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53-659: The two components are designated Eta Draconis A (also named Athebyne / ˈ æ θ ɪ b aɪ n / ) and B . η Draconis ( Latinised to Eta Draconis ) is the system's Bayer designation . The designations of the two components as Eta Draconis A and B derives from the convention used by the Washington Multiplicity Catalog (WMC) for multiple star systems , and adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). Eta Draconis, together with Zeta Draconis , bore

106-543: A body of study defines " word ") have one meaning when capitalized and another when not. Sometimes the capitalized variant is a proper noun (the Moon ; dedicated to God ; Smith 's apprentice) and the other variant is not (the third moon of Saturn; a Greek god ; the smith 's apprentice). Sometimes neither is a proper noun (a swede in the soup; a Swede who came to see me). Such words that vary according to case are sometimes called capitonyms (although only rarely: this term

159-485: A formal style, this may include the , as in the inimitable Henry Higgins . They may also take the in the manner of common nouns in order to establish the context in which they are unique: the young Mr Hamilton (not the old one), the Dr Brown I know ; or as proper nouns to define an aspect of the referent: the young Einstein (Einstein when he was young). The indefinite article a may similarly be used to establish

212-514: A ministry of home affairs (a common-noun phrase) called the Ministry of Home Affairs (its proper name). Within the context of India, this identifies a unique organization. However, other countries may also have ministries of home affairs called "the Ministry of Home Affairs", but each refers to a unique object, so each is a proper name. Similarly, "Beach Road" is a unique road, though other towns may have their own roads named "Beach Road" as well. This

265-430: A new referent: the column was written by a [ or one] Mary Price . Proper names based on noun phrases differ grammatically from common noun phrases. They are fixed expressions, and cannot be modified internally: beautiful King's College is acceptable, but not King's famous College . As with proper nouns, so with proper names more generally: they may only be unique within the appropriate context. For instance, India has

318-528: A nickname for Cab Calloway and as the title of a film about him). Proper names are also referred to (by linguists) as naming expressions . Sometimes they are called simply names ; but that term is also used more broadly (as in " chair is the name for something we sit on"); the latter type of name is called a common name to distinguish it from a proper name . Common nouns are frequently used as components of proper names. Some examples are agency , boulevard , city , day, and edition . In such cases

371-437: A previously unknown label was applied to an unfamiliar object, the children assumed that the label designated the class of object (i.e. they treated the label as the common name of that object), regardless of whether the object was inanimate or not. However, if the object already had an established name , there was a difference between inanimate objects and animals: In English, children employ different strategies depending on

424-531: A proper noun also cause the article to be dropped (e.g., " jump that shark, Fonz!", " O Pacific, be so on our voyage", "Go Bears!", "U-S-A! U-S-A!"). In grammatical constructs where a definite article would be used even with a proper noun that normally does not use it, only a single article is used (e.g., " the Matterhorn at Disneyland is not the Matterhorn"). In a grouping, a single definite article at

477-576: A royal name were enclosed in a cartouche : an oval with a line at one end. In Chinese script , a proper name mark (a kind of underline ) has sometimes been used to indicate a proper name. In the standard Pinyin system of romanization for Mandarin Chinese, capitalization is used to mark proper names, with some complexities because of different Chinese classifications of nominal types, and even different notions of such broad categories as word and phrase . Sanskrit and other languages written in

530-613: Is a noun that identifies a single entity and is used to refer to that entity ( Africa ; Jupiter ; Sarah ; Walmart ) as distinguished from a common noun , which is a noun that refers to a class of entities ( continent, planet, person, corporation ) and may be used when referring to instances of a specific class (a continent , another planet , these persons , our corporation ). Some proper nouns occur in plural form (optionally or exclusively), and then they refer to groups of entities considered as unique (the Hendersons ,

583-596: Is a common practice for scientific names . For example, Livistona , the name of a genus of palm trees, is a Latinisation of Livingstone . During the age of the Roman Empire , translation of names into Latin (in the West) or Greek (in the East) was common. Additionally, Latinised versions of Greek substantives , particularly proper nouns , could easily be declined by Latin speakers with minimal modification of

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636-474: Is about 10.5 times the radius of the Sun . From its extended envelope , it is radiating around 65 times the luminosity of the Sun at an effective temperature of 5,018 K, giving it the yellow glow of a G-type star. Eta Draconis B is located at an angular separation of 5.1  arcseconds from the primary. This is an 8.8 magnitude K-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of K2 V. At

689-501: Is also customary to drop the definite article in tables (e.g., a table of nations or territories with population, area, and economy, or a table of rivers by length). Proper names often have a number of variants, for instance a formal variant ( David , the United States of America ) and an informal variant ( Dave , the United States ). In languages that use alphabetic scripts and that distinguish lower and upper case , there

742-522: Is also standard that most capitalizing of common nouns is considered incorrect, except of course when the capitalization is simply a matter of text styling, as at the start of a sentence or in titles and other headings. See Letter case § Title case . Although these rules have been standardized, there are enough gray areas that it can often be unclear both whether an item qualifies as a proper name and whether it should be capitalized: "the Cuban missile crisis "

795-621: Is considered a unique abstract entity. Few proper names have only one possible referent: there are many places named New Haven ; Jupiter may refer to a planet, a god, a ship, a city in Florida, or a symphony; at least one person has been named Mata Hari , as well as a racehorse, several songs, several films, and other objects; there are towns and people named Toyota , as well as the company. In English, proper names in their primary application cannot normally be modified by articles or another determiner, although some may be taken to include

848-439: Is internationally consistent. Latinisation may be carried out by: Humanist names, assumed by Renaissance humanists , were largely Latinised names, though in some cases (e.g. Melanchthon ) they invoked Ancient Greek . Latinisation in humanist names may consist of translation from vernacular European languages, sometimes involving a playful element of punning. Such names could be a cover for humble social origins. The title of

901-892: Is not itself a proper name (it can be limited: the Londoner , some Londoners ). Similarly, African , Africanize , and Africanism are not proper names, but are capitalized because Africa is a proper name. Adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and derived common nouns that are capitalized ( Swiss in Swiss cheese ; Anglicize ; Calvinistically ; Petrarchism ) are sometimes loosely called proper adjectives (and so on), but not in mainstream linguistics. Which of these items are capitalized may be merely conventional. Abrahamic , Buddhist , Hollywoodize , Freudianism , and Reagonomics are capitalized; quixotic , bowdlerize , mesmerism , and pasteurization are not; aeolian and alpinism may be capitalized or not. Some words or some homonyms (depending on how

954-530: Is often capitalized (" Cuban Missile Crisis ") and often not, regardless of its syntactic status or its function in discourse. Most style guides give decisive recommendations on capitalization, but not all of them go into detail on how to decide in these gray areas if words are proper nouns or not and should be capitalized or not. Words or phrases that are neither proper nouns nor derived from proper nouns are often capitalized in present-day English: Dr , Baptist , Congregationalism , His and He in reference to

1007-534: Is scarcely used in linguistic theory and does not appear in the Oxford English Dictionary ). In most alphabetic languages, brand names and other commercial terms that are nouns or noun phrases are capitalized whether or not they count as proper names. Not all brand names are proper names, and not all proper names are brand names. In non-alphabetic scripts, proper names are sometimes marked by other means. In Egyptian hieroglyphs , parts of

1060-452: Is simply a matter of the pragmatics of naming, and of whether a naming convention provides identifiers that are unique; and this depends on the scope given by context. Because they are used to refer to an individual entity, proper names are, by their nature, definite; so many regard a definite article as redundant, and personal names (like John ) are used without an article or other determiner. However, some proper names are usually used with

1113-403: Is sometimes called onomastics or onomatology , while a rigorous analysis of the semantics of proper names is a matter for philosophy of language . Occasionally, what would otherwise be regarded as a proper noun is used as a common noun, in which case a plural form and a determiner are possible. Examples are in cases of ellipsis (for instance, the three Kennedys = the three members of

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1166-494: Is usually an association between proper names and capitalization . In German, all nouns are capitalized, but other words are also capitalized in proper names (not including composition titles), for instance: der Große Bär (the Great Bear, Ursa Major ). For proper names, as for several other kinds of words and phrases, the details are complex, and vary sharply from language to language. For example, expressions for days of

1219-716: The Everglades , the Azores , the Pleiades ). Proper nouns can also occur in secondary applications, for example modifying nouns (the Mozart experience; his Azores adventure), or in the role of common nouns (he's no Pavarotti ; a few would-be Napoleons ). The detailed definition of the term is problematic and, to an extent, governed by convention. A distinction is normally made in current linguistics between proper nouns and proper names . By this strict distinction, because

1272-602: The Bill of Rights (1789) capitalizes a few common nouns but not most of them; and the Thirteenth Constitutional Amendment (1865) capitalizes only proper nouns. In Danish , from the 17th century until the orthographic reform of 1948, all nouns were capitalized. In modern English orthography , it is the norm for recognized proper names to be capitalized. The few clear exceptions include summer and winter (contrast July and Christmas ). It

1325-529: The Chinese name for Eta Draconis itself is 紫微左垣三 ( Zǐ Wēi Zuǒ Yuán sān , English: the Third Star of Left Wall of Purple Forbidden Enclosure ), representing 少宰 ( Shàozǎi ), meaning The Second Premier . Possibly, 少宰 (Shàozǎi) is westernized into Hea Tsae by R.H. Allen with meaning "the Lowest Steward" but it was for Theta Draconis. Eta Draconis A is a star with 2.88 times the mass of

1378-700: The Devanagari script, along with many other languages using alphabetic or syllabic scripts, do not distinguish upper and lower case and do not mark proper names systematically. There is evidence from brain disorders such as aphasia that proper names and common names are processed differently by the brain. There also appear to be differences in language acquisition. Although Japanese does not distinguish overtly between common and proper nouns, two-year-old children learning Japanese distinguished between names for categories of object (equivalent to common names) and names of individuals (equivalent to proper names): When

1431-759: The " Wilhelmus ", national anthem of the Netherlands , preserves a Latinised form of the name of William the Silent . In English, place names often appear in Latinised form. This is a result of many early text books mentioning the places being written in Latin. Because of this, the English language often uses Latinised forms of foreign place names instead of anglicised forms or the original names. Examples of Latinised names for countries or regions are: Latinisation

1484-629: The Abrahamic deity (God). For some such words, capitalization is optional or dependent on context: northerner or Northerner ; aboriginal trees but Aboriginal land rights in Australia . When the comes at the start of a proper name, as in the White House , it is not normally capitalized unless it is a formal part of a title (of a book, film, or other artistic creation, as in The Keys to

1537-576: The Himalayas ), and collections of islands (e.g., the Hebrides ). However, if adjectives are used, they are placed after the definite article (e.g., "the mighty Yangtze"). When such proper nouns are grouped together, sometimes only a single definite article will be used at the head (e.g., " the Nile, Congo, and Niger"). And in certain contexts, it is grammatically permissible or even mandatory to drop

1590-557: The Kennedy family ) and metaphor (for instance, the new Gandhi , likening a person to Mahatma Gandhi). Current linguistics makes a distinction between proper nouns and proper names but this distinction is not universally observed and sometimes it is observed but not rigorously. When the distinction is made, proper nouns are limited to single words only (possibly with the ), while proper names include all proper nouns (in their primary applications) as well as noun phrases such as

1643-515: The Kingdom ). Nouns and noun phrases that are not proper may be uniformly capitalized to indicate that they are definitive and regimented in their application (compare brand names, discussed below). For example, Mountain Bluebird does not identify a unique individual, and it is not a proper name but a so-called common name (somewhat misleadingly, because this is not intended as a contrast with

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1696-896: The Mediterranean , the Thames ), buildings (e.g., the Parthenon ), institutions (e.g., the House of Commons ), cities and districts (e.g., The Hague , the Bronx ), works of literature (e.g., the Bible ), newspapers and magazines (e.g., The Times , The Economist , the New Statesman ), and events (e.g., the '45 , the Holocaust ). Plural proper names take the definite article. Such plural proper names include mountain ranges (e.g.,

1749-447: The Sun . The spectrum matches a stellar classification of G8 III, with the luminosity class III indicating this is an evolved giant star that has exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core. It reached this stage in only 650 million years because higher mass stars such as this consume the supply of hydrogen more rapidly than the Sun. The radius of Eta Draconis, as determined by its angular diameter and distance from Earth,

1802-550: The United Kingdom , North Carolina , Royal Air Force , and the White House . Proper names can have a common noun or a proper noun as their head ; the United Kingdom , for example, is a proper name with the common noun kingdom as its head, and North Carolina is headed by the proper noun Carolina . Especially as titles of works, but also as nicknames and the like, some proper names contain no noun and are not formed as noun phrases (the film Being There ; Hi De Ho as

1855-604: The article the , as in the Netherlands , the Roaring Forties , or the Rolling Stones . A proper name may appear to have a descriptive meaning, even though it does not (the Rolling Stones are not stones and do not roll; a woman named Rose is not a flower). If it once had a descriptive meaning, it may no longer be descriptive. For example, a location previously referred to as "the new town" may now have

1908-449: The article. The definite article is not used in the presence of preceding possessives (e.g., " Da Vinci's Mona Lisa", " our United Kingdom"), demonstratives (e.g., "life in these United States", " that spectacular Alhambra"), interrogatives (e.g., " whose Mediterranean: Rome's or Carthage's"), or words like "no" or "another" (e.g., "that dump is no Taj Mahal", "neo-Nazis want another Holocaust"). An indefinite article phrase voids

1961-403: The common noun may determine the kind of entity, and a modifier determines the unique entity itself. For example: Proper nouns, and all proper names, differ from common nouns grammatically in English. They may take titles, such as Mr Harris or Senator Harris . Otherwise, they normally only take modifiers that add emotive coloring, such as old Mrs Fletcher, poor Charles , or historic York ; in

2014-500: The definite article. Grammarians divide over whether the definite article becomes part of the proper name in these cases, or is preceding the proper name. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language terms these weak proper names , in contrast with the more typical strong proper names , which are normally used without an article. Entities with proper names that use the definite article include geographical features (e.g.,

2067-628: The early 19th century, Europe had largely abandoned Latin as a scholarly language (most scientific studies and scholarly publications are printed in English), but a variety of fields still use Latin terminology as the norm. By tradition, it is still common in some fields to name new discoveries in Latin. And because Western science became dominant during the 18th and 19th centuries, the use of Latin names in many scholarly fields has gained worldwide acceptance, at least when European languages are being used for communication. Proper names A proper noun

2120-489: The estimated distance of this star system, the two stars are separated by a physical distance of at least 140  AU and require at least a millennium to complete an orbit . Latinisation of names Latinisation (or Latinization ) of names , also known as onomastic Latinisation , is the practice of rendering a non - Latin name in a modern Latin style. It is commonly found with historical proper names , including personal names and toponyms , and in

2173-567: The head may be understood to cover for the others (e.g., " the Germany of Hitler, British Empire of Churchill, United States of Roosevelt, and Soviet Union of Stalin"). Headlines, which often simplify grammar for space or punchiness, frequently omit both definite and indefinite articles. Maps will typically include definite articles in the title, but omit them from the map image itself (e.g., Maldives, Sahara, Arctic Ocean, Andes, Elbe); however, exceptions may be made (e.g., The Wash, The Gambia). It

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2226-443: The initial element, though with many exceptions. European alphabetic scripts only developed a distinction between upper case and lower case in medieval times so in the alphabetic scripts of ancient Greek and Latin proper names were not systematically marked. They are marked with modern capitalization, however, in many modern editions of ancient texts. In past centuries, orthographic practices in English varied widely. Capitalization

2279-598: The name Athebyne (a rendering of adh-dhiʼbayn ) for the component Eta Draconis A on 5 September 2017. It approved the name Aldhibah (the female wolf) for Zeta Draconis A on the same date. Both are now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names. In Chinese , 紫微左垣 ( Zǐ Wēi Zuǒ Yuán ), meaning Left Wall of Purple Forbidden Enclosure , refers to an asterism consisting of Eta Draconis, Iota Draconis , Theta Draconis , Zeta Draconis, Upsilon Draconis , 73 Draconis , Gamma Cephei and 23 Cassiopeiae . Consequently,

2332-651: The original word. During the medieval period , after the Empire collapsed in Western Europe , the main bastion of scholarship was the Roman Catholic Church , for which Latin was the primary written language. In the early medieval period, most European scholars were priests and most educated people spoke Latin, and as a result, Latin became firmly established as the scholarly language for the West. By

2385-482: The proper name Newtown though it is no longer new and is now a city rather than a town. In English and many other languages, proper names and words derived from them are associated with capitalization, but the details are complex and vary from language to language (French lundi , Canada , un homme canadien , un Canadien ; English Monday , Canada , a Canadian man , a Canadian ; Italian lunedì , Canada , un uomo canadese , un canadese ). The study of proper names

2438-462: The standard binomial nomenclature of the life sciences. It goes further than romanisation , which is the transliteration of a word to the Latin alphabet from another script (e.g. Cyrillic ). For authors writing in Latin, this change allows the name to function grammatically in a sentence through declension . In a scientific context, the main purpose of Latinisation may be to produce a name which

2491-491: The term noun is used for a class of single words ( tree , beauty ), only single-word proper names are proper nouns: Peter and Africa are both proper names and proper nouns; but Peter the Great and South Africa , while they are proper names, are not proper nouns (though they could be said to function as proper noun phrases ). The term common name is not much used to contrast with proper name , but some linguists have used

2544-430: The term proper name ). Such capitalization indicates that the term is a conventional designation for exactly that species ( Sialia currucoides ), not for just any bluebird that happens to live in the mountains. Words or phrases derived from proper names are generally capitalized, even when they are not themselves proper names. For example, Londoner is capitalized because it derives from the proper name London , but it

2597-410: The term for that purpose. Sometimes proper names are called simply names , but that term is often used more broadly. Words derived from proper names are sometimes called proper adjectives (or proper adverbs , and so on), but not in mainstream linguistic theory. Not every noun or a noun phrase that refers to a unique entity is a proper name. Chastity, for instance, is a common noun, even if chastity

2650-515: The traditional Arabic name الذئبين al-dhiʼbayn , "the (two) wolves", lying in wait for the camel's foal, the little star Al Rubaʽ , protected by the Mother Camels . In 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN decided to attribute proper names to individual stars rather than entire multiple systems . It approved

2703-557: The use of the definite article (e.g., " a restored Sistine Chapel", " a Philippines free from colonial masters"). The definite article is omitted when such a proper noun is used attributively (e.g., " Hague residents are concerned ...", "... eight pints of Thames water ..."). If a definite article is present, it is for the noun, not the attributive (e.g., " the Amazon jungle ", " the Bay of Pigs debacle "). Vocative phrases that address

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2756-664: The week and months of the year are capitalized in English, but not in Spanish, French, Swedish, or Finnish, though they may be understood as proper names in all of these. Languages differ in whether most elements of multiword proper names are capitalized (American English has House of Representatives , in which lexical words are capitalized) or only the initial element (as in Slovenian Državni zbor , "National Assembly"). In Czech , multiword settlement names are capitalized throughout, but non-settlement names are only capitalized in

2809-565: Was much less standardized than today. Documents from the 18th century show some writers capitalizing all nouns, and others capitalizing certain nouns based on varying ideas of their importance in the discussion. Historical documents from the early United States show some examples of this process: the end (but not the beginning) of the Declaration of Independence (1776) and all of the Constitution (1787) show nearly all nouns capitalized;

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