systems have lost them to mergers or suppression, due to financial, political or other reasons, or (in the case of federal universities) the individual colleges becoming independent universities. Examples include

14852-518: The following: Convocation A convocation (from the Latin convocare meaning "to call/come together", a translation of the Greek ἐκκλησία ekklēsia ) is a group of people formally assembled for a special purpose, mostly ecclesiastical or academic. The Britanica dictionary defines it as "a large formal meeting of people (such as church officials). In academic use, it can refer variously to

15010-418: The formal body of an institutions alumni or to a ceremonial assembly of the university, particularly at a graduation or commencement ceremony but, at some institutions, for a ceremony at the start of the academic year to welcome incoming students. A synodical assembly of a church is at times called "Convocation" The Convocations of Canterbury and York were the synodical assemblies of the two Provinces of

15168-431: The formal teaching from the central administration of the university. Any full-time undergraduate at the university may apply for affiliation to a college. The three original colleges were founded as separate institutions which federated to found the university in 1963, and over the first two and a half decades teaching departments were merged as the university became more centralised. The City University of Hong Kong has

15326-436: The formerly independent French universities as "academies" within a single university structure. Unlike Oxford and Cambridge, the affiliated colleges of London (which were spread across the country, not confined to London) were not constituent parts of the university and had no say in its running. Another major difference was that both UCL and King's were non-residential, providing teaching but not accommodation. This would provide

15484-399: The foundation of New College – also the first college there to take undergraduate students. In Bologna and other Italian universities, the colleges, as Rashdall put it, "remained to the last (what all Colleges were originally intended to be) eleemosynary institutions for the help of poor students, boarding-houses and not places of education" and never acquired the same importance as

15642-511: The foundation stones for the new St Mary's College building on Elvet Hill were laid by Princess Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth II ). The new building opened in 1952. In the same year, tensions surfaced again over the Durham–Newcastle divide, with the university court putting forward a proposal to change the name of the university to the "University of Durham and Newcastle". This motion was defeated in convocation (the assembly of members of

15800-600: The grant of a supplemental charter in 1895 allowing women to receive degrees of the university, the Women's Hostel ( St Mary's College from 1919) was founded in 1899. The Newcastle division of the university, which comprised both Armstrong College (named after Lord Armstrong) and Durham University College of Medicine, quickly grew to outnumber the Durham colleges, despite the addition of two independent Anglican foundations: St Chad's College (1904) and St John's College (1909). A parliamentary bill proposed in 1907 would have fixed

15958-642: The great seal notably the Thirty-Nine Articles (1571) and the 141 Canons of 1603. The Convocations were abolished during the Commonwealth but restored on the accession of Charles II in 1660 and they synodically approved the Book of Common Prayer which was imposed by the Act of Uniformity in 1662. Formal sessions at the start of each parliament continued but no real business was discussed until after

16116-477: The idea of the examining university with affiliated colleges around the British Empire , in particular to Canada where the University of Toronto was refounded as an examining university, its teaching arm becoming University College, Toronto , which federated other colleges in the region, and to India, where the universities of Calcutta , Madras and Bombay were founded in 1857, and New Zealand, where

16274-415: The independent St Chad's and St John's colleges, which are not owned by the university). The insurance reinstatement value was estimated as close to £850 million in 2014. Durham City is the main location of the university and contains all of the colleges and academic departments. The Durham City estate is spread across several different sites. The Bailey and Palace Green form the historic centre of

16432-400: The lay members of the diocesan conferences. These were not part of Convocation; they had no constitutional status and were merely advisory. At the beginning of the twentieth century, both Convocations together with their respective houses of laity began to meet as a Representative Council which however had no legal authority or position. This was superseded in 1920 by the Church Assembly which

16590-499: The libraries of Durham Cathedral and Ushaw College . Some departments, such as classics and ancient history, also have their own libraries. In February 2017, the university announced a £2 million investment to establish the first residential research library at a UK university in collaboration with Ushaw College and Durham Cathedral and offering access to the collections of all three institutions. The university's Museums, Galleries and Exhibitions manages three museums open to

16748-475: The medical school there (established in 1834) became a college of the university. This was joined in 1871 by the College of Physical Sciences (renamed the College of Science in 1884 and again renamed Armstrong College in 1904). St Cuthbert's Society was founded in 1888 for non-collegiate, mostly mature, male students as a non-residential society run by the students themselves. Two teacher-training colleges – St Hild's for women, established in 1858, and The College of

16906-504: The medical school, but in Durham it lasted until the revision of the statutes in 1865. Despite the opening of degrees, staff and members of Convocation were still required to be members of the Church of England until the Universities Tests Act 1871 . However, "dissenters" were able to attend Durham and then sit the examinations for degrees of the University of London , which were not subject to any religious test. Following

17064-483: The members of the university that meets to make official decisions. In the University of Oxford , convocation was originally the main governing body of the university, consisting of all doctors and masters of the university, but it now comprises all graduates of the university and its only remaining functions are to elect the chancellor of the university and the Professor of Poetry . (The equivalent body at Cambridge

17222-654: The merger of the two colleges in the Newcastle Division to form King's College. The vice-chancellorship alternated between the Warden of the Durham Division and the Rector of the Newcastle Division, the chief academic and administrative officers of the two divisions under the 1937 statutes. The executive head of Durham University continues to use the title of "Vice-Chancellor and Warden". After World War II,

17380-446: The model for the civic colleges that were established in the major English cities, which later became the redbrick universities . After 1858 the requirement for colleges to be affiliated was dropped and London degrees were available to anyone who could pass the examinations. It was not until 1900 that London, after a period of sustained pressure from the teaching institutions in London, became a federal university. The London pattern spread

17538-601: The north bank of the Wear, opposite the Racecourse playing fields and Old Elvet, was home to the School of Education and Hild Bede College. As of 2024, this site is being redeveloped and refurbished with the aim that a 19th college will be established adjacent to Hild Bede. In preparation for redevelopment, departments and facilities were relocated from Leazes Road in 2022, and Hild Bede college moved temporarily to Rushford Court in

17696-535: The original role of the college as a residential rather than educational institution (c.f. Rashdall 's comments on the Bologna colleges, above). It also pioneered the concept of residential colleges being owned by the university rather than being established as independent corporations, which provided a useful model for modern institutions looking to establish colleges. Unlike the earlier foundation of Trinity College Dublin , which had been established as "the mother of

17854-540: The other campuses in the system (e.g. University of Wisconsin–Madison , University of Colorado Boulder ). Some universities may have centralised teaching but also have colleges that do not access that centralised teaching. Historically, this was the case at Durham University for the medical school and Armstrong College in the late 19th and early 20th century (prior to the formation of a true federal university in 1908) and for University College Stockton from 1994 to 2001. The two colleges of Queen's University Belfast , which

18012-414: The private sale of long-term bonds to British and US investors. In 2021 it was reported that there was a culture of sexism and bullying at Durham, and that the university had been reluctant to address structural problems, thereby enabling this culture to develop relatively unchallenged. Durham University owns a 257 ha (640-acre) estate of which 251 ha (620 acres) is in Durham. This contains part of

18170-500: The provincial constitutions of Canterbury which were not repugnant or prejudicial to its own should be allowed in the Northern Province and by 1530 the Archbishop of York rarely attended sessions and the custom that York waited to see what Canterbury had decided and either accepted or rejected it was well established. The Convocation of York was, in practice, taking second place to that of Canterbury so much so that in 1852

18328-590: The public, all accredited by Arts Council England through the UK Museum Accreditation Scheme, as well as two non-public collections. Total holdings are over 100,000 pieces. Built in the 1960s, the Durham University Oriental Museum grew predominantly from the acquisitions of the university's former School of Oriental Studies. The collection contains over 30,000 objects from Asian art to antiquities, covering

18486-497: The revival were taking part positively in its debates. Archbishop Musgrave maintained his opposition until his death in 1860—he even locked the room where it was due to meet—and the Northern Convocation remained inactive until his successor took office. The Convocations have always been exclusively clerical assemblies. However, in 1885 the Convocations agreed to the establishment of parallel Houses of Laity elected by

18644-642: The school of modern languages and cultures and parts of the department of English studies. Durham Students' Union is based in Dunelm House, just north of Elvet Riverside, linked to the peninsula area by Kingsgate Bridge. The Racecourse has university playing fields, including the main cricket ground. While no colleges are based in the Elvet area, it does contain the Parson's Field accommodation for St Cuthbert's Society and Hatfield College's James Barber House and Palmer's Garth accommodation. The Leazes Road site on

18802-452: The seat of the university in Durham for only ten years, allowing the Senate to choose to move to Newcastle after this. This was blocked by John Taylor , MP for Chester-le-Street , with the support of graduates of the Durham colleges, until the bill was modified to establish a federal university with its seat fixed in Durham, as well as greater representation for the graduates (including that

18960-479: The south of Durham. It opened under the name of University College Stockton (UCS) in 1992. UCS was initially intended to grant joint degrees validated by both institutions (BAs and BScs). However, Teesside, which had only become a university in 1992, had difficulties in taking on its responsibilities for the college and withdrew in 1994, Durham taking over full responsibility for UCS and the degrees to be awarded there. A programme of integration with Durham began, with

19118-657: The special and heritage collections. In 2005, designated status was granted by the Museums, Libraries and Archives Council to two of the special collections: Bishop Cosin's Library on Palace Green (founded in 1669 and including medieval manuscripts and early printed books) and the Sudan Archive, held in Palace Green Library. In 2012 the university, together with the British Library and Durham Cathedral , purchased Europe's oldest intact book,

19276-703: The surrounding buildings including the historic Cosin's Library . Current and emeritus academics as of 2018 included 15 Fellows of the Royal Society , 18 Fellows of the British Academy , 16 Fellows of the Academy of Social Sciences , 5 Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh , 3 Fellows of the Royal Society of Arts , 2 Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering and 2 Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences . Durham graduates have long used

19434-479: The three colleges all becoming universities in their own right. The federal University of Wales was created in 1893 as a national university for Wales, taking in pre-existing colleges in Aberystwyth, Cardiff and Bangor that had been preparing students for London degrees. It lasted as a federal university until 2007, when it became a confederal non-membership degree-awarding body. The University of Durham became

19592-472: The time of the Reformation till 1965 they were summoned and dissolved at the same time as Parliament. Under Henry VIII and his successor Edward VI between 1534 and 1553 the Convocations were used as a source of clerical opinion but ecclesiastical legislation was secured by statute from Parliament. Later between 1559 and 1641, Elizabeth I, James I and Charles I gave the force of law to decisions of Convocation without recourse to Parliament by letters patent under

19750-444: The universities as the tutors had taken over the teaching from the professors. Royal Commissions in the 1850s led to Acts of Parliament in 1854 (for Oxford) and 1856 (for Cambridge) that, among other measures, limited the power of the colleges. Prior to these reforms, however, the first two new universities in England for over 600 years were established, both offering new versions of the collegiate university. The University of Durham

19908-410: The universities with only limited involvement in teaching. The American state university systems also developed federal-style universities with autonomous campuses (although normally not legally independent). As these systems often developed from a single original campus, this often became identified as the 'flagship' campus of the state system. An early typology of British university institutions by

20066-614: The university and Professor of Archaeology) and Ken Wade (capacity 260, named after Kenneth Wade , Professor of Chemistry); and the 250 and 500 capacity Lower Mountjoy Teaching and Learning Centre lecture theatres. Elvet Hill, south of the Mountjoy site, has ten of the colleges as well as the Botanic Garden and the vice-chancellor's residence in Hollingside House. It is also home to the Business School and

20224-687: The university and contain five colleges as well as the departments of music, history, classics and ancient history, and theology and religion, the Institute of Advanced Study, Palace Green Library (housing the university's special collections), the archaeological museum , the Durham Union Society , and the Assembly Rooms Theatre . The Bailey is linked to Dunelm House , home of Durham Students' Union in New Elvet, by

20382-406: The university announced a new ten-year strategy that proposed investing £700m in improving the campus, creating 300 new academic posts, increasing the size of the university to 21,500 students while attracting more international students, and expanding the business school and the departments of law, politics, English and history to reach "critical research mass". In 2018 the university announced that

20540-518: The university became collegiate in 2014, with 10 colleges in operation. In New Zealand the University of Otago has 15 residential colleges , of which one (Abbey College) is postgraduate-only, nine are undergraduate-only and five take both postgraduate and undergraduate students. Most of the colleges are owned and managed by the university, but there are five independent "affiliated colleges" ( City College , Knox College , St Margaret's College , Salmond College and Selwyn College ). Membership of

20698-473: The university came into being. The act received royal assent from King William IV on 4 July 1832. The university opened on 28 October 1833. In 1834 all but two of the bishops of the Church of England confirmed that they would accept holders of Durham degrees for ordination. In 1835 a fundamental statute was passed by the Dean and Chapter, as governors of the university, setting up Convocation and laying down that Durham degrees would only be open to members of

20856-464: The university college in Dundee , founded 1881, became a college of the University of St Andrews in 1897 before becoming an independent university in 1967. The idea of the residential college spread to America in the early 20th century, with Harvard and Yale both establishing colleges (called "houses" at Harvard) in the 1930s. Like the Durham colleges, these were colleges established and owned by

21014-472: The university in 1968 to form part of the University of Sierra Leone while Codrington College became affiliated to the University of the West Indies in 1965. The first debating society in Durham was founded in 1835, but may have closed by 1839. The Durham University Union was established in 1842, and revived and moved to Palace Green in 1872–3 as the Durham Union Society . Notable past presidents of

21172-554: The university opened a fund-raising and alumni office, with a virtual community for alumni. In 1991, a joint venture between the university and the University of Teesside saw the Joint University College on Teesside of the Universities of Durham and Teesside (JUCOT) established at Thornaby-on-Tees in the borough of Stockton-on-Tees and the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, 30 miles (48 km) to

21330-402: The university unveiled a re-branded logotype and introduced the trading name of Durham University, although the legal name of the institution remained the University of Durham and the official coat of arms was unchanged. The same year, St Mary's College had its first mixed undergraduate intake. In October 2006, Josephine Butler College opened its doors to students as Durham's newest college –

21488-465: The university's Kingsgate Bridge . The Elvet area contains the departments of English studies and philosophy along with the school of modern languages and cultures in the faculty of arts as well as departments of sociology and sport and exercise sciences of the faculty of social sciences and health. While many of the departments are in converted houses, the Elvet Riverside complex is home to

21646-441: The university's academic staff in order to form a whole academic community. Students in residential colleges are often organised into a junior common room , with postgraduate students in a middle common room , and academic staff forming a senior common room . The development of the collegiate university in western Europe followed shortly after the development of the medieval university itself. The first college to be established

21804-437: The university's teaching with their own tutorials, some universities have built colleges that do not provide teaching but still perform much of the housing and social duties. Such colleges are planned, built and funded entirely by the central administration and are thus dependent on it, however they still retain their own administrative structures and have a degree of independence. This system was pioneered at Durham University in

21962-476: The university) by 135 votes to 129. Eleven years later, with the Universities of Durham and Newcastle upon Tyne Act 1963, King's College became the University of Newcastle upon Tyne , leaving Durham University based solely in its home city. By the time of the separation from Newcastle the Elvet Hill site was well established; with the first of the new colleges being founded in 1959, Grey College , named after

22120-592: The university, but each residential college follows its own educational philosophy and sets out its own degree requirements. The Claremont Colleges in California operate a hybrid federal-constituent system. All 7 colleges are independently governed: Pomona College , Scripps College , Claremont McKenna College , Harvey Mudd College , Pitzer College as undergraduate colleges as well as Claremont Graduate University and Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences as graduate universities. Their founding model

22278-687: The university, from September 2017. The former John Snow College buildings were sold in 2020 and, from 2022, only the Ebsworth building has been used by the ISC. Durham University Library was founded in January 1833 at Palace Green with a 160-volume donation by the Bishop of Durham, William Van Mildert, and now holds over 1.5 million printed items across four branches: Bill Bryson Library (the main library), Queen's Campus Library, Durham University Business School Library and Palace Green Library, which holds

22436-523: The upper house was mainly Whig and latitudinarian and therefore in favour of toleration for Protestant dissenters and their possible reincorporation into the Church of England and feelings ran high until in 1717 the session was prorogued by Royal Writ to avoid the censuring of Bishop Benjamin Hoadly by the lower house (see the Bangorian controversy ) and with the exception of an abortive session in 1741

22594-511: The viaduct area in summer 2024. UPP were announced in May 2024 as the preferred bidders to deliver the refurbishment of Hild Bede and the building of the new 19th college under a design, build, fund and operate model. The Mountjoy site (formerly the Science site) south of New Elvet contains many of the university's departments, including all of the departments in the faculty of science and most of

22752-463: The whole scheme was abandoned at the restoration of the monarchy in 1660. Consequently, it was not until 1832 when Parliament , at the instigation of Archdeacon Charles Thorp and with the support of the Bishop of Durham, William van Mildert , passed "an Act to enable the Dean and Chapter of Durham Cathedral to appropriate part of the property of their church to the establishment of a University in connection therewith" ( 2 & 3 Will. 4 . c. 19 ) that

22910-638: Was an examining university based more directly on London. Also in 1880 another federal university, the Victoria University , was established in the north of England to solve the problem of Owen's College, Manchester, seeking university status. This originally just took in Owen's College, but grew to take in university colleges in Leeds and Liverpool. However, it unravelled in 1903-4 after Birmingham successfully became England's first unitary university, with

23068-526: Was based on that of the University of Oxford and they are linked through the Claremont University Consortium , though, unlike other constituent college systems, degrees are conferred separately by the seven constituent institutions and they exist as universities and liberal arts colleges in their own right. The colleges are spread over a square mile site and share certain departmental, library and research facilities. In addition,

23226-573: Was divided into an upper house (the Bishops) and a lower house (the remaining members). In 1921, the number of proctors (elected representatives) of the diocesan clergy was increased to make them a majority in the lower houses. The Convocation of York was a relatively small part of the Church in England and Wales with only five member dioceses in Henry VIII's reign. In 1462 it decided that all

23384-574: Was established in 1992 by an Act of Parliament as an affiliating university of the country to impart graduate and post-graduate level education to the students through its affiliated colleges, schools and professional institutions throughout the country. It is the second largest university in the world according to enrollment. The headquarters is in Gazipur , on the outskirts of Dhaka . After its establishment, it affiliated association degree awarding colleges, where many of them were previously affiliated by

23542-521: Was ever founded, hence the curious position of Trinity College, Dublin (TCD), today. All of the teaching is provided by the college, with degrees being awarded by the university. Within the Republic of Ireland , the four constituent universities of the federal National University of Ireland (NUI) are, for all essential purposes, independent universities. The other truly collegiate university in Ireland

23700-430: Was founded in 1832, taking Oxford for its model, and University College, Durham was created at the same time. This college, unlike those of Oxford and Cambridge, was not legally distinct from the university and nor was it responsible for teaching, which was carried out by university professors rather than college tutors. This restored the teaching role of the central university that had been lost at Oxford and Cambridge and

23858-725: Was founded in 1912 and has its own charter. The university also established Robert Black College in 1967 as a university guesthouse. Over the past decade some of the new residential halls were named colleges, including the Lap-Chee College, the Shun Hing College and the Chi Sun College. Centennial College, a provider of post-secondary education, is affiliated with the university. The Chinese University of Hong Kong has 9 colleges which provide pastoral support and non-formal learning opportunities to supplement

24016-471: Was founded in 1965 (renamed Ustinov College in 2003) and the Roman Catholic seminary of Ushaw College , which had been in Durham since 1808, was licensed as a hall of residence in 1968 (closed 2011). In 1988 Hatfield, the last men's college, became mixed; followed by the women's college of Trevelyan in 1992, leaving the original women's college of St Mary's as the last single-sex college. In 1989

24174-482: Was founded with an endowment by Walter de Merton in 1264. These original Oxford colleges were "merely endowed boardinghouses for impoverished scholars", and were limited to those who had already received their Bachelor of Arts degree and were reading for higher degrees (usually theology). It was not until 1305 that teaching started in the College of Navarre in Paris, an innovation that reached Oxford in 1379 with

24332-583: Was given the right to propose measures to Parliament by the " Enabling Act of 1919 ". The Convocations still exist and their members constitute the two clerical houses of the General Synod but, apart from some residual and formal responsibilities, all legal authority is now vested in the Synod which was established in 1970. At universities, "convocation" can refer (particularly in North America) to

24490-463: Was the Collège des Dix-Huit at the University of Paris , founded in 1180 by John of London shortly after he had returned from Jerusalem. This has led to the suggestion that the college was inspired by madrasas he saw on his travels, although this has been disputed, particularly as, unlike madrasas, the early Paris colleges did not teach. Other colleges appeared in Paris shortly after this, including

24648-424: Was the London banker, Henry Hoare , who dedicated himself to the task. The opposition was formidable: half the clergy and most of the laity rejected the idea, many politicians were against it and the two archbishops— John Bird Sumner and Thomas Musgrave—had no desire to revive Convocation. The legal basis of the resistance was the claim that convocation could only discuss such business as was expressly specified by

24806-407: Was the colleges that came to dominate the universities. The Hebdomadal Board was established by William Laud at Oxford in 1631 with the intent of diluting the influence of Congregation (the assembly of regent masters) and Convocation (the assembly of all graduates). This led to criticism in the 19th century, with William Hamilton alleging that the colleges had unlawfully usurped the functions of

24964-446: Was unveiled by Iain Stewart at the pedestrian entrance to Lower Mountjoy at the junction of South Road and Stockton Road, near the Bill Bryson Library. Development of the Upper Mountjoy site started with construction of the psychology building in 1970, followed by the Mountjoy Research Centre, built in 1984 for the University of Durham Industrial Research Laboratories (now the Mountjoy Centre, housing university service departments), and

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