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39-650: The leader of the party is Muhammad Salih , and the general secretary is Atanazar Arif . The official newspaper of the party, ERK , which was registered (see image) with the Publishing Committee of Uzbekistan on September 19, 1991 under the No.000092, has been published in the Uzbek and Russian languages since 1990. Among the journalists who have written for it is Yusif Ruzimuradov , who has been sentenced to eight years imprisonment. The ERK party has participated in

78-542: A bill on the implementation of the Independence Declaration was presented. Materials of the meeting and the application on the government registration of the party together with the list of about four thousand members (the required number of members is three thousand) were submitted to the Ministry of Justice of Uzbekistan; on 3 September 1991 Ministry of Justice confirmed the government registration of

117-514: A fair hearing. Salih commented that, at least, the arrest won him a meeting with the Czech president , Václav Havel , who had been himself jailed for 5 years during communist era , and therefore brought fresh attention to the beleaguered cause of campaigning for democracy in one of the authoritarian states of Central Asia. On May 6, 2006, Salih was arrested and detained by the Swedish police at

156-595: Is a descendant of the well-known aristocratic family Khorezm Beks . He was named after his birth as Muhammad Salih as consonant to his father's name, Muhammad Amin (Madamin). In 1966 he graduated from high school in Khorezm. In 1968 he was drafted into the army. In August 1968, he participated in the intervention of the Soviet Army in Czechoslovakia. After demobilization (1970) Salih studied journalism with

195-519: The Stockholm-Arlanda Airport due to the same international arrest warrant. On the 60th anniversary M.Salih a biopic was filmed by turkiston.tv studio — «Қуролсиз кишининг озoдлиги» on YouTube — «Свобода невооруженного человека» on YouTube — «Freedom of Unarmed Man» on YouTube — «Silahsız Kişinin Özgürlüğü» on YouTube . Ahmad A%27zam Ahmad A'zam (Аҳмад Аъзам) (28 June 1949 – 4 January 2014)

234-651: The Communist Party as "anti-Uzbek.", Subsequently, Salih published several articles condemning the government's demographic and environmental policies in Uzbekistan. In 1988 Salih was elected Chairman of the Union of Writers of Uzbekistan thanks to collaboration with the KGB. At the beginning of Perestroyka Salih became one of the founders of “Birlik” / “Unity”. In 1989 he founded “Erk” (Freedom) Party . In 1990 Salih

273-540: The ERK party reported that protocols on the results of the elections were changed without the consent of the voters in some constituencies (districts) and delivered to the Central Elections Committee without voters' signatures; according to the information of the staff of the main publishing center to the office of the ERK party where the voting bulletins were printed and issued to the voting stations that

312-524: The State Committee on Emergency Situations (SCES) headed by Yanaev, they also criticized the support of the SCES by the government of Uzbekistan. During this meeting participants also listed their demands and suggestions to the government of Uzbekistan on the implementation of the Independence Declaration of Uzbekistan, which was adopted on 20 June 1990 with the initiation of the ERK party, particularly,

351-616: The Supreme Council of Uzbekistan, a day after the confirmation its agenda order of the day and the beginning of its work, 20 June 1990, reviewed its agenda order of the day once again, added to it the issue of the independence of the republic and accepted the bill for review presented by the ERK party despite the criticism of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan headed by Islam Karimov . On

390-399: The Supreme Council of Uzbekistan. According to official election results 12,7% voted for Muhammad Salih; however, according to the results broadcast over the radio of Uzbekistan, 33% voted for him; and more than 50% - according to the calculations of the independent observers from the information of the trusted representatives of the party's candidate; trusted representatives of the candidate of

429-612: The Union of Writers of Uzbekistan. He wrote his first political manifest in December 1984. The Manifest was aimed against the policy of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan towards national literature, language and history. It was signed by 53 young poets and sent to the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, known as the "Letter To The Politburo". The letter criticized

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468-569: The West in poetry”, the first period of his destiny was to be rejected by socialist society. Henceforth and till the 90s he was called a “westernizer in poetry, distant from national traditions”. Salih's early creative activity characterized by the concord of western avant-gardism (especially surrealism ) with the complicative Sufi philosophy (especially the school of Djalal ad-Din Rumi ) and metaphorics linked to its mystical foundation. He translated

507-538: The closely observed trial of Solih, the prosecution produced a confession from Zayniddin Askarov to implicate Solih in the bombing. Later, Askarov, in an interview broadcast by Voice of America , said his confession was taken under torture, and Solih was not a part of the bombing. On October 20, 2003, the 5th Congress of “Erk” (Freedom) Party was held in Tashkent, where National Security Service of Uzbekistan with

546-638: The delegates of the organization. In June 2012, the Second Congress of the NDU was held in Prague, where the delegates re-elected M.Salih as their leader. A plot to assassinate Muhammad Salih was reported to be discovered by the Turkish police in December 2015. If I will be sent back to Uzbekistan, I will be killed. Definitely. On November 28, 2001 Salih arrived to Prague by plane from Amsterdam at

585-511: The demand of Mikhail Gorbachev , General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), minor amendments were introduced, some of them after the voting and adoption by the Session the whole text of the bill, which was done through Efimov, the second secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan, who was in touch with Gorbachov over the telephone during the session; however, all these amendments did not change

624-587: The faculty of Tashkent State University. After graduation, he was a listener at the higher literature courses at the Writers' Union in Moscow. In 1977, he published his first collected poems which brought him instantaneous fame as a poet of avant-gardism . After he was warned by Laziz Kayumov, the main ideologist of the Republic and Chief Editor of the newspaper “Sovet Uzbekistoni”, about the “Baneful influence of

663-432: The first general elections of the independent Uzbekistan for the post of presidency of Uzbekistan with its candidate on 29 December 1991. The leader of the party Muhammad Salih was the only opponent of Islam Karimov in the 1991 Uzbek presidential election . At that time, Muhammad Salih was the chairman of the Union of Writers of Uzbekistan, whereas Islam Karimov was the president of the country, elected on 24 March 1991 by

702-571: The general secretary. Muhammad Salih Muhammad Salih ( Uzbek : Muhammad Solih , born 20 December 1949) is an Uzbek political opposition leader and writer. He was the opposition candidate in the 1991 Uzbek presidential election , the first and only time an Uzbek president has faced a serious challenger in an election. He was born in the Yangibazar District of the Khorezm region of Uzbekistan on December 20, 1949. He

741-571: The help of small group of members of “Birlik” organization under the command of S. Murat attempted to wreck the work of Party's forum. The Congress concluded by adopting the amendments to the Charter and the Program of the Party and election of the leading bodies. In 2009, on the initiative of Salih, a coalition of opposition forces was established in Uzbekistan, consisting of the “Erk” (Freedom) Party,

780-654: The international arrest warrant. Several international organizations, such as Amnesty International , Human Rights Watch and the International Helsinki Federation called for Salih's release. Jean-Claude Concolato , the Prague representative of the United Nations high commissioner for refugees, said that under the 1951 Geneva Convention, Mr. Salikh could not be deported if he was likely to face torture or imprisonment for his beliefs. The Czech interior minister, Stanislav Gross , said

819-679: The invitation of Radio Free Europe . The Czech police and Interpol arrested Salih at Ruzyně Airport due to international arrest warrant issued by the Uzbekistan Interpol bureau alleging Salih's participation in terrorist activities connected to bombings that killed 16 people in the capital, Tashkent , in 1999. Salih was detained at the Pankrác Prison , awaiting outcome of the extradition proceedings. Salih had been granted political asylum in Norway, which ignored

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858-764: The leader by a puppet person of the regime, but the Congress re-elected Muhammad Salih as a leader of the Party despite his absence and in exile. Human rights, freedom of thought, freedom of the individual, all the freedoms that Western civilization is calling for are present in Islam After the Tashkent bombings of February 16, 1999 he was accused of being part of the plot and was sentenced to 15 years in prison in absentia. His brothers were also detained and sentenced to long prison terms. In an interview, Salih has stated that his brothers are still in prison after more than 10 years, and under conditions of continuous torture. In

897-560: The organization "Andijan: Justice and Revival" and "Tayanch" (Reliance). On May 28, 2011, the People's Movement of Uzbekistan was established in Berlin on the platform of the "Union of May 13", which included eight organizations representing different social groups, including the communities of moderate Muslims. Salih was elected Chairman of the Board of Founders of PMU with the majority vote of

936-513: The party Muhammad Salih was not able to attend the meeting because of his forceful exile. This meeting was under the strong surveillance (supervision) of the government police forces. Atanazar Arif was the head of the Temporary Committee for organizing the meeting and during the work meeting. During the meeting participants made amendments to the Charter of the party, elected the leader, Central Council and other representative organs of

975-416: The party and issued Certificate No. 039 on the registration of the ERK party. The fourth meeting of the party took place on 25 September 1993 in the Tashkent hall of the «Railroad workers». According to the number of the distributed party membership cards and information used to establish the norms of delegation the total number of the members of the party was approximately 54,000 before the meeting. Leader of

1014-525: The party took place on 3 February 1991 in the city of Tashkent, in the old hall of the UzbekTourism (this building is removed nowadays). During this meeting participants adopted amendments and additions to the Charter and the program of the party, specifically, two new posts were introduced: General Secretary of the Central Council and Secretaries of the Central Council. A writer, Ahmad A'zam ,

1053-400: The party, particularly, the post of the candidate of the party to the presidential elections of Uzbekistan was introduced; multi-stage order of the selection of the candidate within the party for this post was established; members of the Central Council and those of the other representative organs of the party were elected. Muhammad Salih was re-elected as leader of the party and Atanazar Arif as

1092-555: The party, who was the Chairman of the Union of Writers of Uzbekistan at the time; as a vice-chairman of the party was elected Atanazar Arif, physicist (at the next party meeting this post was replaced with the new posts of General Secretary and Secretaries of the Central Committee of the party), who was vice-chairman of the trade union committee of the Tashkent Polytechnics Institute. The second meeting of

1131-545: The party. Muhammad Salih was elected again as the leader of the party despite negative reaction of the government, although at this time he was in exile. The fifth meeting of the party took place on 22 October 2003 at the Tashkent Cultural Center of the society of blind people located on the Cholpanata street. During his meeting participants adopted amendments and additions to the Charter and program of

1170-475: The police had no choice but to act on the international arrest warrant. Salih was released from remand custody on December 11, 2001, under the condition that he stay in the country until the extradition proceedings are finished. On December 14, 2001, the Prague Municipal Court ruled it will not extradite Salih to Uzbekistan, as the Uzbek authorities failed to prove that Salih would be given

1209-442: The prose of Franz Kafka and French poets of the 20th century. His poems were translated into many languages. Hundreds of articles and books have been written about him. His poems were first translated to Russian by Victor Sosnora and later by Alexey Parshchikov . Muhammed Salih was not a member of the Communist Party . His political activity began in the mid-1980s in close connection with his literary reformist activity within

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1248-425: The results announced previously by Uzbekistan Radio he gained 33% and according to the independent observers – the majority of votes. Most election observers said the elections were neither fair nor democratic. After the elections the student's demonstrations were put under gunfire, oppositional newspapers were shut down, criminal charges were filed against the leaders of opposition, Secretary of Erk Party Atanazar Arif

1287-568: The spirit of the bill. The first (constituent) congress of the party took place on April 30, 1990 in the city of Tashkent , in the House of Knowledge located in Abay street. During this meeting program and the Charter of the party ( Atanazar Arif reported) was adopted, as well as members of the Central Council and leader of the party were elected. Famous poet Muhammad Salih was elected as the Leader of

1326-602: The total number of voting bulletins exceeded the number of the voters by 50%. The ERK party was not allowed to contest the December 2007 presidential elections . In an interview for the Guardian newspaper, Atanazar Arif of ERK said: "It's not democratic. Karimov is a neo-communist dictator. He's a bit like Mugabe...He has no intention of giving up power." The ERK party is author of the bill "Declaration of Independence" as well as initiator of its review and adoption. A session of

1365-709: Was an Uzbek writer, author, journalist, scriptwriter and literature critic . Ahmad A'zam was born in Jomboy region (Ghazira village) of Samarkand city in Uzbekistan . From 1995, he was the main editor of "National Television and Radio Company of Uzbekistan", director of "Uzbekistan channel" and "O'zbektelefilm" studio. He is the author of television shows, programmes and documentaries including: "O’zlik", "Xalqning ko’ngli", To’rtinchi hokimiyat" . His political involvement included co-chairmanship of "Birlik" Opposition Movement and Erk/Liberty Democratic Party where he

1404-560: Was detained. On June 2, 1992 in response to increasing government repression, Salih resigned from his position as the deputy of Oliy Majlis , (Uzbek parliament). In December 1992 he was accused of foundation of ”Milliy Majlis” and in April 1993 was arrested by an accusation of high treason. But he was released as a result of international pressure under the written undertaking not to leave Tashkent . But he managed to run away first to Azerbaijan and later to Turkey . The Fourth Congress of Erk

1443-461: Was elected General Secretary of the Central Council, whereas Atanazar Arif and Hamidulla Nurmuhammedov were elected as secretaries of the Central Council. The third meeting of the party took place on 25 August 1991 in the city of Tashkent, in the new hall of the UzbekTourism located within the complex of the Tata hotel. At the meeting participants criticized usurpation and violent capture of the power by

1482-539: Was elected to the Uzbek Supreme Council. In June 1990 on Erk Party initiative Uzbek Supreme Council adopted the Declaration of Sovereignty of Uzbekistan. Salih was nominated as a candidate in the first presidential elections in Uzbekistan in December 1991 and was the only rival of Uzbekistan President Islam Karimov . According to the official results Solih received 12.5% of votes, and according to

1521-401: Was held on September 25, 1993 in city of Tashkent without Salih. The Congress worked under the conditions of strong surveillance by low enforcement structures of the authorities. However, the Congress succeeded to adopt amendments to the Charter of the Party, to elect the Chairman, Central Council and other leading bodies of the Party. Representatives of the authorities openly demanded to replace

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