Jutlandic , or Jutish (Danish: jysk ; pronounced [ˈjysk] ), is the western variety of Danish , spoken on the peninsula of Jutland in Denmark .
82-454: Esbjerg ( Danish: [ˈesˌpjɛɐ̯ˀ] , West Jutish dialect : [ˈɛspʲæa̯] ) is a seaport city and seat of Esbjerg Municipality on the west coast of the Jutland peninsula in southwest Denmark. By road, it is 71 kilometres (44 mi) west of Kolding and 164 kilometres (102 mi) southwest of Aarhus . With an urban population of 71,505 (1 January 2024) it
164-559: A klusil , or plosive, or in some cases a spirant. (See Map 2.1 ) In Vends (Northern Jutlandic) and western South Jutlandic the three pronunciations become: [itj] , [ytj] , and [uk] and they have the same pronunciation but followed by a schwa if not in the coda. An area in North Western Jutlandic designated on the map as Him-V has instead [ikj] , [ykj] and [uk] and in Mid-Western Jutlandic it
246-477: A distinct accent: The Peter Skautrup Centre for Jutlandic Research is a research centre at Aarhus University and the main centre for Jutlandic dialectology in Denmark. It was established in 1932 (under the name Institut for Jysk Sprog- og Kulturforskning ), originally privately funded by grants, and headed by professor Peter Skautrup . In 1973 it became part of Aarhus University, and currently it forms part of
328-460: A fishing port but became one of the country's major export centres. Established in 1895 by nine local dairies, the butter-packaging factory, Dansk Andels Smørpakkeri, employed some 150 workers until 1920, packing and dispatching butter for the London market. It was later extended to include egg marketing under the name Dansk Andels Ægeksport. Ultimately, it handled produce from 140 dairies spread across
410-617: A freight service is still available on the route from Esbjerg to Immingham . DFDS cited "dwindling demand and high costs" as the chief reasons for the closure of the route. Esbjerg Harbour is the second largest harbour in Denmark (after Aarhus ). It serves Maersk Drilling headquarters, and the regional commuter Esbjerg–Fanø–Esbjerg. For those arriving by pleasure craft, there is a marina along Pier No. 1 with 198 mooring places. The 650,000 square metres (7,000,000 sq ft) Østhavn ("East Harbour") opened in June 2013, while construction of
492-477: A hall with a stage, meeting rooms and a kitchen. The bell tower stands alone, quite separate from the church. St Nikolaj is a Roman Catholic church, built in 1969. Unusual for a church, it is built of aerated concrete. Its innovative square-shaped design by Johan Otto von Spreckelsen served as a basis for his Grande Arche in Paris. The dimensions of the inner cube of St Nikolaj Church are very close to those of
574-442: A municipality in its own right (initially known as Esbjerg Ladeplads), receiving the status and privileges of a market town in 1899 and incorporating the parish of Jerne (east of the centre) in 1945. A number of institutions and facilities were soon established, including the courthouse and town hall (1891), the gas and waterworks (1896) and the power plant (1907). From the beginning of the 20th century, Esbjerg prospered not only as
656-491: A new freight terminal in the Sydhavn section of the harbour is scheduled for 2014. Esbjerg practices twinning on the municipal level. For the twin towns, see twin towns of Esbjerg Municipality . Jutlandic dialect Generally, Jutlandic can be divided into two different dialects: general or Northern Jutlandic ( nørrejysk ; further divided into western and eastern) and Southern Jutlandic ( sønderjysk ). However,
738-521: A saltwater aquarium and a seal tank as well as indoor and outdoor exhibitions on Danish fisheries and shipping. Esbjerg Museum in the city centre has permanent collections covering the history of the city and the surrounding region. It includes displays from the Iron Age and the Viking Age as well as a large exhibition of amber . The Printing Museum traces the history of the art of printing from
820-714: A small area of Mid Western Jutland, the vowels become diphthongised with a glide much like in English, and are pronounced as /ej, øj, ow/ . In Northern Jutland, /iː, yː, uː/ are also diphthongised in two syllable words with a glide. Northern Jutlandic always has the glide present ( /ij, yj, uw/ ) and North Western Jutlandic tends towards the glide, but it is not present for all speakers. Long ⟨a⟩ and ⟨å⟩ have been raised to [ɔː] and [oː] respectively in northern Jutlandic, e.g. sagde 'said' [ˈsɔː] = Standard Danish [ˈsæː(ə)] , gå 'go, walk' [ˈɡoːˀ] = Standard Danish [ˈɡ̊ɔːˀ] . Map 2.2 shows
902-480: Is 71 kilometres (44 mi) west of Kolding , 164 kilometres (102 mi) southwest of Aarhus , 298 kilometres (185 mi) west of Copenhagen and 274 kilometres (170 mi) southwest of Aalborg . By sea, it is situated roughly 610 km (380 mi) northeast of Harwich, England. As a result of planned development, the older sections of the town look like a chessboard with long, wide streets with rectangular corners. The high ground of Esbjerg stretches along
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#1732772018069984-738: Is a complex with two auditoriums. Its concert hall, with seating for over 1,100, can also be adapted for theatrical productions. Completed in 1997 to designs by Jan Utzon and his father , it hosts classical concerts, opera, family shows and drama productions. Located in the City Park close to the harbour, it forms part of a complex which includes the Esbjerg Art Museum ( Esbjerg Kunstmuseum ) displaying works from artists including Asger Jorn . The museum also regularly hosts temporary international exhibitions. The privately owned Fisheries and Maritime Museum , which opened in 1968, consists of
1066-533: Is a monument of four 9-metre-tall (27 feet) white-coloured men located to the west of Esbjerg, overlooking Sædding Beach . One of the area's major tourist attractions, the sculpture was designed by Svend Wiig Hansen and installed on 28 October 1995. It was funded by the Esbjerg Municipality authorities, the Kunstfond arts foundation and private sponsors to celebrate the 100th anniversary of
1148-458: Is a table depicting the phonemic inventory of Danish and Jutlandic consonants, with phonemes only seen in the dialects of Jutland ( jysk ) in bold . The most prevalent phonological process in Jutlandic consonants is lenition , which is the weakening of originally voiceless consonants in either the coda of a syllable or word as well as intervocalically. This process causes voicing as well as
1230-473: Is a tendency towards [ɔw] , but in Mid-Eastern Jutlandic [ow] can be found instead. The same sort of alternation is also seen with [ej] and [æj] . In Mid-Western Jutlandic, Northern Jutlandic and North Western Jutlandic both diphthongs exist. In Mid-Eastern Jutlandic there is an alternation between the two, but each speaker only has one. In Southern Jutlandic and South Jutlandic, only [æj]
1312-569: Is also not consistent in the Jutlandic dialects. In the west, where only one gender is present, as well as in all of Southern Jutlandic and South Jutlandic, the definite marker is a free morpheme that comes before the noun. It is not, however, the same as the free morpheme found in standard Danish when an adjective precedes a noun. It is phonetically realised as [æ]. There are also small areas in Jutland where predicate adjectives, as well as adjectives in indefinite noun phrases, have gender congruence in
1394-474: Is found. [ɒw] is present as a diphthong in all of Jutland with the exception of the island of Fanø (off of South western Jutland), but has different pronunciations depending on length of the segments. The remaining diphthongs show a distribution based on rounding. In the majority of Jutland the unrounded diphthong is rounded. In South Eastern Jutland the rounded one is unrounded and only in certain parts of Sønderjylland are both diphthongs preserved. Map 2.7 shows
1476-537: Is known for having [w] for the phoneme /v~ʋ/ in all positions, as opposed to only post-vocalically in standard Danish. It also can exhibit stød in slightly different environments from the standard. Standard Danish phonology contains nasal, aspirated voiceless and devoiced plosives (labial, alveolar, and velar). Four voiceless fricatives ( [f, s, ɕ, h] ) are present, as well as four approximants : [ʊ̯, ð̞, ɪ̯, ɐ̯] . There are also four approximants , including three regular and one lateral : [ʋ, l, j, ʁ] . Below
1558-432: Is more complex, e.g. hus 'house' [ˈhúːs] = Standard Danish [ˈhuːˀs] ~ huse 'houses' [ˈhùːs] = Standard Danish [ˈhuːsə] . In standard Danish as well as Jutlandic, tone 1 is replaced with a nonsegmental glottalization and tone 2 disappears entirely. Glottalization can only occur on vowels or sonorants and only in one or two-syllable words and is realized in transcription as ['] . However, in two-syllable words
1640-462: Is often seen as very difficult for other speakers of Danish, even other Jutlandic dialects to understand. Instead of the normal Danish stød , it has tonal accents like Swedish . Many of the phonemes are also different, including velar fricatives much like in German . It also has the definite article before the noun, as opposed to the standard Danish postclitic article. Østjysk (East Jutlandic)
1722-436: Is similar with the /uː/ also containing a glide [ukw] and in all three cases a schwa is inserted if it is not in the coda of the syllable. The rest of North Western Jutlandic along the coast has the schwa as well but a fricative instead of a stop, so the sounds are [iɕ] , [yɕ] , and [uɕ] . In the rest of the Jutlandic dialects the vowel quality is overall the same, with gliding in North Western Jutlandic (Han-V and Han-Ø) on
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#17327720180691804-410: Is still present in predicate adjectives. The variability in the examples also reflects differences between number of genders, postclitic versus enclitic article and apocope: [æ ɡʁœn' ɡlas] ; [ɡlast æ ɡʁœnt] . In the rest of Jutland, as a result of apocope, the - t disappears completely: [æt (æn) ɡʁœn' ɡlas] ; [ɡlas.ə(t) (æ ɡlas) æ ɡʁœn'] . The presence of a separate free morpheme definite marker in
1886-416: Is still present on sonorants and mid and low vowels in the proper environment. Western Jutlandic also has a stød on the vowel in originally two-syllable words with a geminate voiceless consonant such as ⟨tt⟩ , ⟨kk⟩ , or ⟨pp⟩ e.g. katte 'cats' [ˈkʰaˀt] = Standard Danish [ˈkʰæd̥ə] ; itte 'not' [ˈeˀ(t)] = Standard Danish ikke [ˈeɡ̊ə] . One of
1968-547: Is the fifth-largest city in Denmark , and the largest in West Jutland. Before a decision was made to establish a harbour (now the second largest in Denmark) at Esbjerg in 1868, the area consisted of only a few farms. Esbjerg developed quickly with the population rising to 13,000 by 1901 and 70,000 by 1970. In addition to its fishing and shipping activities, it also became an important centre for agricultural exports. Over
2050-427: Is the closest to the standard of the three Jutlandic dialects, but still differs widely in the pronunciation of vowels and the voiced stops word initially or intervocalically. Some dialects of East Jutlandic also still have three genders, like the majority of Norwegian dialects. Vestjysk (West Jutlandic) is also well known for this enclitic article as well as a complete lack of gender distinction. Phonetically, it
2132-639: Is the devoiced velar stop [ɡ̊] while ⟨ch⟩ stands for the fricative [χ] . Vends and Læsø are regions usually belonging to the Northern Jutlandic dialectal region whereas Fjolds is the border region between Germany and Denmark, normally considered part of South Jutlandic ( Sønderjysk ). e.g. In Southern Jutlandic, Scandinavian post-vocalic p, k become [f, x] word-finally, whereas Standard Danish has b, g , e.g. søge 'to seek' [ˈsøːx] = Standard Danish [ˈsøː(ɪ̯)] , tabe 'lose' [ˈtʰɑːf] = Standard Danish [ˈtˢæːbə, ˈtˢæːʊ] . In
2214-595: Is the main feature of the landscape, resulting in differences of up to 20 m (66 ft) with the surroundings. Esbjerg experiences an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Köppen classification ; Do in the Trewartha climate classification ) due to its geographical location, being next to the North Sea . Due to the presence of the sea's temperate marine currents, the city sees warm summers and rather mild winters, moderating
2296-568: Is used to name a section in one of the prestigious Academy in Asia which is MAAP and the ESBJERG 2020 is the best section of all time. Esbjerg is one of the towns hosting the University of Southern Denmark . It also houses a branch of Aalborg University and IT Academy West . The main branch of Profession School – University College West (Danish: Professionshøjskolen University College Vest ) and
2378-582: The 2011 Capital One World Women's Curling Championship . Rugby in Esbjerg is represented by Esbjerg RK , who play at Guldager Idrætscenter . Esbjerg also has its own motorcycle speedway team called Esbjerg Vikings , who are 11 times Danish League Champions. The club's home venue is the Granly Speedway Arena , which is located about 16 kilometres in an easterly direction from the centre of Esbjerg, on Tinghedevej 9. Between 1951 and 1969
2460-416: The University of Southern Denmark (1998) and Aalborg University (1995). The town holds an annual music festival spanning two weekends (nine days) in mid-August. It is focused around the central Torvet Square which hosts the main stage. The music includes everything from church concerts to opera and pop. The town is situated on the southwestern coast of Denmark, and is a port on the North Sea . By road, it
2542-547: The University of Southern Denmark and Aalborg University , and is increasingly recognized for its university facilities and sporting activities. It is home to the Danish football club Esbjerg fB , who play their home matches at Blue Water Arena , and also has an ice hockey division called Esbjerg Elite Ishockey , which plays at the Granly Hockey Arena . The town itself was not established until 1868 when it
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2624-513: The "holy of holies" in Solomon's Temple as described in Ezekiel 40:5. The modern red-brick Grundtvig's Church , southeast of the town centre, was designed by Ole Nielsen. With its strangely shaped, red-tiled roof, it was completed in 1969. Inside, the large wall surfaces are broken only by 12 narrow windows on the east side, creating a contrast with the much brighter tower room which opens into
2706-489: The 20th century dialects were usually suppressed by media, state institutions, and schools. In recent decades, a more liberal attitude towards dialects has emerged, but since the number of speakers has decreased, and almost all of the remaining dialect speakers master a regional form of Standard Danish as well, dialects are still being ignored. The new Jutlandic " regiolects " differ from the Copenhagen variety primarily by
2788-550: The Danish Championship five times, in 1961, 1962, 1963, 1965 and 1979. Esbjerg fB play their home matches at Blue Water Arena , which is part of the Esbjerg Sports Park. Esbjerg also has an ice hockey division called Esbjerg Elite Ishockey which plays at the Granly Hockey Arena . Granly Hockey Arena was built in 1976 and has a seating capacity for 3417 people. In 2011 the arena was the venue for
2870-585: The Department of Scandinavian Studies and Experience Economy within the School of Communication and Culture. From 1932 to 1978, the center published the journal Sprog og Kultur ("Language and culture"), and from 1982 onwards Ord & Sag ("Word and cause"). The primary work of the center is focused on building the Jysk Ordbog ("Jutlandic Dictionary"), based on 3 million index cards collected since
2952-651: The Esbjerg section of the Academy of Music and Dramatic Arts , housed in a former power station, are also located in the city. The town is served by the Southwest Jutland Hospital (Sydvestjysk Sygehus) which also has a branch in Brande and treats over 42,000 patients annually, with over 500 beds and a staff of about 2,500 employees. Esbjerg is home to the Danish football club Esbjerg fB , established in 1924 and known as EfB for short. The club has won
3034-601: The Port of Esbjerg is still a driving force for the town's economy. While it has a long history of ferry services to England, the town is by no means a tourist destination. Lonely Planet remarked that "nobody comes to Esbjerg for a holiday, in fact, as with many industrial ports, most visitors rush through as quickly as possible". Esbjerg is the main town for Denmark's oil and offshore activities, with companies like Maersk , Ramboll , Stimwell Services, ABB , Schlumberger , COWI and Atkins all having offshore-related activities in
3116-476: The Second World War when there was a marked increase in the city's population. The first of these, the yellow-brick Trinity Church with its large triangular stained-glass windows , was designed to accommodate a large congregation while offering additional facilities for both young and old. Breaking with tradition, its square-shaped nave was built directly adjacent to lower ancillary buildings including
3198-477: The South Schleswig dialect, e.g. ben [ˈbiˀən] = Standard Danish [ˈbeːˀn] 'leg', bonde 'farmer' [ˈbuəɲ] = Standard Danish [ˈbɔnə] (< bōndi ). South Jutlandic has the same vowel quality for these vowels, but exhibits a tonal distinction, which is present in place of the Danish stød . Northern Jutlandic raises them without diphthongising them to /iː, yː, uː/ respectively. In Hards,
3280-579: The Standard Danish sin when referring to the subject of the sentence. This means there is no longer a distinction between whether the possessive pronoun refers to the subject of the sentence or a third person, however, use of a word like egen/t 'own' can paraphrastically accomplish the same thing. Today the old dialects, tied as they were to the rural districts, are yielding to new regional standards based on Standard Danish. Several factors have contributed to this process. The dialects, especially in
3362-565: The Venstre, Liberal Party, is Johnny Søtrup , who has been mayor of both the former municipality in the period 1994 to 2006 and subsequently in the expanded municipality since the beginning of 2007. There are also eight special committees which prepare the work of the council covering the areas of finance, labour market, health, children & family, culture & leisure, planning & environment, social services, and technology & supply. Mayors of Esbjerg since 1898: The old Courthouse on
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3444-642: The area, it has a free-standing bell tower as well as a church hall and meeting rooms. Other churches include Zion's Church and Jerne Church. Also built in a style akin to the Neo-Gothic architecture of churches, the Bethania Mission House opposite the Church of our Saviour was completed in 1906 by Clausen. The municipality has a number of museums, libraries and music and drama venues. The Esbjerg Performing Arts Centre ( Musikhuset Esbjerg )
3526-581: The beginning of the 20th century until it was replaced by modern technology. The collection includes a variety of machines and equipment used to print books and newspapers, mainly from Germany and Denmark. The Lightship Museum ( Museumsfyrskib ) in the harbour is open to the public on board the Horns Rev lightship. Dating from 1912, the Horns Rev , also known as Motorfyrskibet Nr. I , is the world's oldest and best preserved motor lightship. It houses an impressive exhibition of life and work on board. Esbjerg
3608-476: The central square with its tall tower and stepped gables has recently been fully renovated. A bronze equestrian statue of Christian IX , the founder of Esbjerg, stands at the centre of the square. The largest hotel in Esbjerg is Hotel Britannia. Other hotels in the city center includes Cabinn and Hotel Ansgar in Skolegade. Danhostel Esbjerg in a former high school is located about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) to
3690-405: The chancel with light entering from a window high on the east side of the tower. Designed by Inger and Johannes Exner , Sædden Church with wave-like folds in its red-brick walls was inaugurated in 1978. Daylight focusing on the altar is supplemented by 803 electric light bulbs. Gjesing Church , a red-brick building north of the city centre, was completed 1983. Like many other modern churches in
3772-588: The different possible pronunciations for the standard Danish mid, stressed vowels which is further explained in the following table: Outside of these diphthongs arising from changes in pronunciation from standard Danish long vowels, there are also the following diphthongs: [ow] , [ɔw] , [ej] , [æj] [ɒw] [iw] / [yw] , [ew] / [øw] and [æw] / [œw] . [ow] and [ɔw] are both present in Vends, North Western Jutlandic and Mid-Western Jutlandic but only one occurs in Østjysk, South Jutlandic and Southern Jutlandic. There
3854-465: The east coast of Jutland . Initial planning of the town was conducted by chartered surveyor H. Wilkens in 1870 with streets laid out in the form of a rectangular grid. The market square ( Torvet ) was positioned at the centre, midway between the harbour and the railway station. From only 400 inhabitants at the beginning of the 1870s, the town and its population grew rapidly, with 1529 residents mentioned in 1880, and 4,211 in 1890. In 1893, Esbjerg became
3936-465: The east coast of the Wadden Sea (now a UNESCO World Heritage Site ) between the rivers of Varde and Sneum , encompassing the coastal area of Ho Bugt and the seaside district of Hjerting to the north. Opposite Esbjerg, across Fanø Bay , is the island of Fanø , 16 by 5 km (10 by 3 mi), with Nordby as its principal settlement, connected to Esbjerg by ferry. To the west of Esbjerg,
4018-498: The east, which could potentially be explained through dialect contact with both Norwegian and Swedish dialects which preserve all three genders. The loss of all gender distinction in the west, though, is unique to Jutlandic. Note though that West Jutlandic still has two noun classes , n - and t -words like standard Danish, they are just not genders. t -words in West Jutlandic are limited to mass nouns . The definite marker
4100-413: The establishment of a Green Offshore Centre in Esbjerg. In connection with this, in June 2013, the port was significantly expanded with the opening of the Østhavn (East Harbour), covering an area of 650,000 m (7,000,000 sq ft). Historically, in addition to its success as a fishing port, Esbjerg established its position as one of the country's major export centres. Before World War II , there
4182-549: The first quarter of 2013 and the first quarter of 2014, Esbjerg Municipality experienced an increase of only 44 inhabitants (from 115,051 to 115,095) over the same period. In May 2014, Esbjerg was noted to be one of the least attractive of Denmark's top 20 cities for house purchases and apartment rentals, dropping to 19th place, along with Herning . Esbjerg's city council for the period January 2014 to December 2017 consists of 31 members, 15 of whom are Venstre, Liberal Party of Denmark and nine, Social Democrats . The mayor, also from
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#17327720180694264-568: The hallmarks of the Scandinavian languages is the postclitic definite marker. For example: en mand 'a man', mand-en 'the man'. In standard Danish this postclitic marker is only used when there is no adjective present, but if there is an adjective, a definite article is used instead: den store mand 'the big man'. Further, standard Danish has a two gender system, distinguishing between the neuter ( intetkøn, -et) and "other" ( fælleskøn, -en ) genders. In Jutland, however, very few dialects match
4346-542: The island of Fanø via Danske Færger . From 1875 until 2014 a passenger service operated over the North Sea to the English port of Harwich via DFDS Seaways , formerly Scandinavian Seaways. The MS Winston Churchill began service between the two ports in 1967, and served until 1978 when it was transferred to the River Tyne to Gothenburg service. The crossings were discontinued at the end of September 2014 although
4428-430: The lenition as well as which dialects they occur in can be seen in the table below. Multiple possibilities for the same stage are shown separated by a semicolon. In Maps 4.0 and 4.2 the spread of the pronunciation of [d] and [ɡ] are shown. The ⟨÷⟩ represents the null or zero morpheme in the maps, the ⟨-j⟩ and ⟨-r⟩ are [ɪ̯] and [ɐ̯] respectively and ⟨q⟩
4510-476: The linguistic variation is considerably more complicated and well over 20 separate isoglosses exist throughout Jutland. There are major phonological differences between the dialects, but also very noteworthy morphological, syntactic, and semantic variations. The different subdialects of Jutlandic differ somewhat from each other, and are generally grouped in three main dialects, where two of them are sometimes considered together. Sønderjysk (South Jutlandic)
4592-481: The main square was designed by Hans Christian Amberg and completed in 1892 when the town had only 4,000 inhabitants. The red-brick building with stepped gables , round-arched windows and a tower reaching 30 m (98 ft) in height resembles a medieval castle. After comprehensive renovation work in 2010, it is now used as a venue for weddings and houses the tourist office. Man Meets the Sea ( Mennesket ved Havet )
4674-464: The main square. Housed in a listed building on the main square, Dronning Louise serves everything from full meals to sandwiches and occasionally offers live music. The first church to be built in Esbjerg was the red-brick Church of Our Saviour designed by Axel Møller, which was completed in 1887. In 1896, it was expanded with transepts and galleries on either side of the nave, doubling the seating capacity. Several more churches were established after
4756-553: The mainland Scandinavian languages, there are only two genders (Norwegian has three genders, but in Bokmål – one of two written standards – feminine nouns may be inflected like the masculine nouns, making it possible to use only two genders). The masculine and feminine fell together, taking the masculine article (or the feminine in Insular Danish ), and the neuter stayed separate. Three genders remain in northern Jutland and far in
4838-477: The map and only unrounded front vowels in Djurs dialect. As mentioned earlier, the klusilspring is an alternative of the stød that occurs only with high vowels. In the other mainland Scandinavian languages as well as South Jutlandic, there are two different tonemes which distinguish between words that were originally one or two syllables. Tone 1 is a simple rising then falling tone in most dialects and tone 2
4920-403: The municipality in 1994. The monument can be seen by ferry leaving or entering Esbjerg. The water tower from 1895 was designed by Christian Hjerrild Clausen who had been inspired by Nuremberg 's medieval Nassauer Haus. Standing at the top of a cliff, it commands excellent views of the city and the harbour from its platform which is open to the public. The imposing old Courthouse Building on
5002-405: The neuter form. In the dialects of South Schleswig, easternmost Djurs and the island of Samsø, adjectives take a - t ending which patterns with standard Danish: for example, et grønt glas [æt ɡʁœːnt ɡlas] 'a green glass' and glasset er grønt [ɡlas.ət æ ɡʁœːnt] 'the glass is green'. In Vends (Northern Jutlandic) there is no congruence on adjectives in indefinite noun phrases, but the - t
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#17327720180695084-697: The northern part of Southern Jutland, these sounds are voiced fricatives between vowels, i.e. [v, ɣ] : e.g. søger 'seeks' [ˈsøːɣə] = Standard Danish [ˈsøːɐ] , taber 'loses' [ˈtʰɑːvə] = Standard Danish [ˈtˢæːˀbɐ, ˈtˢæʊ̯ˀɐ] . Standard Danish has a large vowel inventory and contrasts length on many vowels. Vowels can also be glottalized where the so-called stød is present and many change their quality depending on whether or not they are preceded or followed by an /r/ (phonetically [ʁ] ). Jutlandic exhibits many diphthongs not present in standard Danish. The long stressed mid vowels /eː, øː, oː/ are diphthongised as /iə, yə, uə/ respectively in central Jutland and
5166-561: The northernmost, western and southern regions, are often hard to understand for people originating outside Jutland. The dialects also enjoy little prestige both nationally (the population of Zealand like to believe that the Jutlanders are slower not only in speech but also in thought) and regionally (the dialect is associated with rural life). The Danish cultural, media and business life revolves around Copenhagen, and Jutland has only in recent decades seen substantial economic growth. In
5248-481: The northwest of the city along Gammel Vardevej near sports facilities. An equivalent distance North are hotel and conference facilities at ECH Park. Most of the restaurants in Esbjerg are to the east of Torvet. Of particular note are Sand's Restaurant which serves Danish cuisine such as smørrebrød , meatballs , smoked eels and the fried beef patty pariserbof , and the Paddy Go Easy Irish pub near
5330-484: The privately owned Fisheries and Maritime Museum . The Esbjerg Performing Arts Centre was completed in 1997 to designs by Jan and Jørn Utzon . When approached by sea, the Man Meets the Sea is one of the prominent monuments, consisting of four 9-metre-tall (27 feet) white-coloured men, overlooking Sædding Beach . The sculpture was designed by Svend Wiig Hansen and installed in 1995. Esbjerg hosts branches of
5412-438: The reduction from a stop to a fricative and finally to a sonorant . The final step of lenition is then complete apocope . This phenomenon can be seen in all its stages in the Jutlandic dialects, although it shows considerably more variability in the alveolars. The bilabials still have the approximant in one dialect, but no null phoneme and the velars have no sonorants, only a voiceless stop and fricative. The stages of
5494-403: The rounding alternation for the front, close diphthong [iw] / [yw] . An interesting phenomenon in western South Jutlandic and Mid-Western Jutlandic, North Western Jutlandic as well as Northern Jutlandic is the so-called klusilspring . The klusilspring can be seen as a modified stød that only occurs on high vowels ( /iː, yː, uː/ ). These long vowels are shortened and then followed by
5576-485: The second syllable must be a derivational morpheme as the historical environment of tone 1 was one-syllable words and tone 2 only occurred on two-syllable words. Due to apocope and the morphology, both tones and the stød can now be found on one- and two-syllable words. There can be multiple stød segments per word, if the word is a compound, which separates its phonetically from the tonemes of Swedish , Norwegian and South Jutlandic , which can only occur once over
5658-410: The small potatoes in a set, i.e. those 5 small potatoes on the table. Æ små kartofler refers instead to a mass noun, meaning potatoes that are generally small. It is like saying "the yellow potatoes" in English. It can either mean yellow potatoes as a whole, a mass noun or the yellow potatoes sitting on the table, as opposed to the red ones. There is also a tendency to use hans or hendes instead of
5740-506: The speedway was held at the Esbjerg Athletic Stadium . The port town of Esbjerg is a large transport hub for both rail and road traffic, and an important port for Danish North Sea oil offshore activity. It is also served by Esbjerg Airport with flights to Aberdeen, Humberside and Stavanger, while the nearby Billund Airport offers additional travel options. Esbjerg railway station is the principal railway station of
5822-418: The standard in these two aspects. There are dialects with one, two and three genders, as well as dialects lacking the postclitic definite marker entirely. Originally the Scandinavian languages, like modern German as well as Icelandic, had three genders. These three genders, masculine, feminine, and neuter are still present in many dialects, notably most dialects of Norwegian. However, in all standard versions of
5904-444: The town boundary is defined by a number of small streams. The highest point is some 25 m (82 ft) above sea level. The town is located on top of steep slopes leading down to the flatlands of the harbour area. The built-up area itself is not very hilly but there are considerable differences in terrain. Apart from the cliff in the town park overlooking the harbour, the valley of Fourfelt Bæk, 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) in length,
5986-618: The town. Halliburton has an office in Esbjerg. The port has served the Danish offshore industry since oil and gas were first extracted from the North Sea in the early 1970s. More recently, it has become a centre for shipping offshore wind turbines . In addition to handling 65 percent of all Danish wind turbines, which supply 3 gigawatts (4,000,000 hp) of offshore wind power, components have been shipped to various British wind farms. In order to cope with enormous future increases in Danish offshore wind power, 12 companies, including DONG Energy and Bluewater Energy Services are already planning
6068-630: The town. The station is the western terminus of InterCity trains from Copenhagen (operating once an hour), with a journey time of about three hours, operated by the Danish State Railways . DSB also operates local trains to Fredericia . Arriva operates the Vestbanen with local trains travelling south to Ribe and Tønder and north to Struer . The city is also served by the railway halts Gjesing , Jerne and Spangsbjerg . Ferry services connect Esbjerg via Ho Bugt to Nordby on
6150-514: The weather in all seasons to be mild. Unlike Denmark's eastern portion (which consists of islands), the city hardly sees any continental influences to its weather. As of 1 January 2019, Esbjerg has a population of 72,168, making it the fifth-largest city in Denmark, and the largest in west Jutland. Until the harbour was developed in the 1860s, the area was sparsely inhabited with just a few farms. Thereafter, it grew rapidly: by 1880, there were some 1,500 inhabitants, rising to some 13,000 by 1901 when it
6232-467: The western Jutlandic dialects [æ] has come to cause a contrastive semantic meaning difference with the standard Danish dem. Nouns that can be analyzed as mass nouns, as opposed to count nouns can take the [æ] article before an adjective. If the noun is, however, meant to be a count noun it uses the standard Danish plural article dem . An example of this would be dem små kartofler versus æ små kartofler 'the small potatoes'. Dem små kartofler refers to
6314-520: The whole of Jutland. After the Second World War , the town developed several agricultural industries, especially meat processing and packaging with a plant employing over 300. The slaughterhouse and meat packaging facility, Esbjerg Andels-Slagteri, established in 1887, became Denmark's sixth largest by 1962. It later became part of Vestjyske Slagterier in 1986, and in 2001, it was acquired by Danish Crown . Once Denmark's principal fishing port,
6396-420: The whole word. However, in contrast to the standard Danish stød , the Jutlandic stød does not usually occur in monosyllabic words with a sonorant + voiceless consonant. Only Djurs dialect and the city dialect of Aarhus have the stød in this environment. As mentioned before, most of north west Jutland does not have a stød after short high vowels, and instead has the klusilspring . The stød
6478-562: The years, many of the city's visitors have arrived by ferry from Harwich , Essex , England, but this service closed in September 2014 having run since 1875. The harbour facilities are being expanded to answer the needs of the wind-turbine industry and container shipping traffic. Esbjerg is served by Esbjerg Airport with flights to Aberdeen , Scotland and Stavanger , Norway. The town has several notable museums and entertainment venues, including Esbjerg Art Museum , Esbjerg Museum and
6560-454: Was a large butter factory, Dansk Andels Smørpakkeri, employing some 150 workers while after the war the town developed agricultural industries, especially for meat processing and packaging with a plant employing over 300. Latterly owned by Danish Crown and employing 500, the plant closed in May 2012. More recently, Esbjerg has grown into an important centre for education with campuses belonging to
6642-487: Was already larger than neighbouring Varde and Ribe . By the end of the 1950s, with almost 60,000 inhabitants, it had become Denmark's fifth-largest city. By 1970, Esbjerg had seen a fivefold increase in population since 1901, reaching some 70,000. After 1970, the increase in population slowed, reaching a maximum of 73,422 in 1998. In contrast to Denmark's four largest cities (Copenhagen, Aarhus, Aalborg and Odense ) where there were substantial increases in population between
6724-540: Was built as a replacement for the harbour in Altona , which had previously been Denmark's most important North Sea port but came under German control after the Second Schleswig War in 1864. At the time, Esbjerg consisted of only a few farms. Developed under royal decree from 1868 until 1874, the harbour was officially opened in 1874, with rail connections to Varde and to Fredericia , an important hub on
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