Misplaced Pages

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100-480: In the French and other armies, epaulettes are also worn by all ranks of elite or ceremonial units when on parade. It may bear rank or other insignia, and should not be confused with a shoulder mark – also called a shoulder board, rank slide, or slip-on – a flat cloth sleeve worn on the shoulder strap of a uniform (although the two terms are often used interchangeably). Épaulette ( French: [e.po.lɛt] )

200-401: A tracksuit , Rockport boots, a dress shirt, a pair of pants, a camp shirt , or a jacket in a fancy metallic pattern for going out; while also including of items such as leather coats and pants, puffy vests, jackets, ribbed sweaters, shirts, and chunky dress shoes, usually in futuristic colors such as black, silver, light gray, and white. It lasted from the late 90's until late 2001. After

300-406: A uniform . It may bear rank or other insignia. A shoulder mark should not be confused with a shoulder board (an elaborate shoulder strap), a shoulder knot (a braided type of shoulder board), or an epaulette , although these terms are often used interchangeably. The newer Auscam uniform design lacks shoulder marks, instead opting for a vertical strap in the middle of the chest region of

400-575: A braid pattern on the bill. These uniform specifications change depending on the company's policy. Military-inspired civilian clothing became popular in the first decade of the 2000s, including epaulettes on shirts. In the Belgian army, red epaulettes with white fringes are worn with the ceremonial uniforms of the Royal Escort while fully red ones are worn by the Grenadiers . Trumpeters of

500-602: A camisole underneath, kinky boots , riding boots , ripped acid wash skinny jeans, and neon leg warmers worn with bare legs and a dress or skirt. In America, the crop tops that exposed the navel were replaced with longer camisole tops, boat neck blouses and mid rise pants , and miniskirts were replaced with longer dresses like the babydoll , bubble skirt , skater dress , and sweater dress popularly worn with ankle or capri length leggings or tights and ballet flats or sometimes Keds , low cut Converse Chucks or Uggs . Long, baggy empire line shirts were taken in at

600-630: A disco feel), satin or leather skirts, concert t-shirts or band merch with rhinestones, sparkling shoes, halter tops, sequined pants (popularized by Peter Morrissey ), and embroidered and sequined tops (inspired by Easton Pearson), along with the famous pearl printed black dress cocktail dress by Karen Walker -- which was successful worldwide. In the year 2000, some examples of the casual women's and girl's fashion trends were oversized sunglasses, mini shoulder handbags/purses, aviator sunglasses , oversized hoop earrings , jeans worn in various ways (such as mid-rise, boot-cut, fabric accents down

700-414: A foul anchor above the stripes on their shoulder marks, and engineering officers wear a three-bladed propeller. In the U.S. Merchant Marine, the correct wear of shoulder marks depicting the fouled anchor is with the un-fouled stock of the anchor forward on the wearer. Shoulder mark A shoulder mark , also called a rank slide or slip-on , is a flat cloth sleeve worn on the shoulder strap of

800-407: A heavy fringe. The base of the epaulette was of regimental colors. For ordinary duty, dress "shoulder-cords" of silver braid intertwined with state colors, were worn. During the period 1919–1945, German Army uniforms were known for a four cord braided "figure-of-eight" decoration which acted as a shoulder board for senior and general officers. This was called a "shoulder knot" and was in silver with

900-1119: A household name from her obsession with the Spanish designer's high-heeled shoes . Trends inspired by the show include stilettos , designer handbags (with two episodes centered around the latest "It bag"), large fabric flowers, and berets . It items were very popular in the 2000s, particularly the early and middle years. Examples of some highly sought-after It items of the mid-2000s included Kate Spade wallets, Prada sneakers, Christian Dior saddle bags, designer-brand jeans such as True Religion low-rise boot-cut jeans and 7 for all Mankind skinny jeans, Juicy Couture velour tracksuits , Balenciaga cargo pants, Von Dutch trucker hats , and Takashi Murakami 's collaboration with Louis Vuitton for their iconic It bag. Popular mid-2000s trends for women were embroidered low-rise jeans , yoga pants , thong underwear, cowl-neck tops, tube tops , denim jackets, bell-sleeved shirts, jean shorts, crop tops, whale tails, tracksuits, cargo pants , capri pants , trench coats, puffy jackets, longer tank tops worn with

1000-478: A junior captain wore one on the right shoulder, and a commander one on the left. In 1855, army officers' large, gold-fringed epaulettes were abolished and replaced by a simplified equivalent officially known as twisted shoulder-cords. These were generally worn with full dress uniforms. Naval officers retained the historic fringed epaulettes for full dress during this period. These were officially worn until 1960 when they were replaced with shoulder boards. Today, only

1100-407: A lot of waste. Americans throw out 14 million tons of clothing a year, with the help of fast fashion. Retailers like Forever 21 and H&M have come under fire, not only for their wasteful fast fashion practices that have grown steadily since the beginning of 2000 but for the involvement of cheap labor . The appeal of fast fashion lies in the copying of higher-end brands; however, after something

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1200-414: A main blouse or shirt, infantile dresses, 1940s inspired New Look dresses and sandals, leggings, 1960s style peacoats , tunics worn with wide or thin belts, and " vintage clothing " including hippie and Boho inspired dresses with paisley patterns . Crocs were a brief fad for all sexes in the summer of 2006, despite their kitsch connotations, and in 2006 the minidress made a comeback with

1300-474: A major impact on the style of the time by working with other hip-hop artists. For instance, Pharrell Williams was essential in fusing hip-hop with skate culture, which expanded the fashion influence of the music. In the mid to late 2000s, artists such as Kanye West challenged the conventional ideas of masculinity in hip-hop fashion by presenting a more varied selection of ensemble options, such as shutter sunglasses and pink polo shirts. Hip-hop and high fashion saw

1400-495: A one-time collection that proved to be a huge success, as women flocked to H&M stores to own a piece of the designer's 30 selections available in the collection. Stores such as Wet Seal and American Apparel are said to be "American precursors to the fast fashion empire". The ethics of fast fashion has been the topic of numerous debates and questioning of business practices. Producing fashion at such fast rates involves less secure working conditions/or wages. It also involves

1500-734: A platoon wearing Chaco War uniforms). Epaulettes of the German pattern (as well as shoulder knots) are used by officers of ceremonial units and schools of the Bolivian Army . Gold epaulettes in Haiti , were frequently worn throughout the 18th and 19th centuries in full dress. During the Haitian Revolution , Gen. Charles Leclerc of the French Army wrote a letter to Napoleon Bonaparte saying, "We must destroy half of those in

1600-697: A protest against the Iraq War and demonstration of solidarity with the Palestinians . In 2007, Che Guevara chic was popular in Europe and Latin America, with olive green fatigue jackets, boonie hats , berets , and T-shirts featuring red stars or the face of the famous revolutionary . Y2K clothing was mostly made in black, though silver was also fashionable especially in the UK. An example of this would be

1700-720: A similar-style strap located in the centre of the chest (and sometimes centre of the back as well) of the CADPAT shirt, jacket, parka, and raincoat. Slip-ons are not worn on the Service Dress jacket, or with Mess Dress . Based on the shoulder boards used by the United States Navy , the United States Army and Air Force developed the shoulder mark , a cloth tube with embroidered or pinned rank insignia. Army officer shoulder marks are colored depending on

1800-557: A star on the straps, master commandant were renamed commander in 1838 and wore the same epaulettes as captains except the straps were plain, and lieutenants wore a single epaulette similar to those of the commander, on the left shoulder. After 1852, captains, commanders, lieutenants, pursers , surgeons , passed assistant and assistant surgeons , masters in the line of promotion and chief engineers wore epaulettes. Epaulettes were specified for all United States Army officers in 1832; infantry officers wore silver epaulettes, while those of

1900-439: Is a French word meaning "little shoulder" ( diminutive of épaule , meaning "shoulder"). Epaulettes are fastened to the shoulder by a shoulder strap or passenten , a small strap parallel to the shoulder seam, and the button near the collar, or by laces on the underside of the epaulette passing through holes in the shoulder of the coat. Colloquially, any shoulder straps with marks are also called epaulettes. The placement of

2000-707: Is no longer trendy it is on to the next, leaving clothes to go to waste, and workers to continue to live on unlivable wages. At the same time that fast fashion became able to supply vast quantities of imitation luxury goods, Western income inequalities had risen steadily. To create an image of belonging to a higher income group, people sought real or copied branded "high fashion" items. In haute couture, designers were becoming increasingly inspired by pop culture and street style. These designs could succeed in high fashion because some top percentile earners wanted to present as being less wealthy; to communicate "street cred" or equality ideals. In addition, designer street style enabled

2100-684: Is what U.S. Air Force personnel call a shoulder board . The shoulder sleeve is called an epaulette , and the two are never confused. On the United States Army Blue Service Uniform , officers wear embroidered rank insignia "shoulder straps" ( attentes ) mounted lengthwise on the outside shoulder seams. These are 1 + 5 ⁄ 8 inches (41 mm) wide by 4 inches (100 mm)/ 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 inches (89 mm) (large size/small size) long, and are sewn, snapped, or clipped onto each shoulder. The Boy Scouts of America uses colored shoulder loops worn on

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2200-706: The Armée de l'Air do not use epaulettes, but non-commissioned and commissioned officers wear a gilded shoulder strap called attentes , the original function of which was to clip the epaulette onto the shoulder. The attentes are also worn by Army generals on their dress uniforms. Until World War I, officers of the Imperial German Army generally wore silver epaulettes as a distinguishing feature of their full-dress uniforms. For ranks up to and including captain these were "scale" epaulettes without fringes, for majors and colonels with fine fringes and for generals with

2300-466: The Russian Army , is the shoulder board , which neither has a fringe nor extends beyond the shoulder seam. This originated during the 19th century as a simplified version for service wear of the heavy and conspicuous full dress epaulette with bullion fringes. Today, epaulettes have mostly been replaced by a five-sided flap of cloth called a shoulder board , which is sewn into the shoulder seam and

2400-595: The White Stripes ). In 2004, men's fashion in the US was inspired by movies from the 1960s and 1980s. Of particular inspiration were the movies Top Gun , Bullitt , and Midnight Cowboy . The clothes which were derived from these movies included Henley shirts , muscle shirts , hoodies , cargo pants, American football shirts, aviator jackets , cable-knit sweaters, khakis , seersucker suits, western shirts, blazers, and peacoats . Popular men's accessories of

2500-715: The collar number is also displayed on the shoulder, although some Inspectors and above are starting to display their collar number alongside their rank insignia. The most notable exception to this is Kent Police , whose officers display their collar number on the stab vest instead of the rank slides. Public order officers' shoulder slides are often colour-coded according to their role: The uniform of public sector prison officers and OSG's in England & Wales feature shoulder slides on their uniform indicating rank, unique identification number and specialist role. Specialist role identifiers include: The uniform of lord-lieutenant as

2600-587: The fashions of numerous music-based subcultures. Hip-hop fashion generally was the most popular among young people of both sexes, followed by the retro-inspired indie look later in the decade. Men and women aged 25 and older adopted a dressy business casual style which was popular throughout the decade. Globalization also influenced the decade's clothing trends, with the incorporation of Middle Eastern and Asian dress into mainstream European, American, and Australasian fashion. Furthermore, eco-friendly and ethical clothing, such as recycled fashions were prominent in

2700-503: The mortgage crisis of 2008 impacted fashion by bringing in a new wave of conservatism . This created a rise in denim , the American fabric of the working person. Jeans became acceptable in every situation, from the supermarket to the red carpet. This slow shift to conservatism can be observed in jeans started low-rise in reflection of the free-spirited Y2K style and moved through various waistlines and leg widths. The sense of unity in

2800-496: The 1980s fashion revival wasn't in full swing until 2001, the first movement started in the late 1990s and continued into the early 2000s. This first wave primarily focused on the early 1980s. Such trends that emerged during this period included denim miniskirts , ripped "distressed" jeans, denim jackets, tracksuits, trench coats (often in pleather), puffy jackets (revived by Hip-Hop artists), and preppy polo shirts with popped collars . These remained popular until about 2008 when

2900-504: The 1990s were replaced with 1950s-inspired suits comprising a two-buttoned blazer and matching trousers while in the US the power suit made a comeback. Single-breasted European suits sometimes featured contrasting Edwardian style piping on the lapels and were often worn with slim ties and waistcoats . Youth fashion was strongly influenced by many music-based subcultures such as emo , indie kids , scene kids, psychobilly , preppy , skater , goth , nu metal (known as moshers in

3000-574: The 19th century, but were rarely worn on the field. Referred to as shoulder scales, they were e.g. an accoutrement of the US Cavalry , US Infantry and the US Artillery , from 1854 to 1872. By the early 18th century, epaulettes had become the distinguishing feature of commissioned rank. This led officers of military units still without epaulettes to petition for the right to wear epaulettes to ensure that their status would be recognized. During

3100-478: The City impacted how women cared about fashion and how they shopped. The show depicted women as empowered consumers, each with their own independent styles that shopped based on what they wanted, not what they were told to wear. The main characters became fashion icons, inspiring window displays , fashion lines, magazines, and women globally. Carrie Bradshaw , the main character, is credited for making Manolo Blahnik

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3200-510: The French and other armies to indicate rank. The rank of an officer could be determined by whether an epaulette was worn on the left shoulder, the right shoulder, or on both. Later a "counter-epaulette" (with no fringe) was worn on the opposite shoulder of those who wore only a single epaulette. Epaulettes were made in silver or gold for officers and in cloth of various colors for the enlisted men of various arms. Apart from that, flexible metal epaulettes were quite popular among certain armies in

3300-534: The Napoleonic Wars and subsequently through the 19th century, grenadiers , light infantry , voltigeurs and other specialist categories of infantry in many European armies wore cloth epaulettes with wool fringes in various colors to distinguish them from ordinary line infantry . Flying artillery wore epaulette-esque shoulder pads. Heavy artillery wore small balls representing ammunition on their shoulders. An intermediate form in some services, such as

3400-688: The National Chief, National Vice chief, and Region Chiefs of the Order of the Arrow . Rank slides are used by all of the UK Armed Forces, primarily on working dress uniforms. Similar rank slides are also worn on a single tab/strap on the chest of operational ( Multi-Terrain Pattern ) clothing. Shoulder boards are worn by officers on tropical dress uniform, bearing the same insignia carried on

3500-586: The Navy of the United States, 1797 . Captains wore an epaulette on each shoulder, lieutenants wore only one, on the right shoulder. By 1802, lieutenants wore their epaulette on the left shoulder, with lieutenants in command of a vessel wearing them on the right shoulder; after the creation of the rank of master commandants , they wore their epaulettes on the right shoulder similar to lieutenants in command. By 1842, captains wore epaulettes on each shoulder with

3600-589: The Royal Escort are distinguished by all red epaulettes while officers of the two units wear silver or gold respectively. In the Canadian Armed Forces , epaulettes are still worn on some Army Full Dress , Patrol Dress , and Mess Dress uniforms. Epaulettes in the form of shoulder boards are worn with the officer's white Naval Service Dress. After the unification of the Forces , and prior to

3700-445: The U.S. air and land forces also have a different style of shoulder board, a firm material with an underlying longitudinal strap. The corresponding jacket shoulder has two small loops traversing from rear to front, and the open end of the shoulder board's strap is drawn through the two loops and affixed to the underside of the board. This effectively hides all the means of attachments, leaving a firm, finished surface. This particular style

3800-620: The UK workplace, black, navy or charcoal pinstripe three-buttoned office suits remained common, but Nehru suits or mandarin collar shirts inspired by the Beatles , James Bond , and science fiction movies like the Matrix , were a popular alternative from 2003 to 2006. In the US, men favored the smart casual look, with striped purple dress shirts , flat front charcoal chinos , beige cardigans , argyle pullovers , black or brown leather blazers , and houndstooth sportcoats . In

3900-654: The UK), ravers and hip hop , including the British chav , US gangsta rapper and Mexican Cholo styles of the early 2000s. The clothing of American hip hop fans underwent an evolution from the sagging baggy gangster jeans of the late 1990s to a more retro look by the end of the decade. Popular items of clothing included wide leg jeans , baseball jackets , Nike Air Jordans , tracksuits , sweatpants , bucket hats , stunna shades , fur-lined puffer jackets , and flat-brim trucker hats or baseball caps (often retaining

4000-693: The armies of Venezuela, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay, Ecuador and Bolivia; all of which formerly wore uniforms closely following the Imperial German model. The Chilean Army still retains the German style of epaulette in the uniforms of its ceremonial units, the Military Academy and the NCO School while the 5th Cavalry Regiment "Aca Caraya" of the Paraguayan Army sports both epaulettes and shoulder knots in its dress uniforms (save for

4100-749: The army, whereas the other two services had appropriate slip ons, who have rank patches sewed onto the uniform arms. This older design is no longer issued, but may still be seen on personnel whose most recent uniform issue pre-dates the use of the new design. In the Canadian Forces , slip-ons displaying rank insignia and shoulder titles are worn on the shoulder straps of the No. 3 Service Dress shirt, overcoat, raincoat, and sweater; CANEX parka and windbreaker; Naval Combat Dress jacket and shirt; flying suits and flying jackets; and Military Police Operational Patrol Dress shirt and jacket. The slip-ons are worn on

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4200-408: The artillery and other branches wore gold epaulettes, following the French manner. The rank insignia was of a contrasting metal, silver on gold and vice versa. In 1851, the epaulettes became universally gold. Both majors and second lieutenants had no specific insignia. A major would have been recognizable as he would have worn a senior field officer's more elaborate epaulette fringes. The rank insignia

4300-402: The average consumer. This trend in fast fashion allowed shoppers to own designer items at lower prices and also allowed the production and public normalization of copycat styles. Designers noticed that their designs were being copied, and many designers began to adapt; in 2004, the retailer H&M, a prominent fast fashion brand, collaborated with fashion designer Karl Lagerfeld to introduce

4400-907: The branch with which the officer is affiliated. They have an 1 ⁄ 8 -inch (3.2 mm) gold stripe below the embroidered grade insignia (the end far from the collar). In the Air Force, a similar stripe is limited to senior officers (majors and above). Air Force general officers have an additional stripe at the near end. Enlisted and Air Force junior officer shoulder marks lack these distinctions. These are worn on all class B uniform shirts. US Navy officers wear shoulder boards on Summer White and Service Dress White uniforms, and wool overcoats and reefers. "Soft shoulder boards" (shoulder marks) are worn on long sleeve white shirts and on black sweaters worn with Service Khaki or Service Dress Blue uniforms. Coast Guard officers wear Naval style shoulderboards on all class B uniform shirts. Service dress uniforms in

4500-416: The bunches of ribbons worn on the shoulders of military coats at the end of the 17th century, which were partially decorative and partially intended to prevent shoulder belts from slipping. These ribbons were tied into a knot that left the fringed end free. This established the basic design of the epaulette as it evolved through the 18th and 19th centuries. From the 18th century on, epaulettes were used in

4600-538: The bustline and often paired with a belt. Fur coats made a comeback, although many women used " fish fur " due to real fur's association with animal cruelty. The canary yellow dress Reese Witherspoon wore to the Golden Globes helped establish that hue as a signature color in 2007. In Britain and the US, some younger women and teen girls, especially those affiliated with the scene subculture and geek chic , became influenced by Japanese street fashion due to

4700-466: The cavalry . 4. Others 4a. Subaltern-officer , here: Titular councillor , veterinary physician. 4b. Staff-officer , here: flagship mechanical engineer, Fleet Engineer Mechanical Corps. 4c. General , here: Privy councillor , Professor of the Imperial Military medical Academy . Epaulettes first appeared on Swedish uniforms in the second half of the 18th century. The epaulette

4800-501: The country because all kinds of people were buying the same brands and sporting the same American companies furthermore established corporate logos as a form of stability and comfort in fashion. Possibly in reaction to the streamlined, futuristic, outer space-themed Y2K styles of the year 2000, distressed denim became popular in America from 2001 to 2008. Pants became lower waisted and significantly more flared than they were previously, and often featured elaborate embroidery rather than

4900-611: The cuffs of the dress uniform. A slide worn on the chest indicates rank for all RN personnel in Action Working Dress ( No.4 dress ). In the British Army, shoulder straps are worn with dress and service uniforms. In combat dress, however, rank insignia is displayed on 'rank slides' worn on the chest. In the Royal Air Force, rank slides are worn by all ranks (except Aircraftman , which has no insignia) on

5000-553: The decade went on, it became increasingly popular in the UK and America to mix designer and fast fashion clothing. In response, vintage and thrifted clothing asserted itself, growing in popularity after the 2008/9 recession . American, British and Western European Fashion in the 2000s was profoundly influenced by technology. Around this time, there was a monochromatic futuristic approach to fashion, with metallics, shiny blacks, heavy use of gray, straps, and buckles becoming commonplace. Y2K fashion, as it came to be known, aimed to reflect

5100-402: The decade. In the early 2000s, many mid and late 1990s fashions remained fashionable around the globe, while simultaneously introducing newer trends. The later years of the decade saw a large-scale revival of clothing designs primarily from the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. The early to mid-2000s saw a rise in the consumption of fast fashion : affordable off-the-peg high street clothing based on

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5200-484: The designer brands with prominent logos previously worn by the chav subculture. Ed Hardy T-shirts, often embellished with rhinestones , were fashionable from late 2008 until the mid-2010s, when they fell out of favour due to their unintended popularity among young clubgoers stereotyped for being thugs, jocks or guidos . In the European workplace, the cut of suits changed, as the three-buttoned jackets popular in

5300-414: The early years of the decade. Newer fashion trends in the early 2000s included wearing sportswear and military wear as everyday clothes. This included tracksuits , light-colored polo shirts (sometimes striped and with collars popped), cargo pants (even ones made out of linen during warmer months), khaki chinos , bootcut jeans , corduroy pants, and rugby shirts . Practical hiking jackets (of

5400-457: The end buttoned like an epaulette. From the shoulder board was developed the shoulder mark , a flat cloth tube that is worn over the shoulder strap and carries embroidered or pinned-on rank insignia. The advantages of this are the ability to easily change the insignia as occasions warrant. Airline pilot uniform shirts generally include cloth flattened tubular epaulettes having cloth or bullion braid stripes, attached by shoulder straps integral to

5500-827: The end of the decade, more elaborate military-inspired clothing became a unisex trend in Britain. Due to the popularity of the Pirates of the Caribbean films and a resurgence of interest in 1980s fashion , teen and college age women frequently wore cavalier boots , Greek fisherman's caps , jewelry with anchor motifs, leather look drainpipe trousers , frilly satin poet shirts , sashes , harem pants , braided hussar jackets , and dress uniforms with epaulets inspired by female pop stars , British indie/garage rock band The Libertines and MCR 's The Black Parade . Small epaulets also became popular on men's shirts. Throughout

5600-630: The epaulette tradition. 1. Infantry 1a. Subaltern-officer , here: poruchik of the 13th Life Grenadier Erivan His Imperial Majesty's regiment 1b. Staff-officer , here: polkovnik of the 46th Artillery brigade 1c. General , here: Field marshal of Russian Vyborg 85th infantry regiment of German Emperor Wilhelm II . 2. Guards 2a. Subaltern-officer , here: captain of the Mikhailovsky artillery school 2b. Staff-officer , here: polkovnik of Life Guards Lithuanian regiment. 2c. Flagofficer , here: Vice-Admiral 3. Cavalry 3a. Of

5700-471: The epaulette, its color and the length and diameter of its bullion fringe are used to signify the wearer's rank. At the join of the fringe and the shoulderpiece is often a metal piece in the form of a crescent . Although originally worn in the field, epaulettes are now normally limited to dress or ceremonial military uniforms. Epaulettes bear some resemblance to the shoulder pteruges of ancient Greco-Roman military costumes. However, their direct origin lies in

5800-440: The events of 9/11 , fashion in America became more conservative, forgoing the futuristic styles of before. Distressed denim made a comeback, with sandblasted highlights, frosted jeans, ripped jeans, and whiskering becoming commonplace. A lower rise jean had emerged during this part of the decade, effectively getting rid of the high-waisted styles of the 1990s. Generally, many fashion trends from 1995 onwards continued to be worn in

5900-408: The few social climbers that did exist (such as in the entertainment industry), to show that they valued their roots. The tensions of income inequalities and fast fashion therefore led to the blending of street style and haute couture. The designer's logo was seen boldly printed on all types of clothing, particularly items that needed to be replaced less often, such as purses or sunglasses. A logoed purse

6000-632: The general issue dress uniform in the 1930s. They are, however, still worn by the Royal Lifeguards and by military bands when in ceremonial full dress. Epaulettes first appeared on British uniforms in the second half of the 18th century. The epaulette was officially incorporated into Royal Navy uniform regulations in 1795, although some officers wore them before this date. Under this system, flag officers wore silver stars on their epaulettes to distinguish their ranks. A captain with at least three years seniority had two plain epaulettes, while

6100-441: The groundwork for hip-hop's aesthetic expression, highlighting uniqueness and fortitude in the face of societal, economic, and cultural obstacles. Hip-hop's fashion sense became harder to come by as it became more mainstream, but it never lost its core spirit of rebellion and self-expression. This mindset remained when hip-hop fashion transitioned into the new century. Artists such as Nigo, the originator of A Bathing Ape (BAPE), had

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6200-417: The head of a lieutenancy area shows many military features. Their ranks, and those of their deputies (vice lord-lieutenant, deputy lieutenant ) are indicated by braided shoulder boards resp. shoulder knots. 2000s in fashion The fashions of the 2000s were often described as a global mash up , where trends saw the fusion of vintage styles, global and ethnic clothing (e.g. boho ), as well as

6300-1018: The hemlines being unusually short. Introduced in 2005, skinny jeans became popular in 2006. High heeled shoes were replaced with ballet flats , Sperry Top-Siders , Converse Chucks , and the Keds popularized by Mischa Barton . Popular accessories included trucker hats, aviator sunglasses , small red glass or pearl drop earrings rather than the large hoop earrings of the early 2000s, jelly bracelets , knee-high boots with pointed toes, uggs , Heelys, platform boots, ballet flats, mary janes , studded belts, shutter shades , crucifixes and rosaries , large silver belt buckles with rhinestones , black nail polish, fairtrade African bangles , Native American beaded jewelry, Indian and Middle Eastern slave bracelets , purity rings , small leather handbags, small scarves, and simple jewelry made from recycled eco friendly materials like hemp , wood, sea shells , glass, seeds, and white metal. From 2005 until

6400-400: The infantry, as well as cuirassiers wore detachable epaulettes of various colours (red for line infantry, green for Chasseurs , yellow for Colonial Infantry etc.) with woollen fringes, of a traditional pattern that dated back to the 18th century. Other cavalry such as hussars , dragoons and chasseurs à cheval wore special epaulettes of a style originally intended to deflect sword blows from

6500-438: The insignia formerly used on shoulder straps displayed on a single strap worn vertically in the centre of the chest. Earlier DPM uniforms had shoulder straps on the shoulders, though only officers wore rank on rank slides which attached to these straps, other ranks wore rank on the upper right sleeve at this time though later on regimental titles were worn on the rank slides. This practice continued into later patterns where rank

6600-495: The introduction of khaki service dress in 1902, the British Army stopped wearing epaulettes in the field, switching to rank insignia embroidered on the cuffs of the uniform jacket. During World War I , this was found to make officers a target for snipers, so the insignia was frequently moved to the shoulder straps, where it was less conspicuous. The current multi-terrain pattern (MTP) and the older combat uniform (DPM) have

6700-484: The issue of the distinctive environmental uniforms , musicians of the Music Branch wore epaulettes of braided gold cord. Until 1914, officers of most French Army infantry regiments wore gold epaulettes in full dress, while those of mounted units wore silver. No insignia was worn on the epaulette itself, though the bullion fringe falling from the crescent differed according to rank. Other ranks of most branches of

6800-492: The late 2000s, 1950s and 1980s fashions became popular: Letterman jackets , black leather jackets like the Perfecto , windbreakers , dashiki or Hawaiian shirts , ski jackets , slim and straight leg jeans, wool topcoats , Ed Hardy T-shirts with low necklines, neon colors inspired by the rave scene, roll sleeve tartan flannel shirts worn with white T-shirts, cardigans and knitted V-neck sweaters . In

6900-406: The late 2000s, common accessories worn by men included retro Patek Philippe , Casio G-Shock and Rolex wristwatches , Ray Ban Wayfarers and Aviator sunglasses , and geek chic inspired horn rimmed glasses . Desirable footwear in Europe and America included Sperry Top-Siders , Keds , motorcycle boots , Nike Air Jordans , checkerboard pattern Vans, and Converse All-Stars . Due to

7000-467: The latest high fashion designs. With its low-cost appeal driven by trends straight off the runway, fast fashion was a significant factor in the fashion industry's growth. As affordable clothing became even more important in the entrance to the new age, brands started to develop strategies to keep up with consumers' new spending habits. In 1999, department stores in the US such as Macy's , J.C. Penney , Kohl's and more had sales totaling $ 230 billion. In

7100-554: The logos of football, soccer, basketball, and baseball teams), and jelly bracelets . From 2001 onwards, Astrakhan caps , kufis and the pakol were fashionable among Muslim men in Afghanistan, Pakistan, France and Italy. In India, traditional rustic male attire such as the dhoti and Lungi declined in popularity among the younger generation in favor of Westernised fashions such as Levi Strauss or Arvind Mills jeans, cargo pants , shorts, tracksuits , and sneakers. In

7200-411: The lower ranks , here: junior unteroffizier (junior non-commissioned officer) of the 3rd Smolensk lancers HIM Emperor Alexander III regiment 3b. Subaltern-officer , here: podyesaul of Russian Kizlyar-Grebensky 1st Cossack horse regiment. 3c. Staff-officer , here: lieutenant-colonel of the 2nd Life Dragoon Pskov Her Imperial Majesty Empress Maria Feodorovna regiment 3d. General , here: General of

7300-477: The mainstream acceptance of body modification , T-shirts, baseball caps and hoodies featuring vintage tattoo designs were desirable items in the US, Britain and India, where they were worn with black leather jackets, oversized belt buckles, gold chains, and dark slim-fit jeans by celebrity trendsetters such as Jon Gosselin or the cast of Jersey Shore . V-neck T-shirts and graphic printed hoodies became popular among younger British men, in contrast to

7400-587: The media coverage of Japanese popular culture and J-pop music from 2005 to 2009. Although a small minority wore anime or manga inspired sailor dresses , kawaii or full Gothic Lolita outfits, most incorporated a single garment such as striped neon knee socks , petticoats , rainbow dresses, knitted leg warmers , hair bows, silk floral kimono pajamas , unisex brands like A Bathing Ape , and cupcake , cherry or Hello Kitty jewelry for an ageless, child or doll-like appearance. In Britain and Australia, Middle Eastern shemaghs were worn as scarves as

7500-665: The mid and late 2000s, women's clothing in Africa comprised either brightly colored kente cloth or mudcloth traditional dress such as the boubou , pagne , and doek , or secondhand Western dress donated and distributed by British and American charities. Mitumba clothing had been imported into Tanzania and Kenya since the economic liberalisation of the early 1990s, and was more desirable than newly made Chinese textiles due to its higher quality of construction and recognizable brand labels. In Europe and America many early and mid-2000s fashions remained fashionable until 2008 while at

7600-463: The mid-2000s included black brogue shoes , square-toed Steve Madden ankle boots, Adidas sneakers, loafers , casual shoes, Oxford dress shoes, Converse All Stars , winklepickers (taken to extremes by individuals within the Mexican cholo and lowrider subcultures), flip-flops , chokers, puka shell necklaces, shell bracelets, hemp jewelry, charity bracelets, trucker hats, and earrings. In

7700-699: The mid-2000s, retro fashions inspired by British indie pop , garage rock revivalist groups, and the 1960s mod culture gained mainstream popularity. From 2003 to 2006, common items of clothing in the US and Europe included bootcut jeans with a light wash, wide-leg pants, cargo pants, cargo shorts , camp shirts with elaborate designs, vintage Classic rock T-shirts , throwback uniforms , T-shirts bearing retro pre-1980 advertisements or street art , army surplus dress uniforms , paisley shirts, Mod -style velvet sportcoats, parkas , windbreakers Harris tweed jackets, and fitted 1970s-style Western shirts with pearl snaps (popularized by blues-rock band

7800-477: The military look, while introducing newer more vaguely dystopian post modern trends. From 2001 onwards, women wore long-sleeved shirts with bell sleeves, cowl-neck tops, crop tops , Burberry , hoodies , flare jeans , hip-huggers , low rise pants , white jeans, whale tails , cargo pants (especially ones made out of silk , satin , and velvet ) hip-hop inspired sweatpants, daisy dukes , thong underwear, and solid bright-colored tights. 9/11 and

7900-993: The officers of the Yeomen of the Guard , the Military Knights of Windsor , the Elder Brethren of Trinity House and the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports retain fringed epaulettes. British cavalry on active service in the Sudan (1898) and during the Boer War (1899–1902) sometimes wore epaulettes made of chainmail to protect against sword blows landing on the shoulder. The blue "Number 1 dress" uniforms of some British cavalry regiments and yeomanry units still retain this feature in ornamental silvered form. With

8000-751: The plains and must not leave a single colored person in the colony who has worn an epaulette.” During the Tanzimat period in the Ottoman Empire , western style uniforms and court dresses were adopted. Gold epaulettes were worn in full dress. Both the Imperial Russian Army and the Imperial Russian Navy sported different forms of epaulettes for its officers and senior NCOs. Today the current Kremlin Regiment continues

8100-633: The revival of later 1980s fashions occurred. European and American women and girls wore low-top sneakers such as Skechers , Heelys, Adidas shoes, Reebok shoes, and Nike, as well as knee-high boots with spiked heels and pointed toes (or conversely, thick low heels and round or square toes). Popular accessories of the early 2000s include white belts, aviator sunglasses, trucker hats , hoop earrings, block heeled mary janes , leg warmers (worn with mini skirts), ugg boots , flip-flops , jelly shoes , lace-up sandals, newsboy caps , ponchos , and jelly bracelets . The American television series Sex and

8200-914: The same time introducing new trends. This included items such as denim miniskirts, whale tail, hip-huggers , boot-cut jeans , tank-tops, ripped jeans, Low Waisted Pants , hoodies , cargo pants , white belts, cropped jackets, capris, infantile dresses, boho-chic styles, and Crocs. In the late 2000s, there was a large scale 1980s revival in Europe and the US, which incorporated general items of late 1980s and early 1990s streetwear, such as neon colors, gladiator sandals , boat shoes like Sperrys , animal print or polka dot headbands, knitted sweater dresses, Nike Tempo shorts, jean skirts with tights or capri leggings , Wonderbra and sloggi underwear, sundresses, geometric pattern tops, slap bracelets , ballet flats , black spandex leggings , pale denim jeggings , oversized shirts, sweaters, and sweatshirts worn with leggings , light, translucent tartan shirts worn with

8300-432: The shirts. The rank of the wearer is designated by the number of stripes: traditionally four for a captain, three for senior first officer or first officer, and two for either a first officer or second officer. However, rank insignia are airline specific. For example, at some airlines, two stripes denote junior first officer and one stripe second officer (cruise or relief pilot). Airline captains' uniform caps usually will have

8400-567: The shoulder straps to indicate the program level. Webelos Scouts wearing tan uniforms and all Cub Scout leaders wear blue loops, Boy Scouts and leaders wear forest green loops (changed from red in 2008), Varsity Scouts and leaders wear blaze (orange) loops, and Venturers and leaders wear emerald green loops. Adults who hold a district or council position wear silver loops; those with section, area, regional, or national positions wear gold loops, and those with international positions wear purple loops. The only youth permitted to wear gold loops are

8500-682: The shoulder. In the modern French Army, epaulettes are still worn by those units retaining 19th-century-style full dress uniforms, notably the ESM Saint-Cyr and the Garde Républicaine . The French Foreign Legion continued to wear their green and red epaulettes, except for a break from 1915 to 1930. In recent years, the Marine Infantry and some other units have readopted their traditional fringed epaulettes in various colours for ceremonial parades. The Marine nationale and

8600-475: The shoulders of working dress uniforms, and also on flying clothing and overalls. As a ranked organisation, members of St. John Ambulance wear rank slides on all uniforms. Colours are used to differentiate between different health care professionals (e.g., green for paramedics, red for doctors). The uniforms of most police forces in the United Kingdom feature rank slides. At ranks below Inspector,

8700-472: The sides, fabric accents sewn into the flares, lace-up sides and tie-dye ), wedge flip flops, hot pants , denim jackets, chunky sweaters , pashmina scarves , Skechers , belly shirts , and tube tops . In Africa, Europe, North America, East Asia, South America, and Oceania, the early 2000s saw the continuation of many mid and late 1990s fashions due to the continued influence of teen pop stars such as Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera , such as

8800-403: The sleek appearance of its era's new technology. When the original iPod was introduced in 2001, the white earbuds, as well as the gadget itself, became something of an accessory for early adopters. Particular pieces of Y2K clothing included mesh tops, wraparound sunglasses, wireframe rectangle glasses, box-pleated skirts, handkerchief tops (often in a metallic pattern such as silver or gold for

8900-571: The specialty color piping (for field officers) and silver with red border (for generals). Although it was once seen on US Army uniforms, it remains only in the mess uniform . A similar form of shoulder knot was worn by officers of the British Army in full dress until 1914 and is retained by the Household Cavalry today. Epaulettes of this pattern are used by the Republic of Korea Army 's general officers and were widely worn by officers of

9000-403: The store label). During the early 2000s, many wealthy white jocks and preppies imitated the gangsta lifestyle, eschewing the semi-formal conservative look of the 1980s and 90s in favor of gold bling , expensive designer clothes , sneakers , dark jeans, and sweatpants . Rich girls who dressed this way were known as Queen Bees , plastics, or airheads , and believed their designer clothing

9100-657: The type made by Berghaus ), fleeces , puffer jackets , and padded tartan lumberjack -type shirts were worn as winter outerwear along with brown, grey, burgundy, rust, maroon, or forest green turtleneck sweaters , and odd navy blue, stone grey, beige, or natural linen sportcoats that fastened with three buttons. These fashions continued into the 2003-2008 Men's Accessories of the early 2000s included white belts, Aviator sunglasses , trucker hats , flip-flops , oxford shoes , argyle socks (usually worn over tracksuit bottoms), Rockport boots, sneakers from brands such as Nike , Adidas , and Puma , baseball caps (bearing

9200-506: The uniform. Rank insignia tags are slipped onto this strap. Unlike the older uniform designs, there are slip-ons for every rank in the Australian Defence Force . The older Auscam uniform designs featured shoulder straps, upon which slip-on rank insignia of Commissioned Officers could be affixed, and non-commissioned officers in the Air Force and Navy only. No shoulder-strap slip-ons are available for enlisted members of

9300-415: The utilitarian, no-frills style of before. In the UK, it was popular for women to wear skirts over trousers, floral print shift dresses , and colors like black, purple and pink. Big, chunky shoes and chunky sandals were popular, with thick wedge heels and imitation leather straps decorated with floral embroidery, while previously successful sneaker brands like Skechers declined in popularity. Although

9400-445: The years that followed, that number began to fall. By the early 2000s, the rise of online retail and in-store fast fashion caused department store sales to dwindle as retailers offered new styles quicker than ever before. Retail giants of the new millennium included H&M , Forever 21 , and Zara . Target found major success in collaborating with various fashion designers to create affordable designer pieces, making them available to

9500-514: Was a visual unifier, worn by celebrities, models and "middle class" shoppers (who, because of growing income inequalities, earned increasingly less than habitual haute couture customers). Thanks to outlet stores and plentiful supplies of fast fashion "knockoffs", a logoed purse became available to everyone. For the majority of shoppers, a branded purse was a form of escapism; a unifying factor that let people forget how much money they made, and present themselves as being more financially well-off.. As

9600-553: Was inspired by broader cultural and stylistic trends. The 1970s saw the emergence of hip-hop's fashion heritage, which mirrored the streetwear previously owned by kids in the Bronx, such as tracksuits, bomber jackets, and sneakers with large shoelaces. The sneaker market was dominated by brands like Puma, Chuck Taylors, and Pro-Keds, while baggy clothes gained popularity, probably as a result of inner-city hand-me-downs being ill-fitting. This creative fusion of streetwear and inventiveness laid

9700-426: Was key to being popular. Another common American subculture were the cholos and chicanos who wore baggy khaki slacks , gold chains, white T-shirts , and slicked back hair or shaved heads in imitation of Mexican prison gangs. The development of hip-hop fashion, from its start in the streets of New York to its current standing as an international trend, is a striking example of how this genre both affected and

9800-446: Was officially incorporated into Swedish uniform regulations in 1792, although foreign recruited regiments had had them earlier. Senior officers were to wear golden crowns to distinguish their rank from lower ranking officers who wore golden stars. Epaulettes were discontinued on the field uniform in the mid-19th century, switching to rank insignia on the collar of the uniform jacket. Epaulettes were discontinued when they were removed from

9900-523: Was silver for senior officers and gold for the bars of captains and first lieutenants. The choice of silver eagles over gold ones is thought to be one of economy; there were more cavalry and artillery colonels than infantry, so replacing the numerically fewer gold ones was cheaper. Shoulder straps were adopted to replace epaulettes for field duty in 1836. Licensed officers of the U.S. Merchant Marine may wear shoulder marks and sleeve stripes appropriate to their rank and branch of service. Deck officers wear

10000-427: Was worn on the chest, rank was also added. In modern times, epaulettes are frequently worn by professionals within the ambulance service to signify clinical grade for easy identification. These are typically green in colour with gold writing and may contain one to three pips to signify higher managerial ranks. Epaulettes were authorized for the United States Navy in the first official uniform regulations, Uniform of

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