66-577: Pukatja (formerly Ernabella , Pitjantjatjara : Anapala ) is an Aboriginal community in the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia , comprising one of the six main communities on "The Lands" (the others being Amata , Pipalyatjara , Fregon / Kaltjiti , Indulkana and Mimili ). Established as a Presbyterian mission in 1937 with enlightened practices which maintained
132-547: A deaf Presbyterian Church. The Presbyterian Inland Mission continues the work of the Australian Inland Mission founded by John Flynn in 1912. Padres patrol outback Queensland , New South Wales , South Australia and Western Australia , and hopes to expand into the Northern Territory and Tasmania when resources become available. The Presbyterian Church of Australia publishes
198-654: A Mobile Dialysis Unit, a specially designed truck fitted with three dialysis chairs started operation, visiting remote Aboriginal communities across South Australia, including Pukatja, Mimili , Kaltjiti and Amata in the APY lands, as well as Marla , Yalata , Coober Pedy , and Leigh Creek . It is run from Purple House, a renal health clinic in Alice Springs , over 400 kilometres (250 mi) away. In July 2018, Health Minister Greg Hunt and Ken Wyatt , then Minister for Indigenous Health, announced increased funding for
264-434: A Police Aboriginal Liaison Officer. The police officers' duties include liaison with and participation in the school, football team and local Country Fire Service (CFS) activities. There are telephones ( landline and smartphones ), ADSL internet access, and multiple television channels including SBS Television , NITV , Imparja and ABC , and mail is delivered twice weekly by air from Alice Springs . The supermarket
330-551: A great compliment, and after his death on 5 December 1986, his body was flown to Ernabella and buried among his friends in the Mission Cemetery. Responsibility for the administration of Ernabella Mission was formally handed over to the Ernabella Community Council – later Pukatja Community Council – on 1 January 1974. The settlement was funded by the federal government as an outstation during
396-471: A line below: The underline represents that the consonant in question is retroflex , rather than alveolar . The only word in Pitjantjatjara that uses at least one letter absent from the Pitjantjatjara alphabet is the word Jesu ("Jesus"), which uses the letter ⟨s⟩ which is not present in the Pitjantjatjara alphabet. Furthermore, the letter ⟨j⟩ is only present in
462-560: A local level in the Kirk Session. Only ordained ministers may preside at Communion , or the Lord's Supper, except in the rare circumstance where the presbytery licenses a ruling elder to do so. Likewise, only a minister can administer Baptism . A board or committee of management handles the material concerns of the local congregation. Deacons may also be elected to provide practical care. The minister and an elder from each parish have
528-656: A number of health initiatives, including expanding renal health units in remote parts, through the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC). In November 2019, a four-bed dialysis clinic was opened in Pukatja, named after Kinyin Mckenzie, who died in Alice Springs while receiving dialysis. The first such clinic in remote South Australia, it was funded mostly by the federal government, but boosted by
594-589: A seat at their regional presbytery and at their state's general assembly. The General Assembly of Australia (GA of A), composed of commissioners from each presbytery and state assembly, meets every three years. Every year each state's general assembly elects a moderator , while the General Assembly of Australia elects a moderator general for a three-year term. In 1991, the PCA's General Assembly of Australia determined that only men are "eligible for admission to
660-712: Is a Pitjantjatjara dictionary , and the New Testament of the Bible has been translated into the language, a project started at the Ernabella Mission in the early 1940s and completed in 2002. Work continues on the Old Testament . The Ernabella Mission was established by Charles Duguid and the Presbyterian Church of Australia in 1937 at the location now known as Pukatja , supported by
726-508: Is active in missions with about 130 missionaries working around the world, including Korea, the Pacific and Myanmar. The Presbyterian Church of Australia's official website has stated that the church has over 50,000 adults and children within 740 congregations with more than 600 ministers, deaconesses and theological students. At the last Commonwealth Census (2016) nearly 540,000 people identified as Presbyterian/Reformed, representing 2.3% of
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#1732779789564792-592: Is also being upgraded. By May 2019, a total of 54 kilometres (34 mi) had been constructed, including the Pukatja Airstrip Access Road, a 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) section from the Stuart Highway to Iwantja (Indulkana), and the 43 kilometres (27 mi) section (Stage 1) between Pukatja and Umuwa . The Ernabella Anangu School offers Reception through to senior high school. Technical and Further Education ( TAFE ) facilities for
858-569: Is common in Pitjantjatjara, especially among younger people. For example, among schoolchildren, the predominant language used in the classroom and on the playground is English, though Pitjantjatjara is occasionally used in both settings (more so the latter than the former). Furthermore, swearing and abuse is almost entirely done in English, while storytelling is virtually always in Pitjantjatjara. Outside school and business, Pitjantjatjara speakers use both Pitjantjatjara and English interchangeably, and
924-506: Is derived from English, with some English loan words being used instead of some traditional terms. A common example of this is the usage of "and" in Teenage Pitjantjatjara. Furthermore, Teenage Pitjantjatjara loan words are often pronounced more like the original English word, even if this involves using the sound from a letter that does not traditionally exist in Pitjantjatjara, such as B , D , O , S and V . However,
990-666: Is required for visitors to any community on the APY Lands, as they are freehold lands owned by the Aboriginal people. As of July 2019 a major road upgrade, funded by federal and state governments, has been under way since 2016. 210 kilometres (130 mi) of the Main Access Road between the Stuart Highway and Pukatja are being improved to improve general road safety, communications, food delivery, emergency service access and community interaction. The airstrip access road
1056-530: Is run by the Pukatja Supermarket & Associated Stores Aboriginal Corporation. The Uniting Church in Australia has a congregation in Pukatja. A new health clinic was built in 2009, with extensions completed in 2012. The Nganampa Health Council (NHC), an Aboriginal Community-Controlled Health Organisation, runs all of the clinics in the APY lands and runs a wide range of services. In 2014,
1122-476: Is the largest Presbyterian denomination in Australia. The PCA is the largest conservative, evangelical and complementarian Christian denomination in Australia. The Presbyterian Church of Australia is Reformed in theology and Presbyterian in government. John Hunter the captain of HMS Sirius in the First Fleet was a former Church of Scotland minister. Later Presbyterian Christianity came to Australia with
1188-561: Is typical of an arid climate, and mostly falls from brief summer thunderstorms. Pitjantjatjara language Pitjantjatjara ( / p ɪ tʃ ən tʃ ə ˈ tʃ ɑː r ə / ; Pitjantjatjara: [ˈpɪɟanɟaɟaɾa] or [ˈpɪɟanɟaɾa] ) is a dialect of the Western Desert language traditionally spoken by the Pitjantjatjara people of Central Australia. It is mutually intelligible with other varieties of
1254-477: The Bible were translated into Pitjantjatjara. In the early 1950s, Superintendent Ron Trudinger wrote of a "tribal home", and there was talk of a "Native Village". Through the 1950s, cultural changes did occur, with traditional ways dropped and new practices adopted. The first baptisms took place in 1952, to the sound of hymns sung in Pitjantjatjara, but there was little proselytising, and old ways co-existed alongside
1320-542: The Old Testament , first published in 2002. In 2011 a new project to translate the rest of the OT was initiated, as of 2019 working on various OT books. 21st-century Bible Society missionary and local teacher since 1973, Paul Eckert, has worked with elders on the project for many years. The Book of Daniel was published in 2015, and the Pitjantjatjara version of the New Testament is available online. In 2017 members of
1386-477: The Pitjantjatjara language at the school and church services, Ernabella was handed over to the community in 1974 and was later named Pukatja. Ernabella Arts is Australia's oldest continuously running Indigenous art centre. Due to its links with the Northern Territory and proximity to the border, the APY Lands do not observe daylight savings unlike the rest of South Australia. The time zone observed throughout
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#17327797895641452-700: The Presbyterian Theological College in Melbourne. Ministers and elders of the Presbyterian Church of Australia are required to agree to the Westminster Confession of Faith as their subordinate authority under the Bible. "Along with other true Christian churches, the Presbyterian Church believes that the Bible is the infallible Word of God. As a result of this commitment to the Bible, we uphold
1518-732: The Queensland Theological College in Brisbane, Christ College in Sydney and the Presbyterian Theological College in Melbourne. Trinity Theological College, Perth , though independent, is also recognised as a theological training institution. The Presbyterian Church operates the Reformers Bookshop in Sydney (as a joint venture with Stanmore Baptist Church) and the PTC Media Centre – part of
1584-516: The South Australian government . The Mission aimed to keep the language and culture alive, with the missionaries learning the language themselves and teaching it in the school as well as delivering sermons in it. This meant that the language became a written language for the first time, and the people became literate in their own language before English. The first draft of the New Testament 's Gospel of Mark , Tjukurpa Palja Markaku ,
1650-488: The World Reformed Fellowship , which is a conservative association, where Reformed , Presbyterian , Reformed Baptist and Reformed Episcopal denominations, congregations and individuals can also participate. The Presbyterian Church of Australia is ruled by elders or presbyters. Presbyterian churches recognise two types of elders : teaching elders (ministers) and ruling elders. These elders meet at
1716-547: The 1980s. The former Ernabella Mission Hospital, Church and Manse are listed on the South Australian Heritage Register . Established in 1948, Ernabella Arts remains in operation, as Australia's oldest continuously running Indigenous Art Centre. During the 1950s and 1960s, art and craft using locally produced wool was the predominant artistic form produced by the Ernabella artists. Batik
1782-678: The APY Lands are based at Pukatja and the other centres. The old Pukatja police station , which was not permanently staffed, was in poor condition and due for replacement in July 2007. A month later the State Government announced that it would spend A$ 7.5 million at Amata and Pukatja for new police stations, court facilities and cells along with associated police housing and facilities. The new, permanently staffed facilities were opened in March 2010, staffed by one sergeant, three constables and
1848-465: The APY Lands. It is about 1,400 kilometres (870 mi) by road from Adelaide . The community sits at an elevation of about 703 metres (2,306 ft). The area is prone to earthquakes , one of few areas of Australia to have experienced multiple large earthquakes in recorded history. In 2012 and 2013, the town experienced a 5.7 magnitude earthquake, classified as "moderate" on the Richter scale and
1914-440: The English word motorcar has now almost entirely been replaced by the shortened form of the word, car , the Pitjantjatjara word mutuka (derived from "motorcar") is still used as the Pitjantjatjara word for " car ". Similarly, the words for "car" in most other Aboriginal languages (as well as in some other languages, such as Fijian and Māori ) are borrowed from "motorcar". Like in many Indigenous languages, code-switching
1980-508: The Ernabella Mission did not interfere with tribal life, and many of the Aboriginal people "regard the mission times and their relationship with missionaries in a positive light", and enjoyed a spiritual life which blended Christianity with their beliefs and practices. Children were never separated from their families. The desert people had always been highly mobile, and shared Dreamtime stories and other aspects of culture; during
2046-662: The Pitjantjatjara Bible Translation Project and partners began a multi-voice recording of the Pitjantjatjara New Testament, with 50% completed by 2017. APY lands schools taught a bilingual curriculum until the late 1980s, when the programs were defunded, and teaching reverted to English only. In December 2018 it was announced that the South Australian Government would commit to teaching in
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2112-533: The Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara languages , with English as an additional language, by 2029. Pitjantjatjara includes several loan words from other languages, predominantly from English. Some older loan words are derived from other Indigenous languages and from English, while newer loan words are almost entirely borrowed from English. Like other Indigenous languages, some older loan words that are still commonly used in Pitjantjatjara derive from English terms that are now uncommon or obsolete. For example, while
2178-523: The Presbyterian Church of Australia were the Presbyterian Churches of New South Wales, Victoria , Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania and Western Australia. These state churches were (and still are) incorporated by separate Acts of Parliament (i.e. by the respective State Parliaments) for property holding purposes. (These Acts are known as Property Trust Acts). In 1977 70% of the Presbyterian Church of Australia together with nearly all
2244-552: The Western Desert language, and is particularly closely related to the Yankunytjatjara dialect . The names for the two groups are based on their respective words for 'come/go.' Pitjantjatjara is a relatively healthy Aboriginal language , with children learning it. It is taught in some Aboriginal schools. The literacy rate for first language speakers is 50–70%; and is 10–15% for second-language learners. There
2310-506: The arrival of members from a number of Presbyterian denominations in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century. The Presbyterian missionaries played an important role to spread the faith in Australia. Since then Presbyterianism grew to the fourth largest Christian faith in the country. The Presbyterian Church of Australia was formed when Presbyterian churches from various Australian states federated in 1901. The churches that formed
2376-519: The centre. The award-winning Dickie Minyintiri was perhaps the most well-known artist to work there. Other artists associated with Ernabella Arts include Yilpi Adamson , Milyika Carroll , Malpiya Davey , Angkuna Kulyuru , Nura Rupert , Tjunkaya Tapaya , and Harry Tjutjuna . Ernabella Arts is one of ten Indigenous-owned and -governed enterprises that go to make up the APY Art Centre Collective, established in 2013. A permit
2442-605: The child.' It can be contrasted with the following sentence with an intransitive verb, where the subject takes the absolutive case: Tjitji child. ABS a-nu. go. PAST Tjitji a-nu. child.ABS go.PAST 'The child went.' In contrast to the ergative-absolutive pattern that applies to nouns, pronouns show a nominative-accusative pattern. Consider the following examples, with pronoun subjects: Ngayu-lu I. NOM tjitji child. ABS nya-ngu. see. PAST Presbyterian Church of Australia The Presbyterian Church of Australia (PCA), founded in 1901,
2508-467: The collection of dingo scalps (to help protect the sheep) by "doggers" started. Relationships of various types developed between the doggers and the local people, with the Aboriginal people's superior skills used to hunt collect the scalps, for which they were paid in rations, clothing and other goods. Some doggers cohabited with the local women, and sometimes groups of Anangu travelled with the doggers or set themselves up as doggers in their own right. There
2574-576: The conditions under which true human response to Christ can take place. The Presbyterian Church does not claim to be the only true church. We see ourselves as forming one small part of the Body of the Lord Jesus Christ and we seek to have fellowship wherever we can with fellow Christians who share with us a common loyalty to 'the faith that was once and for all delivered to the saints' (Jude verse 3)." The Presbyterian Church of Australia belong to
2640-445: The country's two largest earthquakes in those years. In the 2016 Australian census , the population was 412, down from 503 in 2011. In the 2001 census , Pukatja had 226 residents, and was second only to sister community Mimili in having the lowest per capita income in South Australia ($ 174). Like a number of APY Lands communities, Pukatja boasted one of the highest proportions of Australian-born residents (97.5%). Ernabella
2706-437: The denomination withdrew from the largely liberal World Communion of Reformed Churches and later joined the conservative World Reformed Fellowship . In 1987 a new hymnbook was introduced. In 1991 the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Australia repealed the approval of the ordination of women. Women elders continue in some states. The heresy trial of Peter Cameron in 1993 upheld historic Reformed beliefs. The church
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2772-422: The digraph ⟨tj⟩ . Some features distinctive to the Pitjantjatjara dialect, as opposed to other Western Desert Language dialects, include -pa endings to words that simply end in a consonant in other dialects (this is reflective of a general aversion in Pitjantjatjara to words ending with a consonant), and a reluctance to have y at the beginning of words. Pitjantjatjara uses case marking to show
2838-522: The drought of 1914–1915, people had come from the Mann Ranges area and stayed in the area. There was no need for the missionaries to entice people to the Mission; people moved there on their own accord. Some saw it as a place of care and protection from exploitation. The Mission encouraged independence and supported the sometime-residents' nomadic way of life. Duguid's idea of a "buffer zone", however,
2904-504: The following consonant inventory, orthography shown in brackets: Pitjantjatjara has three vowels: Pitjantjatjara vowels have a length contrast , indicated by writing them doubled. A colon ⟨:⟩ used to be sometimes used to indicate long vowels: ⟨a:⟩ , ⟨i:⟩ , ⟨u:⟩ . Pitjantjatjara orthography includes the following underlined letters, which can be either ordinary letters with underline formatting, or Unicode characters which include
2970-518: The historic Christian faith. The Presbyterian Church is a Reformed and Evangelical denomination whose understanding of Christianity is set out in the Westminster Confession of Faith. So we stress, as the Bible does, God’s initiative in people becoming Christian believers. This stance does not lead to a lessening of human responsibility before God nor does it take away from the importance of mission and evangelism, but rather establishes
3036-419: The letter C is never used. There are slightly different standardised spellings used in the Northern Territory and Western Australia compared to South Australia , for example with the first two writing ⟨w⟩ between ⟨a⟩ and ⟨u⟩ combinations and a ⟨y⟩ between ⟨a⟩ and ⟨i⟩ , which SA does not use. Pitjantjatjara has
3102-778: The membership of the Congregational Union of Australia and the Methodist Church of Australasia , joined to form the Uniting Church in Australia . Much of the 30% who did not join the Uniting Church did not agree with its liberal views , although a number remained because of cultural connections. Before the union the Presbyterian Church of Australia was liberal , but the continuing Presbyterian Church became increasingly conservative. A resurgence of traditional Reformed theology took place. In 1982
3168-640: The mission: "There was to be no compulsion nor imposition of our way of life on the Aborigines, nor deliberate interference with tribal custom ... only people trained in some particular skill should be on the mission staff, and ... they must learn the tribal language. The mission respected the culture and traditions of the Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara people, the two groups of the large Western Desert language bloc who now call themselves Anangu , and offered medical help and education, with no conditions attached. Author and researcher Carol Pybus wrote that
3234-551: The monthly Australian Presbyterian magazine and provides social and educational services. The following schools have links with or are run by the Presbyterian Church of Australia. The closeness and formality of association varies. The following schools in Queensland are conducted by the Presbyterian and Methodist Schools Association . The PCA currently has three colleges, based in Australia's three largest cities:
3300-501: The new. Staff at the Mission stayed for long periods: apart from Trudinger (1940–1957), there was James Robert Beattie Love (1937–1946), Bill Edwards (1958–1972), John Bennett (25 years overseeing the sheep enterprise), and Deaconess Winifred Hilliard coordinated the Ernabella Craft centre (now Ernabella Arts ) from 1954 to 1974 and continued to work for Ernabella Arts until 1986. There was deep respect and affection between
3366-544: The people and the staff; Hilliard was buried there, and a large contingent of Ernabella people, including the Choir, attended Edwards' funeral in Adelaide in 2015. In 1972, the community elders, who called Duguid "Tjilpi" ("respected old man"), wrote to him saying that they wanted him to be buried at Ernabella "so that Aborigines will always remember that he was one of us and that he faithfully helped us". Duguid regarded this as
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#17327797895643432-674: The population. This makes Presbyterianism Australia's fifth largest Christian denomination, although not all Presbyterians are members of the Presbyterian Church of Australia. See also List of Presbyterian Denominations in Australia . The Presbyterian Church of Australia's missionary organisation is the Australia Presbyterian World Mission. The organisation has more than 170 cross-cultural missionaries. The Presbyterian Church of Australia has established Arabic , Chinese , Cook Islands , Indonesian, Japanese, Korean, Samoan and Sudanese congregations, as well as
3498-470: The ranges of central Australia, the warru is as of July 2019 South Australia's most endangered mammal, primarily due to predation by foxes and feral cats . However Monarto Safari Park has had some success in breeding the wallabies, and has helped to establish a viable population (22) of the wallabies in a 1 square kilometre (0.39 sq mi) fenced area, known as the Pintji, in the APY lands. In June 2017
3564-513: The role of nouns within the clause as subject, object, location, etc. Pitjantjatjara is a language with split ergativity , since its nouns and pronouns show different case marking patterns. Consider the following example, where the subject of a transitive verb is marked with the ergative case and the object with the absolutive case : Minyma-ngku woman. ERG tjitji child. ABS nya-ngu. see. PAST Minyma-ngku tjitji nya-ngu. woman.ERG child.ABS see.PAST 'The woman saw
3630-433: The sale of paintings by Ernabella Arts, which raised A$ 170,000 towards the centre. At full capacity, the clinic can provide dialysis for up to 16 patients, but there is still a need for some short-stay housing to accommodate those who travel from elsewhere for treatment at Pukatja. In October 2007 it was reported that the black-flanked rock wallaby , known as warru to the local population, faced extinction, and that 15 of
3696-532: The scorching 45 °C (113 °F) plus summer maximum temperatures typical of most of inland South Australia. Average January maximums are 34.5 °C (94.1 °F) and this drops to 17.8 °C (64.0 °F) in June. Overnight lows range from a mean minimum temperature of 19.7 °C (67.5 °F) in January to 3.3 °C (37.9 °F) in June. Annual rainfall averages 275.2 millimetres (10.83 in), which
3762-414: The sexual abuse of women. He advocated the establishment of a mission "to act as a buffer between the Aborigines and the encroaching white settlers". In 1936 he persuaded the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church to purchase the Ernabella lease, an area of 500 square miles (1,300 km), despite some opposition from other members (including John Flynn ). Duguid laid down the following principles for
3828-561: The two languages are sometimes mixed together. This includes both in their local communities and whilst they are on holidays. Below is an example of code-switching in Pitjantjatjara, taken from a conversation among a group of teenagers playing a game of Monopoly : Teenage Pitjantjatjara is a distinct variety of Pitjantjatjara spoken by younger Pitjantjatjara people. The main differences between Standard Pitjantjatjara and Teenage Pitjantjatjara are in vocabulary and pronunciation. A much greater proportion of Teenage Pitjantjatjara vocabulary
3894-419: The wallabies had been transferred from an undisclosed location on the APY Lands and also from Pukatja, to Monarto Zoo (now Monarto Safari Park). It had been estimated that there were only about 50 of the animals left in the wild. Work to monitor the species' survival was said to involve Aboriginal trackers and schoolchildren from Pukatja to help track the wallabies' movements. Previously widespread throughout
3960-472: The year is Australian Central Standard Time ( UTC+9:30 ), in line with Darwin rather than Adelaide . Pukatja is in the eastern Musgrave Ranges , west of the Stuart Highway , about 30 kilometres (19 mi) south of the Northern Territory border, about 330 kilometres (210 mi) south-west of Alice Springs and 25 kilometres (16 mi) north of Umuwa , the major administrative centre within
4026-652: The zoo announced that 25 of the population bred at Pintji, along with 15 others, had been released into the wild. These will be monitored and feral animal control measures are in place. Climate records for Ernabella/Pukatja have been kept since 1971. Due to its elevation high in the Musgrave Ranges, Pukatja is one of the coldest locations in central Australia. Minimum temperatures may drop below −5 °C (23 °F) with heavy frost and daytime maximum temperatures below 10 °C (50 °F) may occur each winter. Summers are still hot, however Pukatja does not experience
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#17327797895644092-491: Was a pastoral lease before it was established as a Presbyterian mission station for Aboriginal people in 1937, driven by medical doctor and Aboriginal rights campaigner Charles Duguid (then president of the Aborigines Protection League) and supported by the South Australian government . Ernestine Hill , after travelling in the area in the 1930s, wrote that colonisation only began there when
4158-405: Was a number of pastoral leases on the edge of the Western Desert, established from the 1880s, but development was marginal in the Musgrave Ranges area. Farming in these arid lands was labour-intensive, and an interdependence between the pastoralists and Aboriginal people developed. On a trip to Ernabella in 1935, Duguid noticed discrimination and heard reports of abuse of Aboriginal men's labour and
4224-735: Was a two-edged sword. In hindsight, although it created a safe space, it also entrenched the boundary and perhaps widened the gap between people at the Mission and wider society. The first school building was completed in 1940, and was unique in South Australia in that English was not taught as the first language; it was only introduced as a second language in 1944. "Writing, reading and spelling, arithmetic, hygiene, drawing, singing, gardening, woodwork and sewing, geography and Nature Study" were all taught in Pitjantjatjara . Enrolment rose from 25 in 1940 to 200 in 1943, with daily attendance of about 45, with no compulsion to attend. Hymns and parts of
4290-534: Was completed in 1945 by Reverend Bob Love and Ronald Trudinger at the Mission, and was published by the British and Foreign Bible Society in 1949. Work continued over the next 20 years, with publication of a shorter New Testament in 1969 by the Bible Society Australia . Pitjantjatjara Bible Translation Project, incorporated in 1981, completed a new translation of the New Testament and about 15% of
4356-606: Was successfully introduced after several Ernabella artists travelled to Indonesia in the 1970s. The Ernabella artists are renowned for their batik work and printmaking. A substantial collection of Ernabella art can be seen at the National Museum of Australia , including a range of fine ceramics also produced by the Ernabella artists. In recent years, female elders have started to depict their Tjukurpa (sacred stories of country and law) in their art. Artists both young and old, including some very senior men and women, work at
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