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NATO missile defense system

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87-787: The NATO missile defense system is a missile defense system being constructed by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in several member states and around the Mediterranean Sea . Plans for this system have changed several times since first studied in 2002, including as a response to Russian opposition. A missile defense feasibility study was launched in May 2001. The NATO Consultation, Command and Control Agency (NC3A) and NATO's Conference of National Armaments Directors (CNAD) were also involved in negotiations. The study concluded that missile defense

174-598: A divizion of Iskander missiles. In November 2014, US General Breedlove stated that Russian forces "capable of being nuclear" had been moved into Crimea, the Ukrainian peninsula which the Russian Federation had annexed in March, and the following month Ukrainian Armed Forces announced that Russia had deployed a nuclear-capable Iskander division in the territory. Russian Foreign Ministry officials declared

261-670: A September 2009 White House Factsheet entitled "Fact Sheet on U.S. Missile Defense Policy - A "Phased, Adaptive Approach" for Missile Defense in Europe" contains the following four phases: The deployment of warships equipped with the Aegis RIM-161 SM-3 missile began after Obama's speech in September 2009. These missiles complement the Patriot missile systems already deployed by American units. Though initially supportive of

348-406: A hypersonic missile against Ukraine, Joe Biden characterized the weapon as "almost impossible to stop". Boost-glide hypersonic weapons shift trajectory to evade current missile-defense systems. Glide Phase Interceptor (GPI) will provide defense against maneuvering hypersonic weapons . Another way to counter an ABM system is to attach multiple warheads that break apart upon reentry. If

435-399: A Secretary at War that the change was made to ensure a more effective defense for Europe. Poland has sought cooperation with France and Germany in the establishment of a joint missile defense system. Missile defense Missile defense is a system, weapon, or technology involved in the detection, tracking, interception, and also the destruction of attacking missiles . Conceived as

522-658: A confirmed range of 400 km (250 miles), published range of 415 km (258 miles), and rumored range of 500 km (310 miles). Speed Mach 6–7, flight altitude up to 6–50 km, nuclear capable missile, controlled at all stages, not ballistic flight path. Immediately after the launch and upon approach to the target, the missile can perform intensive maneuvering to evade anti-ballistic missiles . "K" for Krylataya ("Winged") ( Russian : крылатая ракета ). Variant intended to carry various types of cruise missiles ( Russian : крылатая ракета ; literally winged rocket). At present, it includes: "E" for Eksport . The director of

609-594: A defense against nuclear-armed intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), its application has broadened to include shorter-ranged non-nuclear tactical and theater missiles. China , France , India , Iran , Israel , Italy , Russia , Taiwan , the United Kingdom and the United States have all developed such air defense systems. Missile defense can be divided into categories based on various characteristics: type/range of missile intercepted,

696-467: A deployment could lead to a new arms race and could enhance the likelihood of mutual destruction. He also suggested that his country would freeze its compliance with the 1990 Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)—which limits military deployments across the continent—until all NATO countries had ratified the adapted CFE treaty . Secretary General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer claimed the system would not affect strategic balance or threaten Russia, as

783-465: A matter of seconds. The mobility of the Iskander launch platform makes a launch difficult to prevent. Targets can be located not only by satellite and aircraft but also by a conventional intelligence center, by an artillery observer , or from aerial photos scanned into a computer. The missiles can be re-targeted during flight in the case of engaging mobile targets. Another unique feature of Iskander-M

870-439: A missile decoy is. These types of decoys attempt to mask the attacking ICBM via the release of many similar missiles. This type of decoy confuses the missile defense system by the sudden replication and the sheer amount that the defense has to deal with. Knowing that no defense system is 100% reliable, this confusion within the targeting of the defense system would cause the system to target each decoy with equal priority and as if it

957-519: A multitude of sensory information at a centralized center for the ballistic missile defense system (BMDS). The command center allows for human management in accordance to the incorporated sensory information- BMDS status, system coverage, and ballistic missile attacks. The interface system helps build an image of the battle scenario or situation which enables the user to select the optimal firing solutions. The first C2BMC system became operational in 2004. Since then, many elements have been added to update

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1044-481: A new tactical missile system called the Iskander. He said that the system would go into quantity production in 2005 and toward the end of that year, Russia would have a brigade armed with it. In March 2005, a source in the Russian defence industry told Interfax-AVN the development of new missiles with a range of 500–600 kilometres (270–320 nmi; 310–370 mi), based on existing Iskander-E tactical missile systems,

1131-625: A partner in its ballistic missile defense system. V. K. Saraswat , the architect of Indian Ballistic Missile Defense Program , subsequently told the press, "We are analysing the report. It is under consideration." Also in September 2011, the White House released a Factsheet that reports on the European Phased Adaptive Approach (EPAA). With respect to EPAA's implementation as part of the NATO missile defense in Europe

1218-708: A preliminary deal to place part of the missile defense shield in Poland that would be linked to air-defense radar in the Czech Republic. More than 130,000 Czechs signed a petition for a referendum on the base. On 20 March 2015, Russia's ambassador to Denmark wrote a letter to the editor of Jyllands-Posten warning the Danes that their participation in this merge of assets would make their warships targets of Russian nuclear missiles . Denmark's former Minister for Foreign Affairs Holger K. Nielsen commented that if there's

1305-493: A proposed Russian Iskander surface to surface missile deployment in nearby Kaliningrad would also not go ahead. The two deployment cancellation announcements were later followed with a statement by newly named NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen calling for a strategic partnership between Russia and the Alliance, explicitly involving technological cooperation of the two parties' missile defense systems. According to

1392-581: A range of 500 km and achieves a circular error probable (CEP) of 5–7 meters (when coupled with optical homing head; 30–70 m in autonomous application ). Iskander is a tactical missile system designed to be used in theater level conflicts. It is intended to use conventional or thermonuclear weapon warheads for the engagement of small and area targets (both moving and stationary), such as hostile fire weapons, air and anti-missile defenses, command posts and communications nodes and troops in concentration areas, among others. According to Russian claims,

1479-478: A time when tension was high between Russia and most of NATO and resulted in a nuclear threat on Poland by Russia if the building of the missile defenses went ahead. On 20 August 2008 the United States and Poland signed the agreement, while Russia sent word to Norway that it was suspending ties with NATO . During the 2008 Bucharest Summit , the alliance further discussed the technical details as well as

1566-450: A war, Danish warships will be targets in any case. On 17 September 2009, U.S. President Barack Obama announced that the planned deployment of long-range missile defense interceptors and equipment in Poland and the Czech Republic was not to go forward, and that a defense against short- and medium-range missiles using Aegis warships would be deployed instead. Following the change in plans, Russian President Dimitri Medvedev announced that

1653-620: Is a Russian mobile short-range ballistic missile system. It has a range of 500 kilometres (270 nmi; 310 mi). It was intended to replace the OTR-21 Tochka in the Russian military by 2020. The Iskander has several different conventional warheads, including a cluster munitions warhead, a fuel–air explosive enhanced-blast warhead, a high-explosive fragmentation warhead, an earth penetrator for bunker busting and an electromagnetic pulse device for anti-radar missions. The missile can also carry nuclear warheads. In September 2017,

1740-477: Is accomplished by graphite vanes similar in layout to the V-2 and Scud series tactical ballistic missiles. According to some rumors, in flight, the missile follows a quasi-ballistic path, performing evasive maneuvers in the terminal phase of flight and releasing decoys in order to penetrate missile defense systems (American officials have confirmed the use of decoys in at least some versions). The missile never leaves

1827-411: Is accomplished via the releasing of decoys in certain phases of flight. Because objects of differing weights follow the same trajectory when in space, decoys released during the midcourse phase can prevent interceptor missiles from accurately identifying the warhead. This could force the defense system to attempt to destroy all incoming projectiles, which masks the true attacking missile and lets it slip by

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1914-483: Is an unified command and control network developed by the US Army. It is designed to integrate data relay between weapon launchers, radars , and the operators, which allows air-defense units to fire interceptors with information being relayed among radars. The advantage of such a system is it can increase the area an air unit can defend and reduce interceptor spending by ensuring than no other air defense unit would engage

2001-598: Is being delivered to the military. In 2013, army missile brigades first received missiles equipped with a new control system. As of 2018, the Iskander missile complex can now strike static sea targets. In 2020 it was said that the MAZ was the primary supplier for the chassis of the launchers for the Iskander-M because the domestic Russian products are of comparatively low quality. The system can be transported by various vehicles, including airplanes . When nuclear armed,

2088-499: Is intended to be operational in 2019; between 2016 and 2017, implementation of IBCS had to be put on hold due to software issues with the system. In 2021, F-35 sensor data were linked via airborne gateway to ground-based IBCS, to conduct a simulated Army fires exercise, for future Joint All-Domain Command and Control ( JADC2 ). 9K720 Iskander The 9K720 Iskander ( Russian : «Искандер» ; NATO reporting name SS-26 Stone )

2175-513: Is intended to improve the interoperability for joint operations of NATO and coalition forces. Link-16 is also used by the US Army and Navy for air and sea operations. An important feature of Link-16 is its ability to broadcast information simultaneously to as many users as needed. Another feature of Link-16 is its ability to act as nodes, which allows for a multitude of distributed forces to operate cohesively. The newest generation of Link-16

2262-423: Is technically feasible, and it provided a technical basis for ongoing political and military discussions regarding the desirability of a NATO missile defense system. The United States negotiated with Poland and the Czech Republic over the course of several years after on the deployment of interceptor missiles and a radar tracking system in the two countries. Both countries' governments indicated that they would allow

2349-407: Is the multifunctional information distribution system low-volume terminal (MIDS LVT). It is a much smaller unit that can be fitted on air, ground, and sea units to incorporate data. The MIDS LVT terminals are installed on most bombers , aircraft , UAVs , and tankers , allowing for the incorporation of most air defense systems. The Integrated Air and Missile Defense Battle Command System (IBCS)

2436-404: Is the optically guided warhead, which can also be controlled by encrypted radio transmission, including such as those from AWACS or UAV . The electro-optical guidance system provides a self-homing capability. The missile's on-board computer receives images of the target, then locks onto the target with its sight and descends towards it at supersonic speed. Boost phase thrust vector control (TVC)

2523-576: Is to merge missile defense assets provided by individual Allies into a coherent defense system so that full coverage and protection for all NATO European populations, territory and forces against the threats posed by proliferation of ballistic missiles is ensured. This goal is expected to be released sometime between the end of the 2010s and the beginning of the 2020s. To this end Spain will host four US Aegis warships at its port in Rota while Poland and Romania have agreed to host US land-based SM-3 missiles in

2610-563: The Belgorod Oblast as close as 60 km from the border of Ukraine. In March 2023, Ukrainian Air Force spokesman Yuri Ihnat reported that Ukraine was unable to shoot down Iskander ballistic missiles. However, on 29 May, Ukraine claimed to have destroyed 11 Iskander missiles of both the ballistic and cruise missile variants. On 5 March 2024, it was confirmed that a M142 HIMARS was destroyed by an Iskander ballistic missile near Nykanorivka, in eastern Ukraine's Donetsk Oblast. It

2697-613: The Idlib province in Syria. During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , Russia launched several Iskander missiles over their border into Ukraine as part of their assault. Here, these missiles demonstrated a previously unknown capability that employed decoys to confuse air defense systems. It is believed this technology was kept a closely guarded secret, and not included on Iskander missiles exported outside of Russia. Up from 23 April 2022, Russia deployed more units equipped with Iskander-M to

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2784-732: The KB Mashinostroyeniya (KBM) general designer Valery M. Kashin said that there were at least seven types of missiles (and "perhaps more") for Iskander, including one cruise missile . The road-mobile Iskander was the second attempt by Russia to replace the Scud missile . The first attempt, the OTR-23 Oka , was eliminated under the INF Treaty . The design work on Iskander was begun in December 1988, initially directed by

2871-591: The Volga region ; 103rd Rocket Brigade at Ulan-Ude , north of Mongolia; 107th Rocket Brigade at Semistochni  [ ru ] , in the Far East; and the 114th Rocket Brigade at Znamensk, in the northern Caucasus. In June 2013, it was revealed that Russia had deployed several Iskander-M ballistic missile systems in Armenia at undisclosed locations. In 2016, it was reported by media that Armenia had received

2958-534: The "park zones" for Iskander missiles deployment had been completed in the Kaliningrad region, as well as in North Ossetia . Armenia reportedly used its Iskander missiles against Azerbaijani forces during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War . According to unconfirmed claims by ex-president of Armenia Serzh Sargsyan , the missiles were fired on the town of Shushi after its capture by Azerbaijani forces in

3045-652: The ABM is able to counter one or two of the warheads via detonation or collision the others would slip through radar either because of limitations on ABM firing speeds or because of radar blackout caused by plasma interference. The first MRV was the Polaris A-3 which had three warheads and was launched from a submarine. Before regulations on how many warheads could be stored in a MIRV, the Soviets had up to twenty to thirty attached to ICBMs. Jammers use radar noise to saturate

3132-853: The Aegis Ashore site in Poland had not yet been completed, due to incomplete auxiliary controls for heating, power, and cooling. Missile Defense Agency 's Vice Admiral Jon Hill was to announce in February 2020 whether another contractor would be required. By 2018 the Aegis SM-3 Block IB missiles were already on-site in Poland; the Aegis Ashore Ballistic Missile Defense System in Romania is operational. The Aegis Ashore site in Poland became operational in summer 2024. A 2012 GAO report found that

3219-637: The Azerbaijan National Agency for Mine Action, who were demining and clearing the territories from mines and shells in Shushi, discovered the wreckage of an Iskander-M missile with identification number 9M723. Currently there are seven different types of ballistic and cruise missiles for both variants of the Iskander missile system. Variant for the Russian Armed Forces with two 9M723 quasi-ballistic missiles with

3306-460: The C2BMC, which act to provide further sensory information and allow for enhanced communications between combatant commanders. A C2BMC is even capable of initiating live planning system before any engagement has even started. The function of ground-based midcourse defense (GMD) systems is to provide combatants the ability to seek and destroy intermediate- and long-range ballistic missiles en route to

3393-598: The Dutch journalist. In September 2009, the Russian military announced plans to deploy Iskander missiles in all the military districts of Russia "in a short time". According to the Stratfor report in 2010 there were five Iskander brigades stationed and operational in Russia, namely the 26th Rocket Brigade in the town of Luga, Leningrad Oblast , south of St. Petersburg ; 92nd Rocket Brigade at Kamenka, near Penza in

3480-647: The Earth's atmosphere, and they can be intercepted in either place. There are advantages and disadvantages to either intercept technique. Some missiles such as THAAD can intercept both inside and outside the Earth's atmosphere, giving two intercept opportunities. Endoatmospheric anti-ballistic missiles are usually shorter ranged (e.g., American MIM-104 Patriot , Indian Advanced Air Defence ). Advantages: Disadvantages: Exoatmospheric anti-ballistic missiles are usually longer-ranged (e.g., American GMD, Ground-Based Midcourse Defense ). Advantages: Disadvantages: Given

3567-635: The Israeli Iron Dome , American MIM-104 Patriot and Russian S-300V . Ballistic missiles can be intercepted in three regions of their trajectory : boost phase , midcourse phase, or terminal phase. Intercepting the missile while its rocket motors are firing, usually over the launch territory. Advantages: Disadvantages: Intercepting the missile in space after the rocket burns out (example: American Ground-Based Midcourse Defense (GMD), Chinese SC-19 & DN-series missiles, Israeli Arrow 3 missile). Advantages: Disadvantages: Intercepting

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3654-623: The KBM rocket weaponry designer Sergey Nepobedimy , and was not significantly affected by the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. The first successful launch occurred in 1996. In September 2004, at a meeting with senior defense officials reporting to President Vladimir Putin on the drafting of a defense budget for 2005, the Russian Defence Minister Sergei Ivanov spoke about the completion of static tests of

3741-478: The Russian military confirmed that they had moved Iskander-M missiles into the Kaliningrad Oblast, adding the move was part of routine drills and had happened previously multiple times and would happen in future. In early February 2018, Shamanov confirmed that Russia had deployed an unidentified number of Iskander missiles to the Kaliningrad region. Days prior, the local military commanders said that

3828-610: The Russian president Dmitry Medvedev in his first annual address to the Federal Assembly of Russia announced plans to deploy Iskander missiles to the Kaliningrad Oblast , Russia's westernmost territory on the south-eastern coast of the Baltic Sea , if the U.S. went ahead with its European Ballistic Missile Defense System . On 17 September 2009, US president Barack Obama announced the cancellation of

3915-431: The U.S. missile defense project in Poland and the Czech Republic. The following day, Moscow indicated it might in turn cancel the plans to deploy Iskander missiles to Kaliningrad; a few days later, the decision not to deploy was confirmed by Medvedev. According to Russian unofficial media reports, Russia deployed Iskander missiles to the Kaliningrad Oblast as part of military exercises in March 2015. On 8 October 2016,

4002-561: The US Ground-Based Midcourse Defense that defends the United States from missiles launched from Asia and the Israeli Arrow 3 which defends Israel from ICBMs . Geographic range of strategic defense can be regional (Russian system) or national (US and Israeli system's). Targets medium-range missiles, which travel at about 3 km/s (6,700 mph) or less. In this context, the term "theater" means

4089-495: The US homeland. Data are transmitted from the defense satellite communication system, and compiles an image using the coordinated information. The system is able to relay real-time data once missiles have been launched. The GMD can also work to receive information from the C2BMC, which allows Aegis SPY-1 , and TPY-2 to contribute to the defense system. A problem with GMD is that the ground systems have increasingly becoming obsolete as

4176-540: The area of destruction from a single warhead is 25,000 square meters, or about two football fields and the accuracy of the missile allows it to hit targets the size of a small window from a range of several tens of kilometers. In 2007, a new missile for the system (and launcher) was test fired, the R-500  [ ru ] cruise missile, with a range of applications up to 2000 km or more. Presently, "Iskander-M" system, outfitted with cruise and ballistic missiles,

4263-413: The atmosphere as it follows a relatively flat trajectory. The missile is controlled during the whole flight with gas-dynamic and aerodynamic control surfaces. It uses small fins to reduce its radar signature. The Russian Iskander-M travels at a hypersonic speed of 2100–2600 m/s (Mach 6–7) and an altitude of 50 km. The Iskander-M weighs 4,615 kg, carries a warhead of 710–800 kg, has

4350-543: The coming years. According to a State Department official Frank A. Rose, the United States has "offered EPAA assets to the Alliance" as an "interim BMD capability", including the AN/TPY-2 radar deployed in Turkey, which is "under NATO operational control". Rose also said that "In addition, U.S. BMD-capable Aegis ships in Europe are also now able to operate under NATO operational control when threat conditions warrant." In 2020,

4437-555: The company-developer of the system said in April 2024 that the precision of the missile has been improved since the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine . The Iskander-M system is equipped with two solid-propellant single-stage guided missiles , model 9M723K1 . Each one is controlled throughout the entire flight path and fitted with an inseparable warhead . Each missile in the launch carrier vehicle can be independently targeted in

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4524-477: The components supply chain from a cumulative 810% to markup of 21% applied only to the finished product. There was a report by GosNIIP, the design bureau that builds guidance for cruise missiles, that Russia completed state acceptance trials of the "ground-based 9M728/9M729 missiles and their modernized version." In November 2016, the Russian military announced that the modernization of the Iskander-M system

4611-428: The defense system. Since there can be many forms of this type of deception of a missile system, different categorizations of decoys have developed, all of which operate and are designed slightly different. Details of these types of decoys and their effectiveness were provided in a report by a variety of prominent scientists in 2000. This categorization of decoy is the most similar to the standard understanding of what

4698-478: The deployment. In April 2007, NATO's European allies called for a NATO missile defense system which would complement the American national missile defense system to protect Europe from missile attacks and NATO's decision-making North Atlantic Council held consultations on missile defense in the first meeting on the topic at such a senior level. In response, Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin claimed that such

4785-576: The effective banning of biological weaponry and chemical agents within war. However, this does not guarantee that this countermeasure to missile defense system will not be abused via extremists or terrorists. An example of this severe threat can be further seen in North Korea's testing of anthrax tipped ICBMs in 2017. Countries including Iran and North Korea may have sought missiles that can maneuver and vary their trajectories in order to evade missile defense systems. In March 2022, when Russia used

4872-560: The entire localized region for military operations, typically a radius of several hundred kilometers; defense range of these systems is usually on this order. Examples of deployed theater missile defenses: Israeli Arrow 2 missile and David's Sling , American THAAD , and Russian S-400 . Targets short-range tactical ballistic missiles , which usually travel at less than 1.5 km/s (3,400 mph). Tactical anti-ballistic missiles (ABMs) have short ranges, typically 20–80 km (12–50 miles). Examples of currently-deployed tactical ABMs are

4959-463: The factsheet notes the four phases outlined above: During its 2012 Chicago Summit NATO leaders declared that the NATO missile defense system has reached interim capability. Interim capability means that a basic command and control capability has been tested and installed at NATOs Headquarters Allied Air Command in Ramstein , Germany , while NATO Allies provide sensors and interceptors to connect to

5046-537: The first foreign country to operate the system. Iskander-E has a maximum range up to 280 km, to comply with Missile Technology Control Regime restrictions for export, and is fitted with a simplified inertial guidance system. It flies on a flattened trajectory under 50 km altitude, allowing aerodynamic steering using tail fins, permitting a less predictable flight path and accurate delivery. The system can also use missiles carrying warheads with cluster munitions . The full Iskander system includes The system

5133-526: The heat traces of incoming missiles, this capsule of extremely cold liquid either renders the incoming missile entirely invisible to detection or reduces the system's ability to detect the incoming missile fast enough. Another commonly applied countermeasure to missile defense is the application of various low-emissivity coatings. Similar to cooled shrouds, these warheads are fully coated with infrared reflective or resistant coatings that allow similar resistance to infrared detection that cooled shrouds do. Because

5220-852: The immense variety by which a defense system can operate (targeting nuclear-armed intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), tactical , and theater missiles), there are some unarguably effective exoatmospheric (outside the Earth's atmosphere ) countermeasures an attacking party can use to deter or completely defend against certain types of defense systems, ranges of ACBM's , and intercept locations. Many of defenses to these countermeasures have been implemented and taken into account when constructing missile defense systems, however, it does not guarantee their effectiveness or success. The US Missile Defense Agency has received scrutiny in regards to their lack of foresight of these countermeasures, causing many scientists to perform various studies and data analysis as to

5307-608: The incoming signals to the point where the radar cannot discern meaningful data about a target's location with meaningless noise. They can also imitate the signal of a missile to create a fake target.  They are usually spread over planned missile paths to enemy territory to give the missile a clear path to their target. Because these jammers take relatively little electricity and hardware to operate, they are usually small, self-contained, and easily dispersible. Command and control, battle management, and communications (C2BMC) systems are hardware and software interfaces that integrate

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5394-443: The last days of the war. Responding to these claims, Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan neither confirmed nor denied the claim that an Iskander was fired on Shushi, but implied that the missiles that were launched did not explode or only exploded "by 10 percent." The Armenian prime minister's claims were rejected by a number of Russian lawmakers and military experts as well as by ex-defense minister of Armenia Seyran Ohanyan (under whom

5481-405: The missile after it reenters the atmosphere (examples: American Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System , Chinese HQ-29 , American THAAD, American Sprint , Russian ABM-3 Gazelle ) Advantages: Disadvantages: Missile defense can take place either inside (endoatmospheric) or outside (exoatmospheric) the Earth's atmosphere . The trajectory of most ballistic missiles takes them inside and outside

5568-438: The missile shortly after the boost phase of the attacking ICBM. Because missile defense systems are designed with intent to destroy main attacking missiles or ICBMs, this system of sub-munition attack is too numerous for the system to defend against while also distributing the chemical or biological agent across a large area of attack. There is currently no proposed countermeasure to this type of attack except through diplomacy and

5655-461: The missiles were acquired by Armenia). The Russian Ministry of Defence released a statement claiming that the Iskander missiles were not used at all during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War. Another claim was made by an anonymous Azerbaijani official that Armenian forces fired an Iskander missile at Azerbaijan's capital Baku in the last days of the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War, but it was shot down by an Israeli-made Barak 8 . On 15 March, employees of

5742-456: The most effective coating discovered so far is gold, though, this method is often overstepped by cooled shrouds. This is perhaps the most extreme approach to countering missile defense systems that are designed to destroy ICBMs and other forms of nuclear weaponry. Rather than using many missiles equipped with nuclear warheads as their main weapon of attack, this idea involves the release of biological or chemical sub-munition weapons or agents from

5829-491: The need for a detailed examination. The actual warhead may simply pass by undetected, or rejected as a threat. Another common countermeasure used to fool missile defense systems are the implementation of cooled shrouds surrounding attacking missiles. This method covers the entire missile in a steel containment filled with liquid oxygen, nitrogen, or other coolants that prevent the missile from being easily detected. Because many missile defense systems use infrared sensors to detect

5916-497: The phase four interceptors may be poorly placed and of the wrong type to defend the United States. This capability was planned to be in place by 2020, but this has "been delayed to at least 2022 due to cuts in congressional funding." Some Republicans including Mitt Romney , Dick Cheney and John McCain have called Obama's changes from the system Bush proposed a "gift" to Vladimir Putin , but Gates wrote in Duty: Memoirs of

6003-474: The plan is to base only ten interceptor missiles in Poland with an associated radar in the Czech Republic. On 14 July 2007, Russia gave notice of its intention to suspend the CFE treaty, effective 150 days later. On 14 August 2008, the United States and Poland came to an agreement to place a base with ten interceptor missiles with associated MIM-104 Patriot air defense systems in Poland. This came at

6090-674: The plan, once USS  Monterey  (CG-61) was actually deployed to the Black Sea, the Russian Foreign Ministry issued a statement voicing concern about the deployment. On 4 February 2010, Romania agreed to host the SM-3 missiles starting in 2015 at Deveselu . The first element of this revised system, the early warning radar station in Kürecik , Malatya , Turkey, went operational in 2012. The BMD component in Romania

6177-403: The political and military implications of the proposed elements of the US missile defense system in Europe. Allied leaders recognized that the planned deployment of European-based US missile defense assets would help protect many Allies, and agreed that this capability should be an integral part of any future NATO-wide missile defense architecture. In August 2008, Poland and the United States signed

6264-422: The result of the replica decoy, increasing the chance that the real warhead passes through the system and strikes the target. This type of decoy is perhaps the most difficult and subversive for a missile defense system to determine. Instead of taking advantage of the missile defense system's targeting, this type of decoy intends to fool the operation of the system itself. Rather than using sheer quantity to overrun

6351-575: The right to deploy nuclear weapons in the peninsula, which is generally recognized as part of Ukraine , in December 2014 and June 2015. In March 2016, at least one Iskander system was reportedly deployed at Russia's Hmeimim airbase in Syria . In January 2017 an Israeli company claimed satellite photography confirmed the Syrian deployment. According to a Fox News report in early February 2017, four Iskander missiles had been fired at opposition targets in

6438-410: The same target. The IBCS will be able to integrate with air defense networks of foreign military as the global C2BMC system. IBCS engagement stations will integrate raw data from multiple sensors and process it into a single air picture, and choose elect different weapons and launcher locations depending on the detected threat instead of being limited to particular unit capabilities. The IBCS system

6525-503: The state corporation Rostec Sergey Chemezov commented that the Iskander missile complex is a serious offensive weapon capable of carrying a nuclear warhead. This ballistic missile system is in the military list of products prohibited for export. Iskander missile complexes cannot be exported. In 2016, Armenia, a Russian ally and a member of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) became

6612-608: The system. It also means that US ships with anti-missile interceptors in the Mediterranean Sea and a Turkey-based radar system have been put under NATO command in the German base. "Our system will link together missile defense assets from different Allies – satellites, ships, radars and interceptors – under NATO command and control. It will allow us to defend against threats from outside the Euro-Atlantic area," NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen said. NATO long-term goal

6699-486: The targeting system, an anti-simulation decoy disguises the actual warhead as a decoy, and a decoy as the actual warhead. This system of "anti-simulation" allows the attacking warhead to, in some cases, take advantage of the "bulk-filtering" of certain missile defense systems, in which objects with characteristics of the warhead poorly matching those expected by the defense are either not observed because of sensor filters, or observed very briefly and immediately rejected without

6786-402: The technology was initially installed as early as the 1990s. So, the ground sensors had been replaced sometime in 2018. The update was to add the capability of handling up to 44 systems; it would also reduce overlapping redundancies and inefficiencies. Missiles are a link that connects communication between land, air, and sea forces to support joint operations and improve operability. The system

6873-531: The trajectory phase where the intercept occurs, and whether intercepted inside or outside the Earth's atmosphere: These types/ranges include strategic, theater and tactical. Each entails unique requirements for intercept; a defensive system capable of intercepting one missile type frequently cannot intercept others. However, there is sometimes overlap in capability. Targets long-range ICBMs , which travel at about 7 km/s (15,700 mph). Examples of currently active systems: Russian A-135 , which defends Moscow,

6960-470: The true effectiveness of these countermeasures. A common countermeasure that attacking parties use to disrupt the efficacy of Missile Defense Systems are the simultaneous launching of decoys from the primary launch site or from the exterior of the main attacking missile itself. These decoys are usually small, lightweight dud rockets that take advantage of the interceptor sensors tracking and fool it by making many different targets available in an instant. This

7047-593: The warhead is estimated to have a yield of 5 to 50 kilotonnes of TNT (21 to 209 TJ) (Iskander-M). The first documented use of the Iskander was in the Russo-Georgian War in which Dutch journalist Stan Storimans was killed on 12 August 2008 in Gori . An investigation by the Dutch government revealed that a single, 5 mm fragment from an anti-personnel sub-munition, carried by an Iskander missile, killed

7134-415: The warhead itself. This creates a different kind of confusion within the system; rather than creating a situation where each decoy (and the warhead itself) appears the same and is therefore targeted and treated exactly like the "real" warhead, the targeting system simply does not know what is the real threat and what is a decoy due to the mass amount of differing information. This creates a similar situation as

7221-399: Was a possibility. He said, however, that it "may take up to five or six years". In 2006, serial production of the Iskander-M tactical ballistic missile system was launched, and the system was adopted by the Russian army. The production cost of the missile system was reported in 2014 to have been slashed by a third by cutting the 20% markup applied by the missile manufacturer at each stage of

7308-459: Was the actual warhead, allowing the real warheads chance of passing through the system and striking the target to increase drastically. Similar to replica decoys, these types of decoys also take advantage of the limitations in number within the missile defense systems targeting. However, rather than using missiles of similar build and trace to the attacking warhead, these types of decoys all have slightly different appearances from both each other and

7395-626: Was the first time a HIMARS system was destroyed in Ukraine. On 9 March 2024, it was confirmed that an Iskander ballistic missile was used to destroy two German-supplied M901 launchers for the MIM-104 Patriot air defence system near Pokrovsk . It was the first time components of a Patriot were destroyed in Ukraine. In early July 2024, Russian forces launched a wave of attacks using Iskander missiles at Ukrainian airbases, after first using drones for aerial reconnaissance: In November 2008,

7482-585: Was undergoing an upgrade in May 2019; in the interim a THAAD unit, B Battery (THAAD), 62nd Air Defense Artillery Regiment , was emplaced in NSF Deveselu , Romania; the upgrade was completed August 9, 2019 and the THAAD battery has returned to its home station. Other parts of the missile defense system are planned to be built in Portugal, Poland, Romania and Spain. In September 2011, NATO invited India to be

7569-428: Was underway. A number of countries were reported to have shown interest in purchasing the export version of Iskander, but such possibility was only announced in early February 2017. The United States has argued that the 9M728/9M729 (SSC-X-7/SSC-X-8) cruise missiles used by Iskander-K violates the INF Treaty because their estimated range is beyond 500 kilometres (270 nmi; 310 mi). The General Director of

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