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159-515: The Durham Union Society ( DUS ), commonly referred to as the Durham Union , is a debating society , founded in 1842, by the students at Durham University . It is the largest society associated with the university, with over 3,000 members in residence, and 10,000 worldwide, and is the fourth oldest continuously running debating society in the UK. The society is private, existing independently from

318-727: A liturgical fan (ripidion or hexapterygion) , he is led to the side of the Holy Table where he uses the ripidion to gently fan the Holy Gifts (consecrated Body and Blood of Christ ). Lutherans reject the Catholic understanding of holy orders because they do not think sacerdotalism is supported by the Bible. Martin Luther taught that each individual was expected to fulfill his God-appointed task in everyday life. The modern usage of

477-572: A sacred mystery (μυστήριο, what in the West is called a sacrament). Although all other mysteries may be performed by a presbyter, ordination may only be conferred by a bishop, and the ordination of a bishop may only be performed by several bishops together. Cheirotonia always takes place during the Divine Liturgy . It was the mission of the Apostles to go forth into all the world and preach

636-702: A sin and incompatible with Biblical teaching and traditional Christian practice. Yet there are an increasing number of Christian congregations and communities that are open to ordaining people who are gay or lesbian. These are liberal Protestant denominations , such as the Episcopal Church , the United Church of Christ , and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America , plus the small Metropolitan Community Church , founded as

795-801: A 'Halloween Social', 'American Election Social', 'Chinese New Year Social' and 'Valentines Social'. As of 2023, the Durham Union's members enjoy reciprocal relations with, and use of facilities at, the Oxford Union , Cambridge Union , Edinburgh Union, the College Historical Society of Trinity College Dublin , the Philosophical Society of University College Dublin and the Philosophical Society of University College Cork . The Durham Union

954-432: A bishop, especially one acting as an ordinary – a head of a diocese or archdiocese – is to be ordained, three bishops must usually co-consecrate him with one bishop, usually an archbishop or the bishop of the place, being the chief consecrating prelate. Among Eastern Rite Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches, which permit married priests, bishops must either be unmarried or agree to abstain from contact with their wives. It

1113-540: A bishop. For Anglicans, a person is usually ordained a deacon once he (or she) has completed training at a theological college. The historic practice of a bishop tutoring a candidate himself ("reading for orders") is still to be found. The candidate then typically serves as an assistant curate and may later be ordained as a priest at the discretion of the bishop. Other deacons may choose to remain in this order. Anglican deacons can preach sermons, perform baptisms and conduct funerals, but, unlike priests, cannot celebrate

1272-467: A broad spectrum, and debating societies allowed participants from all genders and social backgrounds, making them an example of the enlarged public sphere of the Age of Enlightenment . Debating societies were a phenomenon associated with the simultaneous rise of the public sphere . A sphere of discussion, separate from traditional authorities and accessible to all people, acted as a platform for criticism and

1431-578: A church intending to minister primarily to LGBT people, and the Church of Sweden where such clergy may serve in senior clerical positions. The Church of Norway has for many years had both gay and lesbian priests, even bishops, and in 2006 the first woman who was appointed a bishop in Norway came out as an active homosexual herself, and that she had been a homosexual since before she joined the church. The issue of ordination has caused particular controversy in

1590-567: A different function, but in practice they provide the leadership for the local Session. Some Presbyterians identify those appointed (by the laying on of hands) to serve in practical ways ( Acts 6.1–7 ) as deacons ( diakonos in Greek, meaning 'servant'). In many congregations, a group of men or women is thus set aside to deal with matters such as congregational fabric and finance, releasing elders for more 'spiritual' work. These persons may be known as 'deacons', 'board members' or 'managers', depending on

1749-510: A law, or changes to a law known as amendments . Parliamentary-style debates are structured with two opposing sides, the Leader of Opposition (LO) and the Government (GOV). After each side is allowed to speak once, members are permitted to give reply speeches to the opposing side's points. Afterward, members of the parliament discuss the proposal before casting their votes for or against such

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1908-515: A law. The first example of parliamentary debate took place in Liverpool in 1882. Although Britain invented the system of parliamentary debate, it is not the only modern country to use a parliamentary system. Countries today that use a parliamentary system and parliamentary debate include Canada , Italy , Japan , Latvia , the Netherlands , and New Zealand . Participatory Democracy

2067-610: A long history that can be traced back to the philosophical and political debates of Ancient Greece , such as Athenian Democracy or the Shastrartha in Ancient India . In Imperial China 's Han Dynasty , debate amongst scholars was most famously portrayed in a series of debates known as the Discourses on Salt and Iron , held in 81 BCE. Named by Emperor Zhao for its two most famous debates, those debates focused on

2226-465: A majority of five to one in the following term. To mark the 70th anniversary of the Durham Union, an inter-varsity debate chaired by then President J. E. T. Philipps , was held on Saturday 16 March 1912 at the Great Hall of University College , and featured visiting teams from Oxford , Cambridge , Trinity College, Dublin , and Edinburgh University – with the burning issue of Irish Home Rule as

2385-439: A more voter-centric role in the definition of the participants, format, and rules. In competitive debates , teams compete against each other and are judged the winner by a list of criteria that is usually based around the concepts of "content, style, and strategy". There are numerous styles of competitive debating, organizations, and rules, and competitive debates are held across the world at all levels. Competitive debating

2544-414: A one-on-one event that applies philosophical theories to real-world issues. The debaters normally alternate sides from round to round as either the "affirmative", which upholds the resolution, or the "negative", which attacks it. The resolution, which changes bimonthly, generally asks whether a certain policy or action conforms to a specific value. National Forensic Association Lincoln-Douglas debate (NFA-LD),

2703-482: A particular topic. "Public forum" debating combines aspects of both policy debate and Lincoln-Douglas debate but makes them easily understood by the general public by having shorter speech lengths, an absence of jargon, and longer questioning periods, called "cross-fires," where the debaters interact. This form of debate is also designed to address current affairs, with topics that change monthly and address both U.S. policy and international issues. This form of debate

2862-625: A policy debate on European issues, as parts of two broad coalitions. Each team is composed of two speakers (the Prime Minister and the Foreign Secretary). The debate starts with the first speaker from France, followed by the first speaker of Germany (the opposite side), followed by the second speaker of France, and the second speaker of Germany. The debate continues with the first speaker of the United Kingdom, followed by

3021-436: A rare opportunity for citizens to see and hear the major candidates side by side. The format of the presidential debates, though defined differently in every election, is typically more restrictive than many traditional formats, forbidding participants to ask each other questions and restricting discussion of particular topics to short time frames. The presidential debates were initially moderated in 1976 , 1980 , and 1984 by

3180-718: A reply from the pair of them. Political debates became more frequent in the early twentieth century. Society members almost invariably sided with the positions of the Conservative Party . A debate in 1901 saw Lord Salisbury 's third administration receive a vote of confidence of more than 90 per cent. In 1905, 1907, and again in 1911, the policies of the Liberal Party were rejected by majorities of more than 70 per cent. Opinions on immigration were not consistent, with students in 1903 "widely applauding" anti-immigration views in one term and rejecting similar motions by

3339-404: A sacrament (the sacramentum ordinis ). Denominations have varied conceptions of holy orders. In Anglican and some Lutheran churches the traditional orders of bishop, priest and deacon are bestowed using ordination rites contained within ordinals . The extent to which ordination is considered sacramental in these traditions has, however, been a matter of some internal dispute. Baptists are among

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3498-647: A separate entity, with the two unions segregated by sex, for almost half a century before a decision to merge was made 1959, with the Durham Union being fully integrated by 1964. A Junior Union Society (now Newcastle University Students' Union ) was established in Newcastle in 1881, and from 1914 to 1925 the Newcastle Union Society and the Durham Union Society operated as a single body, with the president being chosen alternately from

3657-424: A sharply assigned motion that is proposed by one side and opposed by another. Oxford-style debates follow a formal structure that begins with audience members casting a pre-debate vote on the motion that is either for, against, or undecided. Each panelist presents a seven-minute opening statement, after which the moderator takes questions from the audience with inter-panel challenges. Finally, each panelist delivers

3816-407: A two-minute closing argument, and the audience delivers their second (and final) vote for comparison against the first. A winner is then declared either by the majority or by which team has swayed more audience members between the two votes. In Paris debating, two teams of five debate a given motion. One team will attempt to defend the motion while the other team will attack the motion. The debate

3975-415: A vote was conducted to reach a conclusion or to adjourn the topic for further deliberation. Speakers were prohibited from slandering or insulting other speakers or straying from the designated topic, underscoring the premium placed on politeness by late 18th-century debaters. Princeton University in the future United States of America was home to several short-lived student debating societies throughout

4134-588: A winning strategy while respecting the coalition. This format was commonly developed by the Franco-British Comparative Project and Declan McCavanna, Chairman of the FDA and featured France, the UK, Germany, Russia and Italy. Impromptu debating is a relatively informal style of debating when compared to other highly structured formats of debate. The topic for the debate is given to the participants between fifteen and twenty minutes before

4293-450: A woman was ordained for the first time to the office of president. The Catholic Church , in accordance with its interpretation of the theological tradition on the issue, and the definitive clarification found in the encyclical letter Ordinatio sacerdotalis (1994) written by Pope John Paul II , officially teaches that it has no authority to ordain women as priests and thus there is no possibility of women becoming priests at any time in

4452-465: Is a common misconception that all such bishops come from religious orders ; while this is generally true, it is not an absolute rule. In the case of both Catholics – (Western and) Eastern Catholic, Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Orthodox, they are usually leaders of territorial units called dioceses (or its equivalent in the east, an eparchy ). Only bishops can validly administer the sacrament of holy orders. The Catholic Church unconditionally recognizes

4611-536: Is a form of government in which citizens participate individually and directly in political decisions, which may be achieved through public debate. In France, the procedure for public debate was defined in the Law of February 2, 1995 relating to the re-enforcement of the protection of the environment (commonly known as the Barnier Law, after the then minister for the environment). In some countries (e.g., Canada and

4770-615: Is a person ordained only to word and service. In the United Methodist Church , for instance, seminary graduates are examined and approved by the Conference Board of Ordained Ministry and then the Clergy Session. They are accepted as "probationary (provisional) members of the conference." The resident bishop may commission them to full-time ministry as "provisional" ministers. (Before 1996, the graduate

4929-673: Is an appendage to the Melchizedek Priesthood. It is called the Aaronic Priesthood because it was conferred on Aaron and his sons throughout all their generations. The offices, or ranks, of the Melchizedek order (in roughly descending order) include apostle, seventy, patriarch, high priest, and elder. The offices of the Aaronic order are bishop, priest, teacher, and deacon. The manner of ordination consists of

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5088-556: Is composed of two teams of two that will advocate for and against a resolution (typically a proposed policy for the United States federal government or an international organization). Affirmative teams generally present a proposal to implement a specific modified form of the resolution called a plan. The negative will either try to disprove or undermine this plan or display that the opportunity costs of their opponent's plan are so great that it should not be implemented. Policy Debate

5247-508: Is conducted under rules originally derived from British parliamentary procedure , though parliamentary debate now has several variations, including American, Brazilian, British, Canadian, and German forms. It features the competition of individuals in a multi-person setting. It borrows terms such as "government" and "opposition" from the British parliament (although the term "proposition" is sometimes used rather than "government" when debating in

5406-483: Is conferred through the sacrament of ordination by the laying-on-of-hands. While there is technically no age requirement for any office of priesthood, there is no automatic ordination or progression as in the LDS Church. Young people are occasionally ordained as deacon, and sometimes teacher or priest, but generally most priesthood members are called following completion of post secondary school education. In March 2007

5565-649: Is judged on the quality of the arguments, the strength of the rhetoric, the charisma of the speaker, the quality of the humor, the ability to think on one's feet, and teamwork. Despite this format being specifically used in France debates are commonly held in English. The first speaker of the Proposition (Prime Minister) opens the debate, followed by the first speaker of the Opposition (Shadow Prime Minister), then

5724-593: Is legally, a registered charity in England and Wales . According to its constitution, the ownership of the society is vested in its trustees, who have ultimate authority over the society, subject to the deed of trust. Although membership of the Durham Union is almost exclusive to students from Durham University , the Durham Union exists independently from the university and the Durham Students' Union . The union also excelled at competitive debating. Having won

5883-428: Is normally translated 'bishop' in English. The British Methodist Conference has two distinct orders of presbyter and deacon. It does not have bishops as a separate order of ministry. The British Methodist Church has more than 500 superintendents, who are not a separate order of ministry but a role within the order of presbyters. The roles normally undertaken by bishops are expressed in ordaining presbyters and deacons by

6042-459: Is often called spreading and is also prevalent in policy debates. The Mace debating style is prominent in Britain and Ireland at the school level and is composed of two teams of two people, debating a motion, which one team will propose, and the other will oppose. Each speaker will make a seven-minute speech in the order; 1st Proposition, 1st Opposition, 2nd Proposition, 2nd Opposition. After

6201-404: Is often most commonly found in secondary schools and institutions of higher education, especially in the United States , where competitive debating is often known as forensics or speech and debate . Many countries often also hold tournaments in competitive debates between different schools. The Australasian style of debate consists of two teams of three people, debating a topic. The topic

6360-534: Is performed outside of the Divine Liturgy, typically by a bishop, although certain archimandrites of stavropegial monasteries may bestow cheirothesia on members of their communities. A bishop is the collector of the money of the diocese and the living Vessel of Grace through whom the energeia ( divine grace ) of the Holy Spirit flows into the rest of the church. A bishop is consecrated through

6519-401: Is presented in the form of an affirmative statement beginning with "That" or "This House", for example, "That cats are better than dogs", or "This House should raise taxes". Most topics are usually specific to local Australian regions to facilitate participant and audience interest. Each of the six speakers (three affirmative and three negative) speak in succession to each other, beginning with

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6678-534: Is primarily found within the United States. The core basis of this type of debate is that anyone is eligible to become a judge for the debate, unlike the Policy debate or Lincoln-Douglas debate, which requires more experience in debate to judge. This is a traditional Buddhist form of debating that was influenced by earlier Indian forms. Largely developed in Tibet, this style includes two individuals, one functioning as

6837-417: Is sometimes also referred to as cross-examination debate (shortened to CX) because of the 3-minute questioning periods following each constructive speech. Public debate may mean simply debating by the public, or in public. The term is also used for a particular formal style of debate in a competitive or educational context. Two teams of two compete through six rounds of argument, giving persuasive speeches on

6996-738: Is the first woman to be elected as a bishop in the Church of Ireland and the first woman to be an Anglican Communion bishop in Ireland and Great Britain . The Church of England's General Synod voted in 2014 to allow women to be ordained to the episcopate, with Libby Lane being the first woman to be ordained bishop. Continuing Anglican churches of the world do not permit women to be ordained. In some Protestant denominations, women may serve as assistant pastors but not as pastors in charge of congregations. In some denominations, women can be ordained to be an elder or deacon . Some denominations allow for

7155-498: Is the root of all evil' – a proposal eventually defeated by a large majority. The first 'Ladies night', where female students were able to participate, was held in 1895. In 1900, as the Boer War raged, members sent a telegram congratulating Messrs. Tuckey and Macpherson – both former Durham Union men who had been trapped in the city of Ladysmith as it came under siege from Boer forces – on finally being relieved , and soon received

7314-512: Is to be regarded as a sacrament. The Anglican Articles of Religion hold that only Baptism and the Lord's Supper are to be counted as sacraments of the gospel, and assert that other rites 'commonly called Sacraments' by other denominations (e.g. Catholicism), were not ordained by Christ in the Gospel. They do not have the nature of a sacrament of the Gospel in the absence of any physical matter such as

7473-559: Is typical in the years of seminary training that a man will be ordained to the diaconate, which Catholics since the Second Vatican Council sometimes call the "transitional diaconate" to distinguish men bound for priesthood from permanent deacons . They are licensed to preach sermons (under certain circumstances a permanent deacon may not receive faculties to preach), to perform baptisms , and to witness Catholic marriages , but to perform no other sacraments. They assist at

7632-835: Is usually highest compared to other parts of Asia. Holy orders In certain Christian denominations , holy orders are the ordained ministries of bishop , priest ( presbyter ), and deacon , and the sacrament or rite by which candidates are ordained to those orders. Churches recognizing these orders include the Catholic Church , the Eastern Orthodox (ιερωσύνη [ hierōsynē ], ιεράτευμα [ hierateuma ], Священство [ Svyashchenstvo ]), Oriental Orthodox , Anglican , Assyrian , Old Catholic , Independent Catholic and some Lutheran churches. Except for Lutherans and some Anglicans, these churches regard ordination as

7791-463: The Catholic Church include the orders of bishops , deacons and presbyters , which in Latin is sacerdos . The ordained priesthood and common priesthood (or priesthood of all the baptized) are different in function and essence. A distinction is made between " priest " and " presbyter ". In the 1983 Code of Canon Law , "The Latin words sacerdos and sacerdotium are used to refer in general to

7950-711: The Eastern Catholic Churches and in the Eastern Orthodox Church , married deacons may be ordained priests but may not become bishops. Bishops in the Eastern Rites and the Eastern Orthodox churches are almost always drawn from among monks , who have taken a vow of celibacy. They may be widowers, though; it is not required of them never to have been married. In some cases, widowed permanent deacons have been ordained to

8109-536: The Edwardine Ordinals and two using the Roman Pontifical . Nonetheless, they believed that this caused a break of continuity in apostolic succession, making all further ordinations null and void. Eastern Orthodox bishops have, on occasion, granted "economy" when Anglican priests convert to Orthodoxy. Various Orthodox churches have also declared Anglican orders valid subject to a finding that

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8268-513: The Eucharist or the Mass , but are not able to consecrate the bread and wine. Normally, after six months or more as a transitional deacon, a man will be ordained to the priesthood. Priests are able to preach , perform baptisms , confirm (with special dispensation from their ordinary), witness marriages, hear confessions and give absolutions , anoint the sick , and celebrate the Eucharist or

8427-601: The Eucharist . In most branches of the Anglican church, women can be ordained as priests, and in some of them, can also be ordained bishops . Bishops are chosen from among priests in churches that adhere to Catholic usage. In the Catholic Church, bishops, like priests, are celibate and thus unmarried; further, a bishop is said to possess the fullness of the sacrament of holy orders, empowering him to ordain deacons, priests, and – with papal consent – other bishops. If

8586-808: The Gospel , baptizing those who believed in the name of the Holy Trinity . In the Early Church those who presided over congregations were referred to variously as episcopos (bishop) or presbyteros (priest). These successors of the Apostles were ordained to their office by the laying on of hands , and according to Eastern Orthodox theology formed a living, organic link with the Apostles, and through them with Jesus Christ himself. The Eastern Orthodox Church also has ordination to minor orders (known as cheirothesia , "imposition of hands") which

8745-633: The Holy Doors and presents him to the faithful. He then clothes the priest in each of his sacerdotal vestments , at each of which the people sing, Worthy ! . Later, after the Epiklesis of the Liturgy, the bishop hands him a portion of the Lamb ( Host ) saying: Receive thou this pledge, and preserve it whole and unharmed until thy last breath, because thou shalt be held to an accounting therefore in

8904-690: The House of Lords , Baron Winston and Baroness Grey-Thompson , and television presenters Anton Du Beke and Jeremy Vine . Previous Presidents and members of the Union has gone on to hold prominence within the UK including former Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Mo Mowlam , former Secretary of State for Wales Robert Buckland , former Chief of the General Staff The Lord Dannatt , current Green Party co-leader Carla Denyer , and GB News presenter Tom Harwood . The union

9063-574: The League of Women Voters , and the Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD) was established in 1987 by the Republican and Democratic parties. The presidential debate's primary purpose is to sponsor and produce debates for the United States presidential and vice-presidential candidates in a nonpartisan environment. The organization, which is a nonprofit, nonpartisan corporation, sponsored all of

9222-503: The National Union of Students ' Black Students Officer Bell Ribeiro-Addy and LGBT Officer Daf Adley sent a letter to the union, Durham University and Durham Students Union . The letter opposed the invitation of then BNP MEP Andrew Brons , and warned of a “colossal demonstration” if the debate went ahead. It went on to say “If any students are hurt in and around this event, responsibility will lie with you.” The cancellation of

9381-572: The President or Prime Minister , candidates sometimes debate in public, usually during a general election campaign. Since the 1976 general election , debates between presidential candidates have been a part of U.S. presidential campaigns. Unlike debates sponsored at the high school or collegiate level, the participants and format are not independently defined. Nevertheless, in a campaign season heavily dominated by television advertisements , talk radio , sound bites , and spin , they still offer

9540-588: The St Andrews Debating Society , formed in 1794 as the Literary Society . The Cambridge Union Society was founded in 1815 and claims to be the oldest continually operating debating society in the World. Over the next few decades, similar debate societies emerged at several other prominent universities, including the Oxford Union , the Yale Political Union , and the Conférence Olivaint . In parliaments and other legislatures , members debate proposals regarding legislation before voting on resolutions, which become laws . Debates are usually conducted by proposing

9699-419: The audience will put questions to the candidate, which they will have to answer. In the Turncoat format, the emphasis is on transitions, the strength of argument , and the balancing of opinions. United Asian Debating Championship is the biggest university debating tournament in Asia, where teams from the Middle East to Japan come to debate. It is traditionally hosted in Southeast Asia, where participation

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9858-423: The general public . For example, the European Commission in 2021 published a Green Paper on Ageing , intended to generate such a debate on "policies to address the challenges and opportunities of ageing " in upcoming years. Pope Francis has also referred to the "need for forthright and honest debate" on society and the environment in his 2015 encyclical letter Laudato si' . Debating in various forms has

10017-532: The 1770s, debating societies had become a firmly established part of London society. The year 1785 was pivotal: The Morning Chronicle announced on March 26: The Rage for public debate now shows itself in all quarters of the metropolis. Exclusive of the oratorical assemblies at Carlisle House, Freemasons Hall, the Forum, Spring Gardens, the Casino, the Mitre Tavern, and other polite places of debating rendezvous , we hear that new Schools of Eloquence are preparing to be opened in St. Giles, Clare-Market, Hockley in

10176-411: The 2012 world university debate rankings, the Durham Union ranked eleventh overall and fourth among teams from the UK, behind the Cambridge Union , Oxford Union and University of London Union (now defunct). Debating The term "debate" may also apply to a more continuous, inclusive, and less formalized process through which issues are explored and resolved across a range of agencies and among

10335-449: The Affirmative Team. The speaking order is as follows: First Affirmative, First Negative, Second Affirmative, Second Negative, Third Affirmative, and finally Third Negative. The debate is finished with a closing argument by the last speaker from each team. "Points of Information" (an interrupting question or statement), more commonly known as "POIs", are used in Australian and New Zealand Secondary School level debating. The context in which

10494-399: The Australasia style of debate is used varies, but in Australia and New Zealand, it is mostly used at the Primary and Secondary school level. European square debating has a Paris-style inspired format with four teams. France, the United Kingdom, and Germany are always represented, in addition to one other major European nation (for example, Russia). These "Nations" then confront each other in

10653-433: The Challenger (questioner) and the other as the Defender (answerer). The debaters must depend on their memorization of the points of doctrine, definitions, illustrations, and even whole text, together with their measure of understanding gained from instruction and study. Characteristics that uniquely define the Tibetan Buddhist style of debating are ceremonial recitation and symbolic movements and hand gestures by debaters. At

10812-434: The Clergy Session of the Conference, the probationer becomes a full member of the Conference and is then ordained as an elder or deacon by the resident bishop. Those ordained as elders are members of the Order of Elders, and those ordained deacons are members of the Order of Deacons. John Wesley appointed Thomas Coke (above mentioned as bishop) as 'Superintendent', his translation of the Greek episcopos ("overseer") – which

10971-432: The DUS well. The Union has been forcibly removed from its original home upon the library side of Palace Green that it had been gifted by the Warden of the University in 1873 (it now houses a lavatory complex), had its artwork appropriated, its coffee shop and dining room confiscated, and enjoys neither a library nor sole usage of its debating chamber, the latter commandeered daily by the University for lectures To get around

11130-488: The Durham Castle and Cathedral World Heritage Site , as well as 24 North Bailey. It hosts weekly debates featuring prominent external speakers, as well as inviting address speakers and holding social events. The social highlight of the year is the annual ball held in Michaelmas term . The programme for the evening varies, but usually consists of a champagne reception, dinner, music, and after dinner dancing. The union also holds members only socials, with recent events including

11289-457: The Durham Union Society, leaving the Durham Students' Union. In June 2024, a debate on the topic "This house believes that the Palestinian leadership is the biggest barrier to peace" was postponed by the university at short notice on police advice due to a threat to public safety from pro-Palestine protesters, who were blocking the entrances to the building, adjacent to the on-going protest camp on Palace Green . An anonymous union member and one of

11448-477: The Durham Union was operating in 1856. Records improve from 1872, when it was noted in the minute book that the society had been "revived", with it adopting the current name of Durham Union Society the following year, but no records from meetings prior to 1885 have survived. In 1873, Durham participated in the jubilee celebrations for the Oxford Union Society. The society moved to a site adjacent to

11607-560: The Durham and Newcastle divisions of the university. This ended after the construction of a new union building in Newcastle. By the university's centenary in 1932, the union had reciprocal relationships with Oxford, Cambridge, Dublin, Edinburgh and Manchester. In 1936, the union moved into facilities provided by the university and, in 1977, moved to the Pemberton Building on the opposite side of Palace Green, where it remains. This

11766-642: The Eastern Orthodox churches, including the Greek Orthodox, currently set aside vows of deaconesses. Some churches are internally divided on whether the Scriptures permit the ordination of women. When one considers the relative size of the traditions (1.1 billion Catholics, 300 million Orthodox, 590 million Protestants), it is a minority of Christian churches that ordain women. Protestants constitute about 27 percent of Christians worldwide, and most of their churches that do ordain women have only done so within

11925-571: The Episcopalian system, but similar to the United Methodist system described above, the two Presbyterian offices are different in kind rather than in degree , since one need not be a deacon before becoming an elder. Since there is no hierarchy, the two offices do not make up an 'order' in the technical sense, but the terminology of holy orders is sometimes still developed. Congregationalist churches implement different schemes, but

12084-825: The European Universities Debating Championship in 2005, and more recently having teams reaching the final of the European Championship, Oxford IV, Cambridge IV and John Smith Memorial Mace and the quarter-final of the World Universities Debating Championship . It also hosted the Durham Intervarsity competition, the Durham Open and Durham Schools; the world's largest residential school's debating competition. In

12243-556: The Hole, Whitechapel, Rag-Fair, Duke's Place, Billingsgate, and the Back of the Borough. In 1780, 35 distinct societies advertised and hosted debates accommodating between 650 and 1200 individuals. The topic for debate was introduced by a president or moderator, who then moderated the discussion. Speakers were allotted specific time frames to present their arguments, and, following the debate,

12402-568: The Mass. Orthodox seminarians are typically tonsured as readers before entering the seminary, and may later be made subdeacons or deacons; customs vary between seminaries and between Orthodox jurisdictions. Some deacons remain permanently in the diaconate while most subsequently are ordained as priests. Orthodox clergy are typically either married or monastic . Monastic deacons are called hierodeacons , monastic priests are called hieromonks . Orthodox clergy who marry must do so prior to ordination to

12561-650: The Melchizedek Priesthood and Aaronic Priesthood. The Melchizedek Priesthood because Melchizedek was such a great high priest. Before his day it was called the Holy Priesthood, after the Order of the Son of God. But out of respect or reverence to the name of the Supreme Being, to avoid the too frequent repetition of his name, the church, in ancient days, called that priesthood after Melchizedek. The lesser priesthood

12720-705: The Old Catholic churches and in the Anglican/Episcopal churches in Scotland, Ireland, Wales, Cuba, Brazil, South Africa, Canada, US, Australia, Aotearoa New Zealand and Polynesia. The Church of Ireland had installed Pat Storey in 2013. On 19 September 2013, Storey was chosen by the House of Bishops to succeed Richard Clarke as Bishop of Meath and Kildare . She was consecrated to the episcopate at Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin , on 30 November 2013. She

12879-506: The UK ), members of parliament may request debates on urgent matters of national importance. According to Standing Order rules, an emergency debate may take precedence on Friday, or if the Speaker decides, at the next sitting within normal hours. The Speaker also determines when any other regular business, superseded by the emergency debate, is considered or discarded. In jurisdictions that elect holders of high political office, such as

13038-479: The United Kingdom). Parliamentary debate is practiced worldwide and many international variations have been created. The premier event in the world of parliamentary debate is the World Universities Debating Championship . This tournament is conducted in the traditional British Parliamentary style of debate. Policy debate is a fast-paced form of debate mostly commonly practiced in the U.S. Policy debate

13197-429: The address). This contains a bar which is open to all Durham Union members; a snooker room; a reading room that the Durham Union uses for functions, such as post debate entertaining, and an en-suite guest room that can be hired out by members. Student members also have the opportunity to rent bedrooms as student accommodation. In 2010, the union was forced to cancel a debate on multiculturalism on safety grounds, after

13356-462: The altar where the archdeacon asks the bishop's consent, saying, "Command, most sacred master!" after which a priest escorts the candidate three times around the Holy Table, during which he kisses each corner of the Holy Table as well as the bishop's epigonation and right hand and prostrates himself before the holy table at each circuit. The candidate is then taken to the southeast corner of the Holy Table and kneels on both knees, resting his forehead on

13515-463: The annual Conference through its president (or a past president); in confirmation by all presbyters; in local oversight by superintendents ; in regional oversight by chairs of Districts. Presbyterian churches, following their Scottish forebears, reject the traditions surrounding overseers and instead identify the offices of bishop ( episkopos in Greek) and elder ( presbuteros in Greek, from which

13674-635: The approval of the priest's Bishop and a special permission by the Pope. Anglican clergy may be married or may marry after ordination. In the Old Catholic Church and the Independent Catholic Churches there are no ordination restrictions related to marriage. Ordination ritual and procedures vary by denomination. Different churches and denominations specify more or less rigorous requirements for entering into office, and

13833-542: The bishop-elect before the Royal Gates where he is met by the bishops and kneels before the altar on both knees. The Gospel Book is laid over his head and the consecrating bishops lay their hands upon the Gospel Book, while the prayers of ordination are read by the eldest bishop. After this, the newly consecrated bishop ascends the synthranon (bishop's throne in the sanctuary) for the first time. Customarily,

13992-473: The bishops in question did indeed maintain the true faith, the Orthodox concept of apostolic succession being one in which the faith must be properly adhered to and transmitted, not simply that the ceremony by which a man is made a bishop is conducted correctly. Changes in the Anglican ordinals since King Edward VI , and a fuller appreciation of the pre- Reformation ordinals, suggest that the correctness of

14151-474: The candidate to cover the chalice and diskos , a chair is brought for the bishop to sit on by the northeast corner of the Holy Table (altar). Two deacons go to priest-elect who, at that point, had been standing alone in the middle of the church, and bow him down to the west (to the people) and to the east (to the clergy), asking their consent by saying "Command ye!" and then lead him through the holy doors of

14310-453: The ceremony is much the same as at the ordination of a priest, but the deacon-elect is presented to the people and escorted to the holy doors by two sub-deacons (his peers, analogous to the two deacons who so present a priest-elect), is escorted three times around the Holy Table by a deacon, and he kneels on only one knee during the Prayer of Cheirotonia . After being vested as a deacon and given

14469-402: The church. Other positions, such as pope , patriarch , cardinal , monsignor , archbishop , archimandrite , archpriest , protopresbyter , hieromonk , protodeacon and archdeacon , are not sacramental orders but specialized ministries. The Anglican churches hold their bishops to be in apostolic succession , although there is some difference of opinion with regard to whether ordination

14628-546: The church. The church does not use the term "holy orders." Community of Christ has a largely volunteer priesthood, and all members of the priesthood are free to marry (as traditionally defined by the Christian community). The priesthood is divided into two orders, the Aaronic priesthood and the Melchisedec priesthood. The Aaronic order consists of the offices of deacon, teacher and priest. The Melchisedec Order consists of

14787-481: The collegiate Lincoln-Douglas debate, uses one resolution per academic year, and is a one-on-one form of policy debate. Though established as an alternative to policy debate, there has been a strong movement to embrace certain techniques that originated in policy debate. Traditional LD debate attempts to be free of policy debate "jargon". Lincoln-Douglas speeches can range in speed from a conversational pace to well over 300 words per minute. This technique of fast-talking

14946-741: The commencement of the Holy Liturgy, the bishop-elect professes, in the middle of the church before the seated bishops who will consecrate him, in detail the doctrines of the Orthodox Christian Faith and pledges to observe the canons of the Apostles and Councils, the Typikon and customs of the Orthodox Church and to obey ecclesiastical authority. After the Little Entrance , the arch-priest and arch-deacon conduct

15105-522: The court on which they stand. Elders are usually chosen at their local level, either elected by the congregation and approved by the Session, or appointed directly by the Session. Some churches place limits on the term that the elders serve, while others ordain elders for life. Presbyterians also ordain (by laying on of hands) ministers of Word and Sacrament (sometimes known as 'teaching elders'). These ministers are regarded simply as Presbyters ordained to

15264-419: The debate by Union President Anna Birley on safety grounds was met with fierce backlash. NUS President Wes Streeting was prompted to personally appear before the Durham Union to apologise for the actions of the officers concerned, and a significant number of Durham students protested outside the debating chamber. An anti-censorship protest group on Facebook quickly amassed over 2,500 members. An official petition

15423-501: The debate starts. The debate format is relatively simple; each team member of each side speaks for five minutes, alternating sides. A ten-minute discussion period, similar to other formats' "open cross-examination" time follows, and then a five-minute break (comparable to other formats' preparation time). Following the break, each team gives a 4-minute rebuttal. Impromptu debate is often considered to be more akin to Public Speaking since speeches can be anywhere between stand-up routines, to

15582-529: The debate went ahead as planned. This was cited internationally as an example of attempts by the Chinese government to censor debate in the West. After winning a Durham Union debate in 2017, Spectator columnist James Delingpole wrote that "For a real Oxbridge education, you now have to go to Durham", claiming that Oxford and Cambridge had become "a sterile, conformist, PC monoculture of earnest state-indoctrinated Stakhanovites". In contrast, Toby Young branded

15741-423: The denominations that do not consider ministry as being sacramental in nature and would not think of it in terms of "holy orders" as such. Historically, the word "order" (Latin ordo ) designated an established civil body or corporation with a hierarchy, and ordinatio meant legal incorporation into an ordo . The word "holy" refers to the church. In context, therefore, a holy order is set apart for ministry in

15900-452: The development of new ideas and philosophy. John Henley , a clergyman, founded an Oratory in 1726 with the principal aim of "reforming the manner in which public presentations should be performed". He extensively utilized the print industry to advertise the events of his Oratory, establishing it as a ubiquitous part of the London public sphere. Henley also played a crucial role in shaping

16059-402: The edge of the Holy Table. The ordaining bishop then places his omophor and right hand over the ordinand's head and recites aloud the first Prayer of Cheirotonia and then prays silently the other two prayers of cheirotonia while a deacon quietly recites a litany and the clergy, then the congregation, chant "Lord, have mercy". Afterwards, the bishop brings the newly ordained priest to stand in

16218-489: The end of their statement, the Challenger punctuates by loudly clapping together their hands and simultaneously stomping their left foot. They then stylistically drawback their right hand slowly with the palm held upward and, at the same time, hold forth their left hand with the palm turned downward. Holding forth the left hand after clapping symbolizes closing the door to rebirth in samsara . The drawing back and raising of

16377-429: The enduring dismissal of Anglican orders is questionable. To reduce doubt concerning Anglican apostolic succession, especially since the 1930 Bonn agreement between the Anglican and Old Catholic churches, some Anglican bishops have included among their consecrators bishops of the Old Catholic Church , whose holy orders are recognised as valid and regular by the Catholic Church. Neither Catholics nor Anglicans recognize

16536-490: The establishment of the Durham Union, no further student debating societies were established upon these lines. Durham also followed Oxford in adopting parliamentary procedures in its debates from the initial foundation in 1835, which Cambridge also adopted in 1842 and which became standard in debating societies later in the 19th century. Few records remain from the mid 19th century, but the Oxford Union's records show that

16695-500: The first minute of each speech, members of the opposing team may request a ' point of information ' (POI). If the speaker accepts, they are permitted to ask a question. POIs are used to attack a speaker on a weak point or to argue against something the speaker said. After all four debaters have spoken, the debate will be opened to the floor , in which members of the audience will question the teams. Finally, one speaker from each team will speak for 4 minutes. In these summary speeches,

16854-493: The first speaker of Russia, and it goes on with the respective second speakers. Each debater speaks for 5 minutes. The first and the last minutes are protected time: no Points of Information may be asked. During the rest of the speech, the speaker may be interrupted by Points of Information (POIs) from the opposite countries (debaters from France and the UK may ask POIs from debaters representing Germany and Russia, and vice versa, respectively). The format forces each debater to develop

17013-408: The future. "Ordaining" women as deaconesses is not a possibility in any sacramental sense of the diaconate, for a deaconess is not simply a female who is a deacon but instead holds a position of lay service. As such, she does not receive the sacrament of holy orders. Many Lutheran, Anglican and other Protestant churches ordain women, but in many cases, only to the office of deacon. Various branches of

17172-405: The imposition of hands a sacrament. For the Church has the command to appoint ministers, which should be most pleasing to us, because we know that God approves this ministry, and is present in the ministry [that God will preach and work through men and those who have been chosen by men]." The sequence in which holy orders are received are: minor orders , deacon, priest, bishop. For Catholics, it

17331-472: The invited speakers told journalists that the university had chosen not to use the police to force the protestors to move. The rescheduled debate was held that November in a lecture theatre in the university's Elvet Riverside complex, with one protestor arrested at the entrance to the Pemberton Buildings (before the change of venue was made known) and later released without charge. The proposition

17490-511: The laying on of hands by several bishops. (With the consent of several other bishops, a single bishop has performed the ordination of another bishop in emergency situations, such as times of persecution .) The consecration of a bishop takes place near the beginning of the Liturgy, since a bishop can, in addition to performing the Mystery of the Eucharist, also ordain priests and deacons. Before

17649-421: The laying on of hands by two or more men holding at least the office being conferred while one acts as voice in conferring the priesthood or office and usually pronounces a blessing upon the recipient. Teachers and deacons do not have the authority to ordain others to the priesthood. All church members are authorized to teach and preach regardless of priesthood ordination so long as they maintain good standing within

17808-490: The leadership of Bishops Thomas Coke and Francis Asbury of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the late 18th century. In this approach, an elder (or 'presbyter') is ordained to word (preaching and teaching), sacrament (administering Baptism and the Lord's Supper), order (administering the life of the church and, in the case of bishops, ordaining others for mission and ministry), and service. A deacon

17967-549: The legal authority of clergy to perform marriages but does not recognize any other sacraments performed by ministers not ordained to the Latter-day Saint priesthood. Although the Latter-day Saints do claim a doctrine of a certain spiritual "apostolic succession," it is significantly different from that claimed by Catholics and Protestants since there is no succession or continuity between the first century and

18126-491: The lifetime of Joseph Smith, the founder of the LDS church. Mormons teach that the priesthood was lost in ancient times not to be restored by Christ until the nineteenth century when it was given to Joseph Smith directly. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has a relatively open priesthood, ordaining nearly all worthy adult males and boys of the age of twelve and older. Latter-day Saint priesthood consists of two divisions:

18285-457: The limitations of its premises, the society traded its ownership of 44 North Bailey opposite Hatfield College for the old site of St Aidan's Society at 24 North Bailey in 1964, following the integration of the Women's Union. This allowed the union to return to its original establishment as both a debating society and a club, with the creation of the 'North Bailey Club' (informally known as '24' from

18444-405: The local tradition. Unlike elders and ministers, they are not usually 'ordained', and are often elected by the congregation for a set period of time. Other Presbyterians have used an 'order of deacons' as full-time servants of the wider Church. Unlike ministers, they do not administer sacraments or routinely preach. The Church of Scotland has recently begun ordaining deacons to this role. Unlike

18603-522: The mid-1700s. The American Whig Society at the university was co-founded in 1765 by future revolutionary James Madison . The Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies were formed at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1795 and are still active. They are considered the first of the post-revolutionary debating societies. The first student debating society in Great Britain was

18762-452: The ministerial priesthood shared by bishops and presbyters. The words presbyter, presbyterium and presbyteratus refer to priests [in the English use of the word] and presbyters". While the consecrated life is neither clerical nor lay by definition, clerics can be members of institutes of consecrated or secular ( diocesan ) life. The Eastern Orthodox Church considers ordination (known as cheirotonia , " laying on of hands ") to be

18921-515: The ministry of the Word, we are not unwilling to call ordination a sacrament. For the ministry of the Word has God's command and glorious promises, Rom. 1:16: The Gospel is the power of God unto salvation to every one that believeth. Likewise, Isa. 55:11: So shall My Word be that goeth forth out of My mouth; it shall not return unto Me void, but it shall accomplish that which I please. ...If ordination be understood in this way, neither will we refuse to call

19080-503: The newly consecrated bishop ordains a priest and a deacon at the Liturgy during which he is consecrated. A priest may serve only at the pleasure of his bishop. A bishop bestows faculties (permission to minister within his diocese ) giving a priest chrism and an antimins ; he may withdraw faculties and demand the return of these items. The ordination of a priest occurs before the Anaphora (Eucharistic Prayer) in order that he may on

19239-513: The officers usually have less authority than in the presbyterian or episcopalian forms. Some ordain only ministers and rotate members on an advisory board (sometimes called a board of elders or a board of deacons). Because the positions are by comparison less powerful, there is usually less rigor or fanfare in how officers are ordained. Irvingian churches teach a fourfold ministry of "apostles, prophets, evangelists, and pastors." The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) accepts

19398-449: The offices of elder (including the specialized office of seventy) and high priest (including the specialized offices of evangelist, bishop, apostle, and prophet). Paid ministers include "appointees" and the general officers of the church, which include some specialized priesthood offices (such as the office of president, reserved for the three top members of the church leadership team). As of 1984, women have been eligible for priesthood, which

19557-474: The opening of a debate, the standing Challenger claps his hands together and invokes Manjushri , who is the manifestation of the wisdom of all the Buddhas and, as such, is the special deity of debate. When the Challenger first puts their question to the sitting Defender, their right hand is held above the shoulder at the level of their head, and the left hand is stretched forward with the palm turned upward. At

19716-490: The ordination of women for certain religious orders. Within certain traditions, such as the Anglican and Lutheran, there is a diversity of theology and practice regarding ordination of women. The ordination of lesbian , gay , bisexual or transgender clergy who are sexually active, and open about it, represents a fiercely contested subject within many mainline Protestant communities. The majority of churches are opposed to such ordinations because they view homosexuality as

19875-523: The ordinations of those denominations which are in full communion with their own churches, such as the Lutheran state churches of Scandinavia. Those clergy may preside at services requiring a priest if one is not otherwise available. Married men may be ordained to the diaconate as permanent deacons, but in the Latin Church of the Catholic Church generally may not be ordained to the priesthood. In

20034-616: The past century; moreover, denominations within the same tradition may differ with respect to women's ordination. For example, in Methodism , the Primitive Methodist Church does not ordain women, while the Free Methodist Church does ordain women. In some traditions women may be ordained to the same orders as men. In others women are restricted from certain offices. Women may be ordained bishop in

20193-635: The presidential debates in 1988 , 1992 , 1996 , 2000 , 2004 , 2008 , 2012 , 2016 , and 2020 . However, in announcing its withdrawal from sponsoring the debates, the League of Women Voters stated that it was withdrawing "because the demands of the two campaign organizations would perpetrate a fraud on the American voter." In 2004, the Citizens' Debate Commission was formed in the hope of establishing an independent sponsor for presidential debates, with

20352-520: The priesthood. There have been some situations in which men previously married and ordained to the priesthood in an Anglican church or in a Lutheran church have been ordained to the Catholic priesthood and allowed to function much as an Eastern Rite priest but in a Latin Church setting. This is never sub conditione (conditionally), as there is in Catholic canon law no true priesthood in Protestant denominations. Such ordination may only happen with

20511-554: The process of ordination is likewise given more or less ceremonial pomp depending on the group. Many Protestants still communicate authority and ordain to office by having the existing overseers physically lay hands on the candidates for office. The American Methodist model is an episcopal system loosely based on the Anglican model, as the Methodist Church arose from the Anglican Church. It was first devised under

20670-518: The reformation of the economic policies implemented by Zhao's predecessor, Emperor Wu . Modern forms of debating and the establishment of debating societies in the Western world occurred during the Age of Enlightenment in the 18th century. Trinity College Dublin boasts two of Europe's oldest debating societies: The Hist in 1770, inspired by a debating club created by Edmund Burke in 1747, and The Phil , founded in 1683. The Society of Cogers

20829-399: The reputations of nations, depending on the topic given to the contestants. Contestants will be given a list of abstract topics when the event begins and will create a speech on their chosen topic. Lincoln-Douglas debating is primarily a form of United States high school debate (though there is a collegiate Lincoln-Douglas debate) and is named after the 1858 Lincoln-Douglas debates . It is

20988-423: The right hand symbolizes one's will to raise all sentient beings out of samsara, and cyclic existence, and to establish them in the omniscience of Buddhahood. The left hand represents " Wisdom " – the "antidote" to cyclic existence, and the right hand represents "Method" – the altruistic intention to become enlightened for the benefit of all. The clap represents a union of Method and Wisdom. In this debating style,

21147-422: The rite by which priests were ordained was not correctly worded from 1547 to 1553 and from 1559 to the time of Archbishop William Laud (Archbishop of Canterbury 1633–1645). The papacy claimed the form and matter was inadequate to make a Catholic bishop. The actual "mechanical" succession, prayer and laying on hands, was not disputed. Two of the four consecrators of Matthew Parker in 1559 had been consecrated using

21306-628: The same day take part in the celebration of the Eucharist: During the Great Entrance , the candidate for ordination carries the Aër ( chalice veil ) over his head (rather than on his shoulder, as a deacon otherwise carries it then) as a symbol of giving up his diaconate, and comes last in the procession and stands at the end of the pair of lines of the priests. After the Aër is taken from

21465-406: The same speaker shifts allegiance between "For" and "Against" the motion. It is a solo contest, unlike other debating forms. Here, the speaker is required to speak for 2 minutes "For the motion", two minutes "Against the motion", and finally draw up a 1-minute conclusion in which the speaker balances the debate. At the end of the fifth minute, the debate will be opened to the house, in which members of

21624-542: The second and terrible Coming of our great Lord, God, and Saviour, Jesus Christ. A deacon may not perform any sacrament and performs no liturgical services on his own but serves only as an assistant to a priest and may not even vest without the blessing of a priest. The ordination of a deacon occurs after the Anaphora (Eucharistic Prayer) since his role is not in performing the Holy Mystery but consists only in serving;

21783-430: The second speaker of the Proposition, and so on. Every speaker speaks for 6 minutes. After the first minute and before the last minute, debaters from the opposite team may ask for Points of Information, which the speaker may accept or reject as he wishes (although they are supposed to accept at least two). The French Debating Association organizes its National Debating Championship in this style. Parliamentary debate

21942-505: The space of the debating club; he introduced two platforms to his room in the Newport district of London for the staging of debates and organized the entrances to facilitate the collection of admission fees. These modifications were further carried out when Henley relocated his enterprise to Lincoln's Inn Fields . With the public now willing to pay for entertainment, Henley capitalized on the growing commercialization of British society. By

22101-400: The speaker will answer the questions posed by the floor and opposition, before summarizing their key points. The MACE format of the debate is designed to be beginner-friendly and to prepare students for BP Parliamentary style debate (which it is modeled on). Derived from the Oxford Union debating society of Oxford University , Oxford-style debating is a competitive debate format featuring

22260-411: The subdiaconate (or diaconate, according to local custom) and typically one is either tonsured a monk or married before ordination. A deacon or priest may not marry, or remarry if widowed, without abandoning his clerical office. Often, widowed priests take monastic vows . Orthodox bishops are always monks; a single or widowed man may be elected a bishop but he must be tonsured a monk before consecration as

22419-465: The subject of discussion. This was something of a reunion for three of the participants: Philipps, F. K. Griffith (President of the Oxford Union ), and H. Grose–Hodge (from the Cambridge Union ) were all schoolmates in the same form at Marlborough College . The union also backed campaigns for women's suffrage and a Women's Union was started at 44 North Bailey in 1914. This would continue as

22578-452: The term vocation as a life-task was first employed by Martin Luther. In Luther's Small Catechism , the holy orders include but are not limited to the following: bishops, pastors, preachers, governmental offices, citizens, husbands, wives, children, employees, employers, young people, and widows . However, also according to the Book of Concord : "But if ordination be understood as applying to

22737-573: The term "presbyterian" comes). The two terms seem to be used interchangeably in the Bible (compare Titus 1.5–9 and I Tim. 3.2–7 ). Their form of church governance is known as presbyterian polity . While there is increasing authority with each level of gathering of elders ('Session' over a congregation or parish, then presbytery, then possibly a synod, then the General Assembly), there is no hierarchy of elders. Each elder has an equal vote at

22896-457: The time, the influence of the dean and chapter governing Durham Cathedral was significant, and the student intake at the university included large numbers of young men preparing for holy orders . The few political debates tending to concern the then-contentious issue of Irish Home Rule . Some debates were tongue-in-cheek , such as an 1887 motion 'That in the opinion of this House the Fair Sex

23055-565: The union "a gang of left-wing thugs" after taking part in a debate in 2019. In a December 2020 members' referendum, Durham Union Debating, the student competitive debate wing of the Durham Union, voted to leave the Durham Union Society, and affiliate with the Durham Students' Union as the independent Durham Debating Society. In June 2022, the Durham Debating Society voted to reverse this decision and re-affiliate with

23214-421: The union society to convert it into a students' union that would receive funding from the university. However, the union members rejected this offer and decided to remain independent, leading to the foundation of the separate Student Representative Council and continued poverty for the union society. In the late the nineteenth century debates, like the curriculum, often revolved around ecclesiastical matters. At

23373-461: The university had complied with its free speech duties by providing them with an alternative venue. Durham Students' Union stated that the block on Durham Union's participation in the freshers' fair was in accordance with the agreement last year that future participation would be conditional on Durham Union improving its record on equality, diversity and inclusion. The Durham Union still maintains its offices and debating chamber on Palace Green within

23532-534: The university library on Palace Green in 1872. However, lacking the independent funds of the Oxford and Cambridge unions or the central funding of the debating societies at the redbrick universities, it was unable to maintain its buildings, which decayed to such a state by 1896 that it was no longer possible to hold debates. By this time, students' unions had begun to be established in redbrick universities such as Liverpool , and Durham University extended an offer to

23691-405: The university, and is distinct from the Durham Students' Union . Members of the union have reciprocal rights at sister societies, including the Oxford Union and the Cambridge Union . The Durham Union has hosted prominent figures such as former prime ministers Boris Johnson and Theresa May , actors Michael Palin and Jeremy Irons , actresses Imelda Staunton and Maggie Smith , members of

23850-466: The university. In 2017, the Chinese Embassy in London attempted to block supermodel and activist Anastasia Lin from speaking in a debate. An official at the embassy warned the union that the debate, which also featured former Foreign Secretary Sir Malcolm Rifkind , could damage relations between the UK and China. Union president Tom Harwood insisted that "Everyone has been very polite", and

24009-629: The validity of ordinations in the Eastern churches. Some Eastern Orthodox churches reordain Catholic priests who convert while others accept their Catholic ordination using the concept of economia (church economy) . Anglican churches claim to have maintained apostolic succession. The succession of Anglican bishops is not universally recognized, however. The Catholic Church judged Anglican orders invalid when Pope Leo XIII in 1896 wrote in Apostolicae curae that Anglican orders lack validity because

24168-468: The validity of ordinations of ministers in Protestant churches that do not maintain apostolic succession; but some Anglicans, especially Low Church or Evangelical ones, commonly treat Protestant ministers and their sacraments as valid. Rome also does not recognize the apostolic succession of those Lutheran bodies which retained apostolic succession. Officially, the Anglican Communion accepts

24327-614: The water in Baptism and the bread and wine in the Eucharist. Various editions of the Book of Common Prayer and other Anglican liturgical texts provide rites for ordination of bishops, priests and deacons. Only bishops may ordain people. Within Anglicanism, three bishops are normally required for ordination to the episcopate, while one bishop is sufficient for performing ordinations to the priesthood and diaconate. The ministerial orders of

24486-554: Was carried 92–59. The Daily Telegraph reported in October 2024 that the Durham Union had been blocked from taking part in the freshers' fair organised by Durham Students' Union . This was claimed by a free speech group, the Free Speech Union , to be due to political bias with the group's leader, Toby Young , saying that the university was violating its legal duty to ensure free speech. However, Durham Union stated that

24645-464: Was controversial as the union became dependent, unlike the Oxford and Cambridge unions, on the university for its facilities. Bertie Dockerill, an academic who has written on the history of student debating societies, emphasises that continued use of university-owned facilities: has remained dependent upon the University believing that they were necessary, a system of landlordism that has not served

24804-510: Was founded in 1842 as the Durham University Union along the same lines as the Cambridge Union (founded 1815) and the Oxford Union (founded 1823). An earlier Durham University Debating Society had existed from 1835–1839, with financial support from the university. These societies were not just for debating but were also clubs, and thus maintained facilities such as reading and dining rooms in addition to holding debates. After

24963-546: Was founded in London in 1755 and still operates today. Debating societies had emerged in London in the early 18th century, and soon became a prominent societal fixture of life in London. Although debating societies had existed in London since at least 1740, they were exclusive and secretive societies. However, by the mid-18th century, London fostered a vibrant debating society culture, largely due to increased membership from London's growing middle class. The topics debated covered

25122-482: Was lodged with Durham Students' Union to call for a referendum on disaffiliation from NUS. On 12 March 2010, the referendum concluded with a majority of voting students choosing to disaffiliate. In 2011 the Durham Students' Union held a further referendum, whereby students taking part in the referendum voted to reaffiliate with the NUS. In 2015, the Union cancelled a speech from Tommy Robinson , reportedly after pressure from

25281-402: Was ordained as a transitional deacon at this point, a provisional role since eliminated. The order of deacon is now a separate and distinct clergy order in the United Methodist Church.) After serving the probationary period, of a minimum of two years, the probationer is then examined again and either continued on probation, discontinued altogether, or approved for ordination. Upon final approval by

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