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32-567: El Chañar is a settlement in Tucumán Province in northern Argentina . 26°46′S 65°02′W  /  26.767°S 65.033°W  / -26.767; -65.033 This article about a place in Tucumán Province , Argentina is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Tucum%C3%A1n Province Located in the northwest of the country, the province has the capital of San Miguel de Tucumán , often shortened to Tucumán. Neighboring provinces are, clockwise from

64-478: A mean annual temperature of 13.1 °C (55.6 °F) (summers average 17.1 °C (62.8 °F) while winters average 9.0 °C (48.2 °F)) in the Tafi valley. Precipitation in the lowlands ranges from 600 mm (24 in) in the east, to close to 1,200 mm in the foothills (48 in), in a very monsoonal pattern with 4-5 completely dry winter months, and a peak of about 200 mm (7.9 in) in

96-608: A rule of thumb, the far east is drier and hotter, whereas the Piedmont has many storms in the summer which moderate temperatures. The first foothills are very humid, supporting a dense jungle, and as altitude increases, a thick forest and then cool grasslands. The westernmost areas are once again a bit dryer because of a rain shadow. The eastern parts have an average annual temperature of 18 to 20 °C (64.4 to 68.0 °F). Summers are hot with mean temperatures averaging between 24 and 26 °C (75.2 and 78.8 °F) while in winter,

128-631: A sizable following, Bussi was elected governor in his own right in 1995, but lost much of his earlier popularity during his four-year tenure. Life in Tucumán has since returned to a certain normality. Its economy has recovered strongly during the expansive period Argentina has had in the decade since 2002. José Alperovich , elected governor in 2003, has presided over record investment in public works while reaping criticism for attempts to eliminate term limits for his office. Despite Tucumán's small size, it has two main different geographical systems. The east

160-662: A strong resistance to the Spanish, who decided to move the defeated tribes toward Buenos Aires . The most noted of these relocations was the case of the Quilmes , who were moved to the city of Quilmes . Tucumán was a midpoint for shipments of gold and silver from the Viceroyalty of Peru to Buenos Aires . It produced cattle, textiles, and wood products that provided supplies for the convoys on their way to Buenos Aires. Because of its important geographical position, and as head of

192-528: A wide area of abundant vegetation and justifies Tucumán's title of "Jardín de la República" (Garden of the Republic). Long among the most underdeveloped Argentine provinces, Tucumán Province has been growing strongly, and its economy, the nation's seventh-largest, reached US$ 7.2 billion in 2006. Its per capita output of US$ 5,400 (around US$ 7,900 in 2011) was nearly 40% below the national average, but compares favourably with that of most of its neighbors. In 2012,

224-416: Is also big in lemons and blueberries, exporting almost 80% of the harvest to other countries. Cultural and sport tourism is common in the province, and attracts a number of Argentine tourists every year. The Panamerican Highway ( Route 9 ) crosses San Miguel de Tucumán , and connects it with Santiago del Estero and Buenos Aires. The city also serves as a mid-stop for tourists visiting other provinces of

256-663: Is associated with the Gran Chaco flat lands, while the west presents a mixture of the Sierras of the Pampas to the south and the canyons of the Argentine Northwest to the north. The Cerro del Bolsón is the highest peak at an elevation of 5,550 metres (18,209 ft). The Salí is the province's main river. Tucumán also has four dams that are used for hydroelectricity and irrigation: El Cadillal on Salí River,

288-475: The Dulce River . Prado named his province "Tucumán" after Tucumamahao, one of the leaders of the local people who formed an alliance with him. In 1552, Francisco de Aguirre was dispatched to take possession of the territory for Chile. Aguirre followed a repressive policy, triggering a rebellion by the native people. Outnumbered, the colonists were forced to move in 1553 to a new location, where they founded

320-593: The Tucumán Provincial Police . The provincial government is divided into three branches: the executive, headed by a popularly elected governor, who appoints the cabinet; the legislative ; and the judiciary , headed by the Supreme Court. The Constitution of Tucumán Province forms the formal law of the province. The province is divided into 17 departments (Spanish departamentos). Congress of Tucum%C3%A1n The Congress of Tucumán

352-472: The Viceroyalty of Peru have had the upper hand in the Upper Peru and were threatening the revolution. On April 15, 1815, a revolution ended the mandate of Carlos María de Alvear and called a General Congress. Delegate deputies, each representing 15,000 inhabitants, were sent from all the provinces to the sessions that started on March 24, 1816. Nevertheless, some territories that formerly belonged to

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384-668: The Argentine Northwest. The Teniente General Benjamín Matienzo International Airport has regular flights to Buenos Aires , Lima , Santiago , Cordoba and São Paulo , and receives almost 800,000 passengers every year. The most visited destinations of the Province are the Campo de los Alisos National Park , Valles Calchaquíes , Tafí del Valle , Ruins of Quilmes , the Diaguita community of Amaicha del Valle , and

416-635: The Congress. At that time, the President of the Congress was Francisco Narciso de Laprida , delegate from San Juan Province . Subsequent discussions centred on the form of government that the young state should have and were the Congress and the executive power should reside. The congress continued its work in Buenos Aires since 1817 and issued a Constitution in 1819 , but the Constitution

448-703: The Intendancy of Tucumán was divided; Tucumán was set under the control of the Intendancy of Salta del Tucumán , with its centre in Salta . José de San Martín arrived in Tucumán in 1813 and installed the military school. In 1814, the Intendancy of Salta was divided into the present provinces. On July 9, 1816, at the Congress of Tucumán , the Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata ("United Provinces of

480-714: The Río de la Plata") declared their independence from Spain . Internal conflicts delayed the final fusion of the provinces into the República Argentina . Following the failure of Argentina's first independence-era government, the Directorio , Governor Bernabé Aráoz on March 22, 1820, proclaimed the creation of the Federal Republic of Tucumán . The experiment collapsed, however, when the neighboring provinces of Catamarca and Santiago del Estero withdrew

512-816: The Viceroyalty of the River Plate did not take part in the Congress: the delegates from the Banda Oriental ('Eastern Bank', today Uruguay ) and other Liga Federal provinces, faithful to the democratic federalist project of José Gervasio Artigas were rejected based on formalities; Paraguay had already proclaimed its independence from Spain and remained isolated from the United Provinces politics. Representatives from Upper Peru Provinces (current Bolivia ) were, however, present. The congress

544-478: The city of San Miguel de Tucumán . Four important universities are in the province: Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (with 60,000 students), Universidad Tecnológica Nacional , Universidad del Norte Santo Tomás de Aquino , and Universidad de San Pablo-T . In Argentina, the most important law enforcement organization is the Argentine Federal Police but the additional work is carried out by

576-528: The civil and Catholic governments, it acquired special importance during the 18th century. The creation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776 meant the end of the convoys from Perú to Buenos Aires. Tucumán, with 20,000 inhabitants by that time, suffered also from the British imports from the newly opened customs of Buenos Aires, no longer under the monopoly of the Spanish Crown. In 1783,

608-501: The following year. The beginning of the 20th century, with the customs restrictions and the arrival of the railway , brought prosperous economic times for the province and its sugarcane production. Numerous landmarks were built, such as Ninth of July Park and the Tucumán Government Palace , and a daily newspaper founded in 1912, La Gaceta , became the most circulated Argentine daily outside Buenos Aires, but

640-472: The mean temperatures are between 10 and 12 °C (50.0 and 53.6 °F). Easternmost parts of the province, which borders the Chaco region are home to the highest and lowest temperatures in the province where absolute maximum temperatures can exceed 40 °C (104.0 °F) while absolute minimum temperatures can reach close to −7 °C (19.4 °F) owing to the accumulation of cold air that descends from

672-418: The mountains. At higher altitudes, the climate is cooler with summer temperatures averaging 20 °C (68.0 °F) and winter temperatures averaging 10 °C (50.0 °F). The annual temperature in the higher altitudes is 12 to 14 °C (53.6 to 57.2 °F) at an altitude of 2,500 metres (8,202.1 ft) above sea level. Within the valleys located between the mountains, temperatures are cooler with

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704-584: The north: Salta , Santiago del Estero and Catamarca . It is nicknamed El Jardín de la República ( The Garden of the Republic ), as it is a highly productive agricultural area. The word Tucumán probably originated from the Quechua languages . It may represent a deformation of the term Yucumán , which denotes the "place of origin of several rivers". It can also be a deformation of the word Tucma , which means "the end of things". Before Spanish colonization,

736-716: The per capita income of the province is of 8,000 dollars Known internationally for its prodigious sugarcane (with 2,300 km , and the sugar production, 60% of the country's), Tucumán's economy is quite diversified, and agriculture accounts for about 7% of output. After the sugar crisis of the 1960s, Tucumán tried to diversify its crops, and now cultivates, among others, lemons (world first producer), strawberries , kiwifruit , beans , banana , maize , alfalfa , and soybeans . Cattle, sheep, and goats are raised mainly for local consumption. Manufacturing in Tucumán initially centered on sugar production, but has diversified significantly since 1960. Sugar mills comprise about 15% to

768-600: The province's most important dam; Embalse Río Hondo on the Hondo River; La Angostura on de los Sosa River; and Escaba on the Marapa River. The Santa María River crosses the Valles Calchaquíes . Tucuman lies at the convergence of temperate climates and tropical climates further north, retaining characteristics of both in the lowlands. Furthermore, it is highly monsoonal, and depends also on elevation. As

800-643: The rainiest summer month. The eastward-facing slopes concentrate not only the heaviest precipitation, with spots around 1,800 mm (71 in) falling mostly in the 5 months of the summer monsoon, but also have a unique characteristic, which is that during part of the year, they are constantly immersed in a thick fog, providing humidity for the development of a thick jungle. The climate quickly becomes decidedly temperate with altitude, supporting different kinds of forest which even receive some snow every winter, finally reaching high-altitude grasslands with cool, windy weather year-round. The abundant precipitation creates

832-633: The region lay in the outer limits of the Inca empire . Before the Spanish colonization , this land was inhabited by the Diaguitas and Tonocotes . In 1533, Diego de Almagro explored the Argentine Northwest , including Tucumán. In 1549 the Peruvian governor Pedro de la Gasca granted Juan Núñez de Prado the territory of Tucumán. Prado established the first Spanish settlement at the town of Barco on

864-448: The sugar price crisis of the 1960s and President Juan Carlos Onganía 's order to have 11 large state-owned sugar mills closed in 1966, hit Tucumán's economy hard, and ushered in an era of instability for the province. In 1975, President Isabel Perón declared a state of emergency in the province. The decree led to Operation Independence , an official military campaign at least as brutal on local magistrates, lawmakers, and faculty as it

896-493: The total economy. Besides the industrialisation of the sugarcane into sugar, paper, and alcohol, food, textile, automotive , and metallurgical industries are present. Among the latter, the freight- truck assembly operated by the Volkswagen Group -controlled Swedish Scania company is probably the best known. Mining is a minor activity, centered on salt, clay, lime, and other non-metallic extractions. The province

928-509: The town of Santiago del Estero . By 1565, Diego de Villaroel founded San Miguel de Tucumán and the Provincia de Tucumán, Juríes y Diaguitas was organized. Because of frequent attacks by the indigenous peoples, the Malones , in 1685, San Miguel de Tucumán was moved by Miguel de Salas some 65 km from its first location, where it was redeveloped. The aborigines of the region presented

960-509: Was inaugurated in the house of Francisca Bazán de Laguna, consisted of 33 deputies, and its presidency rotated on a monthly basis. Because the congress had freedom to select the agenda, there were endless discussions. On July 9, it declared the independence of the United Provinces of South America , a name that was intended to appeal and eventually incorporate other Spanish American independentist regions that were not represented at

992-477: Was on its stated target, the ERP . Violence did not fully abate until the appointment of General Antonio Domingo Bussi , the operation's commander, as governor at the behest of the dictatorship that deposed Perón in 1976. Efficient as well as ruthless, Bussi oversaw the completion of several stalled public works, but also presided over some of the worst human rights abuses during that painful 1976-77 period. Retaining

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1024-732: Was the representative assembly, initially meeting in San Miguel de Tucumán , that declared the independence of the United Provinces of South America (modern-day Argentina , Uruguay , part of Bolivia ) on July 9, 1816, from the Spanish Empire . Following the May Revolution of 1810, the Viceroy had been replaced by the Primera Junta . The provinces had been moving towards full independence but royalist forces from

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