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100-528: Eustace Clarence Scrubb is a fictional character in C. S. Lewis 's Chronicles of Narnia . He appears in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , The Silver Chair , and The Last Battle . In The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , he is accompanied by Edmund and Lucy Pevensie , his cousins. In The Silver Chair and The Last Battle , he is accompanied by Jill Pole , a classmate from his school. Eustace

200-466: A boy but is too small for a dragon's leg. Upon return to the Dawn Treader , he is nearly attacked by the crew until Lucy asks if he is Eustace, to which he vigorously nods his head. Being a dragon changes Eustace; instead of behaving like his usual sulky self, he helps the travellers find food, shelter, and a tree to serve as a new mainmast . The problem comes when it is time to leave the island, as

300-455: A child in 1958 if he would please write another book entitled "Susan of Narnia" so that the entire Pevensie family would be reunited, C. S. Lewis replied: "I am so glad you like the Narnian books and it was nice of you to write and tell me. There's no use just asking me to write more. When stories come into my mind I have to write them, and when they don't I can't!…" Lucy is the youngest of

400-528: A children's story on an odd sheet of paper which has survived as part of another manuscript: This book is about four children whose names were Ann, Martin, Rose and Peter. But it is most about Peter who was the youngest. They all had to go away from London suddenly because of Air Raids, and because Father, who was in the Army, had gone off to the War and Mother was doing some kind of war work. They were sent to stay with

500-477: A disposition" (or "bring an action") at a British consulate or a British court; and he is beaten by Reepicheep for treating the mouse as one might a circus animal. Eustace wanders off by himself when the ship puts ashore on an unexplored island. He falls asleep on a dead dragon 's hoard and finds himself transformed into a dragon by "greedy, dragonish thoughts" in his heart. He also finds himself in constant pain from Lord Octesian's arm bracelet, which he put on as

600-411: A dragon for a while. His distress at having to live as a dragon causes him to reflect upon how horrible he has been, and his subsequent improved character is rewarded when Aslan changes him back into a boy. In the later books, Eustace comes across as a much nicer person, although he is still rather grumpy and argumentative. Nonetheless, he becomes a hero along with Jill Pole when the pair succeed in freeing

700-676: A fan that he thought she may eventually believe again: "The books don't tell us what happened to Susan   … But there is plenty of time for her to mend, and perhaps she will get to Aslan's country in the end—in her own way." Peter is the eldest of the Pevensies. In The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe , he kills Maugrim, a talking wolf, to save Susan, and leads the Narnian army against the White Witch. Aslan names him High King , and he

800-469: A kind of relation of Mother's who was a very old professor who lived all by himself in the country. In "It All Began with a Picture" C. S. Lewis continues: At first, I had very little idea how the story would go. But then suddenly Aslan came bounding into it. I think I had been having a good many dreams of lions about that time. Apart from that, I don't know where the Lion came from or why he came. But once he

900-456: A man here. I pictured Him becoming a lion there because (a) the lion is supposed to be the king of beasts; (b) Christ is called "The Lion of Judah" in the Bible; (c) I'd been having strange dreams about lions when I began writing the work." The similarity between the death and resurrection of Aslan and the death and resurrection of Jesus is obvious; one author has observed that like Jesus, Aslan

1000-419: A much better person. Eustace returns to his progressive school where he is now labeled a misfit, due to the changes in him wrought during The Voyage of The Dawn Treader . Where before he was a crony and tale-bearer to the gang of bullies who are given free rein at the school, he is now one of their targets, but has the courage to withstand them. He befriends fellow misfit Jill Pole , and their desire to leave

1100-401: A prequel and presents Narnia's origin story : how Aslan created the world and how evil first entered it. Digory Kirke and his friend Polly Plummer stumble into different worlds by experimenting with magic rings given to them by Digory's uncle. In the dying world of Charn they awaken Queen Jadis, and another world turns out to be the beginnings of the Narnian world (where Jadis later becomes

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1200-485: A series of seven portal fantasy novels by British author C. S. Lewis . Illustrated by Pauline Baynes and originally published between 1950 and 1956, the series is set in the fictional realm of Narnia , a fantasy world of magic, mythical beasts and talking animals. It narrates the adventures of various children who play central roles in the unfolding history of the Narnian world. Except in The Horse and His Boy ,

1300-521: A visionary as well as a warrior, and ultimately his willing self-exile to Aslan's Country breaks the enchantment on the last three of the Lost Lords, thus achieving the final goal of the quest. Lewis identified Reepicheep as "specially" exemplifying the latter book's theme of "the spiritual life". Reepicheep makes one final cameo appearance at the end of The Last Battle , in Aslan's Country. Puddleglum

1400-407: Is Lewis's best-selling work, having sold 120 million copies in 47 languages. The series has been adapted for radio, television, the stage, film and video games. Although Lewis originally conceived what would become The Chronicles of Narnia in 1939 (the picture of a Faun with parcels in a snowy wood has a history dating to 1914), he did not finish writing the first book The Lion, the Witch and

1500-484: Is Shasta's mount and mentor in The Horse and His Boy . A Talking Horse of Narnia, he wandered into Calormen as a foal and was captured. He first appears as a Calormene nobleman's war-horse; when the nobleman buys Shasta as a slave, Bree organises and carries out their joint escape. Though friendly, he is also vain and a braggart until his encounter with Aslan late in the story. Aslan C.S. Lewis often capitalizes

1600-699: Is a wise, compassionate, magical authority (both temporal and spiritual) who serves as mysterious and benevolent guide to the human children who visit, as well as being the guardian and saviour of Narnia. C. S. Lewis described Aslan as an alternative version of Jesus as the form in which he may have appeared in an alternative reality. In his book Miracles , C.S. Lewis argues that the possible existence of other worlds with other sentient life-forms should not deter or detract from being Christian : [The universe] may be full of lives that have been redeemed in modes suitable to their condition, of which we can form no conception. It may be full of lives that have been redeemed in

1700-418: Is an invention giving an imaginary answer to the question, "What might Christ become like if there really were a world like Narnia and He chose to be incarnate and die and rise again in that world as He actually has done in ours?" This is not allegory at all. In one of his last letters, Lewis wrote, "Since Narnia is a world of Talking Beasts, I thought He [Christ] would become a Talking Beast there, as He became

1800-409: Is at first hidden from the characters. Prior to the story's opening, he delivered the infant Prince Cor of Archenland from his enemies to a Calormene fisherman who named him Shasta . At one point in the book, Aslan—pretending to be a common "witless" lion—chases Shasta and the talking horse Bree so that they will meet Aravis and Hwin , who become their traveling companions. He comforts Shasta in

1900-646: Is away at sea, and he appears briefly in this role (now elderly and very deaf) in The Silver Chair . Reepicheep the Mouse is the leader of the Talking Mice of Narnia in Prince Caspian . Utterly fearless, infallibly courteous, and obsessed with honour, he is badly wounded in the final battle but healed by Lucy and Aslan. In The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , his role is greatly expanded; he becomes

2000-504: Is briefly translated into Eustace's world, something that Caspian has wanted ever since he met Eustace's cousins 53 years earlier. Here he and Aslan help the two friends to scare off the school bullies and set in motion a chain of events that leads to the school's becoming a well-managed place of learning. Eustace and Jill are sent to Narnia shortly before its destruction to help young King Tirian rally supporters for one last battle to save Narnia. The friends show great courage and wisdom but

2100-486: Is clearly intended to be one of these. In the same essay, however, Lewis denies the suggestion that he is attacking intellect as such, and in his book on Miracles he even argues for the scholastic belief that the intellect is our participation in the supernatural world. Similarly, he was not against progress in the sense of objectively justifiable social improvement, but did oppose purely fashionable progressivism, and in particular what he called " chronological snobbery ",

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2200-534: Is known as Peter the Magnificent. In Prince Caspian , he duels the usurper King Miraz to restore Caspian's throne. In The Last Battle , it is Peter whom Aslan entrusts with the duty of closing the door on Narnia for the final time. Eustace Clarence Scrubb is a cousin of the Pevensies, and a classmate of Jill Pole at their school Experiment House. He is portrayed at first as a brat and a bully, but comes to improve his nasty behaviour when his greed turns him into

2300-503: Is nonsensical if one has already read The Magician's Nephew . Other similar textual examples are also cited. Doris Meyer, author of C. S. Lewis in Context and Bareface: A Guide to C.S. Lewis's Last Novel , writes that rearranging the stories chronologically "lessens the impact of the individual stories" and "obscures the literary structures as a whole". Peter Schakel devotes an entire chapter to this topic in his book Imagination and

2400-499: Is portrayed at first as arrogant, whiny, and self-centered. It can be gathered from Eustace's behavior, and the tone that Lewis used in describing his family and school, that Lewis thought such behavior silly and disliked it a great deal. In fact, at the beginning of The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , Lucy and Edmund dislike visiting him and his parents, though that has mostly to do with Eustace's arrogant and unfriendly attitude, and he also calls his parents by their first names. However,

2500-575: Is present at the coronation of the four Pevensie children. He then leaves to attend to other duties with Mr. Beaver convincing the Pevensie children that he will be coming and going. The Pevensies are summoned into Narnia from their world to help Caspian —the rightful King of Narnia—overthrow his usurping Uncle Miraz and restore freedom to the land. When they get lost in the forest, Aslan calls Lucy to lead her siblings to him; some obey more faithfully than others. Aslan helps Peter, Edmund, and Trumpkin

2600-405: Is that when Eustace is turned into a dragon, he proves his true identity to Edmund by flying him to where he has used his fire breath to carve the sentence, "I am Eustace" on the ground. Once establishing his identity, the agonizingly undersized bracelet Eustace was wearing when he was transformed into a dragon is quickly removed with Lucy's help (In the book, Lucy eased the pain with her cordial but

2700-646: Is the first to see Aslan when he comes to guide them. In The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , it is Lucy who breaks the spell of invisibility on the Dufflepuds . As an adult in The Horse and His Boy , she helps fight the Calormenes at Anvard. Although a minor character in The Last Battle , much of the closing chapter is seen from her point of view. Edmund is the second child to enter Narnia in The Lion,

2800-510: Is the next-door neighbour of the young Digory Kirke. She is tricked by a wicked magician (who is Digory's uncle) into touching a magic ring which transports her to the Wood between the Worlds and leaves her there stranded. The wicked uncle persuades Digory to follow her with a second magic ring that has the power to bring her back. This sets up the pair's adventures into other worlds, and they witness

2900-565: The White Witch ). The story is set in 1900, when Digory was a 12-year-old boy. He is a middle-aged professor by the time he hosts the Pevensie children in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe 40 years later. Completed in March 1953 and published 4 September 1956, The Last Battle chronicles the end of the world of Narnia. Approximately two hundred Narnia years after the events of The Silver Chair , Jill and Eustace return to save Narnia from

3000-435: The stone table to meet Aslan. They inform Aslan that Edmund has betrayed them by joining the White Witch. Aslan sends some of his followers to rescue Edmund. The next day, Aslan is approached by the White Witch who demands her right to kill Edmund, as the deep magic states that all traitors belong to her. Aslan discusses the matter in private with the Witch, persuading her to release Edmund. That same night, Aslan travels to

3100-832: The Arts in C. S. Lewis: Journeying to Narnia and Other Worlds , and in Reading with the Heart: The Way into Narnia he writes: Aslan, the Great Lion, is the titular lion of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe , and his role in Narnia is developed throughout the remaining books. He is also the only character to appear in all seven books. Aslan is a talking lion, the King of Beasts, son of the Emperor-Over-the-Sea . He

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3200-706: The Atlas is a map of ancient Italy. Lewis had underscored the name of a little town called Narnia, simply because he liked the sound of it. Narnia – or ' Narni ' in Italian ;– is in Umbria , halfway between Rome and Assisi . The Chronicles of Narnia's seven books have been in continuous publication since 1956, selling over 100 million copies in 47 languages and with editions in Braille . The first five books were originally published in

3300-694: The BBC Radio 4 Tales of Narnia series. In the BBC television adaptations of The Chronicles of Narnia , Aslan was performed by Ailsa Berk and William Todd-Jones and voiced by Ronald Pickup . In the Focus on the Family Radio Theatre dramatisations, Aslan was portrayed by David Suchet . In the 2005 film, The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe , the CGI Aslan

3400-432: The Dawn Treader ), and eventually become Kings and Queens of Narnia reigning as a tetrarchy. Although introduced in the series as children, the siblings grow up into adults while reigning in Narnia. They go back to being children once they get back to their own world, but feature as adults in The Horse and His Boy during their Narnian reign. All four appear in The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe and Prince Caspian ; in

3500-401: The Dawn Treader , Aslan calls Eustace back to Narnia along with his classmate Jill Pole . They are given four signs to aid them in the search for Prince Caspian's son Rilian , who disappeared ten years earlier on a quest to avenge his mother's death. Fifty years have passed in Narnia since the events from The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ; Eustace is still a child, but Caspian, barely an adult in

3600-474: The Dwarf to come to Caspian's aid in time to thwart an attempt on his life. Aslan then leads an army of awakened Trees and Maenads to victory against Miraz's Telmarine occupation. He later crowns Caspian as King and creates a door whereby surviving Telmarines can leave the Narnian world if they so choose. Edmund and Lucy Pevensie are transported to the eastern ocean of the Narnian world along with their cousin,

3700-523: The English countryside in anticipation of attacks on London and other major urban areas by Nazi Germany. As a result, on 2 September 1939, three school girls named Margaret, Mary and Katherine came to live at The Kilns in Risinghurst , Lewis's home three miles east of Oxford city centre. Lewis later suggested that the experience gave him a new appreciation of children and in late September he began

3800-508: The Just. In Prince Caspian and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , he supports Lucy; in The Horse and His Boy , he leads the Narnian delegation to Calormen and, later, the Narnian army breaking the siege at Anvard. In The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe , Susan accompanies Lucy to see Aslan die and rise again. She is named Queen Susan the Gentle. In Prince Caspian , however, she is the last of

3900-474: The Marsh-wiggle guides Eustace and Jill on their quest in The Silver Chair . Though always comically pessimistic, he provides the voice of reason and as such intervenes critically in the climactic enchantment scene. Shasta, later known as Cor of Archenland , is the principal character in The Horse and His Boy . Born the eldest son and heir of King Lune of Archenland, and elder twin of Prince Corin, Cor

4000-539: The Narnian forces ultimately go down to defeat. Meanwhile, a railway accident in England has resulted in the death of Eustace and Jill, along with Lucy, Edmund, and Peter, as well as Polly and Digory. They find themselves in Aslan's country, dressed as royalty. They all look on as Aslan brings the world of Narnia to an end. Thereafter they encounter many of the characters they had known in the old world, as they climb "further up and further in" to live in eternal happiness in

4100-620: The Pevensie children when they are evacuated from London and defends Lucy's story of having found a country in the back of the wardrobe. In The Magician's Nephew , the young Digory, thanks to his uncle's magical experimentation, inadvertently brings Jadis from her dying homeworld of Charn to the newly created world of Narnia; to rectify his mistake, Aslan sends him to fetch a magical apple which will protect Narnia and heal his dying mother. He returns in The Last Battle . Polly Plummer appears in The Magician's Nephew and The Last Battle . She

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4200-524: The Real Narnia. Writer Philip Hensher objected to the description of Eustace and his family, regarding it as evidence of supposed anti-intellectual and anti-progressive leanings. In Lewis' essay The Abolition of Man , he argues that modern education is producing "men without chests" – people whose lives are divided between the purely cerebral and the purely visceral, without any middle ground of sentiment or imagination—and Eustace (in his initial state)

4300-525: The Shadowlands—dead", and that the afterlife in which they now find themselves is the true reality as they go "further up and further in". Although Aslan can be read as an original character, parallels exist with Jesus . According to the author, Aslan is not an allegorical portrayal of Christ, but rather a suppositional incarnation of Christ himself: If Aslan represented the immaterial Deity , he would be an allegorical figure. In reality however, he

4400-632: The United Kingdom by Geoffrey Bles. The first edition of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was released in London on 16 October 1950. Although three more books, Prince Caspian , The Voyage of the Dawn Treader and The Horse and His Boy , were already complete, they were not released immediately at that time, but instead appeared (along with The Silver Chair ) one at a time in each of the subsequent years (1951–1954). The last two books ( The Magician's Nephew and The Last Battle ) were published in

4500-578: The United Kingdom originally by The Bodley Head in 1955 and 1956. In the United States, the publication rights were first owned by Macmillan Publishers , and later by HarperCollins . The two issued both hardcover and paperback editions of the series during their tenure as publishers, while at the same time Scholastic, Inc. produced paperback versions for sale primarily through direct mail order, book clubs, and book fairs. HarperCollins also published several one-volume collected editions containing

4600-474: The Wardrobe until 1949. The Magician's Nephew , the penultimate book to be published, but the last to be written, was completed in 1954. Lewis did not write the books in the order in which they were originally published, nor were they published in their current chronological order of presentation. The original illustrator, Pauline Baynes, created pen and ink drawings for the Narnia books that are still used in

4700-470: The Wardrobe was complete by the end of March 1949. The name Narnia is based on Narni , Italy, written in Latin as Narnia . Green wrote: When Walter Hooper asked where he found the word 'Narnia', Lewis showed him Murray's Small Classical Atlas , ed. G.B. Grundy (1904), which he acquired when he was reading the classics with Mr [William T.] Kirkpatrick at Great Bookham [1914–1917]. On plate 8 of

4800-479: The Witch and the Wardrobe , completed by the end of March 1949 and published by Geoffrey Bles in the United Kingdom on 16 October 1950, tells the story of four ordinary children: Peter , Susan , Edmund , and Lucy Pevensie , Londoners who were evacuated to the English countryside following the outbreak of World War II . They discover a wardrobe in Professor Digory Kirke 's house that leads to

4900-496: The Witch and the Wardrobe . The protagonists, a young boy named Shasta and a talking horse named Bree , both begin in bondage in the country of Calormen . By "chance", they meet and plan their return to Narnia and freedom. Along the way they meet Aravis and her talking horse Hwin , who are also fleeing to Narnia. Completed in February 1954 and published by Bodley Head in London on 2 May 1955, The Magician's Nephew serves as

5000-470: The Witch, and the Wardrobe , where he falls under the White Witch's spell from eating the Turkish delight she gives him. Instantiating the book's Christian theme of betrayal, repentance, and subsequent redemption via blood sacrifice, he betrays his siblings to the White Witch, but quickly realizes her true nature and her evil intentions, and is redeemed by the sacrifice of Aslan's life. He is named King Edmund

5100-413: The ape Shift , who tricks Puzzle the donkey into impersonating the lion Aslan, thereby precipitating a showdown between the Calormenes and King Tirian . This leads to the end of Narnia as it is known throughout the series, but allows Aslan to lead the characters to the "true" Narnia. Fans of the series often have strong opinions over the order in which the books should be read. The issue revolves around

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5200-584: The arm bracelet was not removed until Eustace resumed human form.). Afterward and still in his dragon form Eustace accompanies the Dawn Treader on its quest to the next islands and earns the respect of the crew first by towing the ship when it is caught in magically imposed doldrums and later aiding the crew in battle against the sea serpent on the Dark Island, but gets injured. It is here that Aslan restores Eustace to normal, but only by scratching off

5300-487: The beginning of The Voyage of the Dawn Treader with the opening line, "There was a boy called Eustace Clarence Scrubb, and he almost deserved it." He is the only child of what Lewis describes as "very up-to-date and advanced people," who send him to a progressive mixed school. Eustace calls his parents by their first names (Harold and Alberta); his parents are vegetarians , nonsmokers , teetotallers , pacifists , and wear an unspecified special kind of underclothes. Much of

5400-460: The book deals with his rehabilitation (just as The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe dealt with Edmund's) and in the later books, he is an altogether better person, becoming a hero along with his friend Jill Pole, although he still sometimes tends to be a know-it-all. It is mentioned in the Silver Chair that Eustace is afraid of heights , causing him to overreact when Jill goes too close to

5500-480: The creation of Narnia as described in The Magician's Nephew . She appears at the end of The Last Battle . Tumnus the Faun , called "Mr Tumnus" by Lucy, is featured prominently in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and also appears in The Horse and His Boy and The Last Battle . He is the first creature Lucy meets in Narnia, as well as the first Narnian to be introduced in the series; he invites her to his home with

5600-451: The dragon's skin. Eustace's final redemption comes when he races to lay the seventh magic sword at Aslan's Table, unleashing the swords' power to defeat the evil of Dark Island and saving his friends. The Oh Hellos , a folk rock band, wrote a song "The Lament of Eustace Scrubb" on their 2012 album Through the Deep, Dark Valley . Chronicles of Narnia The Chronicles of Narnia is

5700-470: The edge of a cliff. In trying to stop her he falls. In other respects, Eustace displays great courage and a fair degree of discernment in facing the challenges that confront him in the Narnian world. According to Lewis's Narnian timeline , Eustace was born in 1933 and is 9 years old when he appears in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ; and by The Last Battle he is 16 years old. Eustace is introduced at

5800-414: The editions published today. Lewis was awarded the 1956 Carnegie Medal for The Last Battle , the final book in the saga. The series was first referred to as The Chronicles of Narnia by fellow children's author Roger Lancelyn Green in March 1951, after he had read and discussed with Lewis his recently completed fourth book The Silver Chair , originally entitled Night under Narnia . Lewis described

5900-461: The end is resurrected in Aslan's Country. Trumpkin the Dwarf is the narrator of several chapters of Prince Caspian ; he is one of Caspian's rescuers and a leading figure in the "Old Narnian" rebellion, and accompanies the Pevensie children from the ruins of Cair Paravel to the Old Narnian camp. In The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , we learn that Caspian has made him his Regent in Narnia while he

6000-399: The form of a cat and defends him as he sleeps; later, he chases Shasta and the others so that they will reach Archenland in time to warn that nation of the impending attack of Prince Rabadash of Calormen. After Rabadash is defeated, Aslan turns him into a donkey as punishment. This book tells the story of Aslan's creation of Narnia, his crowning of its first King and Queen, and his gift of

6100-483: The four Pevensie siblings. Of all the Pevensie children, Lucy is the closest to Aslan, and of all the human characters who visit Narnia, Lucy is perhaps the one who believes in Narnia the most. In The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe , she initiates the story by entering Narnia through the wardrobe, and (with Susan) witnesses Aslan's execution and resurrection. She is named Queen Lucy the Valiant. In Prince Caspian , she

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6200-406: The four to believe and follow Lucy when the latter is called by Aslan to guide them. As an adult queen in The Horse and His Boy , she is courted by Prince Rabadash of Calormen, but refuses his marriage proposal, and his angry response leads the story to its climax. In The Last Battle , she has stopped believing in Narnia and remembers it only as a childhood game, though Lewis mentioned in a letter to

6300-537: The full text of the series. As noted below (see Reading order ), the first American publisher, Macmillan, numbered the books in publication sequence, whereas HarperCollins, at the suggestion of Lewis's stepson, opted to use the series' internal chronological order when they won the rights to it in 1994. Scholastic switched the numbering of its paperback editions in 1994 to mirror that of HarperCollins. The seven books that make up The Chronicles of Narnia are presented here in order of original publication date: The Lion,

6400-419: The intention of betraying her to Jadis, but quickly repents and befriends her. In The Horse and His Boy , he devises the Narnian delegation's plan of escape from Calormen. He returns for a brief dialogue at the end of The Last Battle . Lewis's initial inspiration for the entire series was a mental image of a faun in a snowy wood; Tumnus is that faun. Caspian is first introduced in the book titled after him, as

6500-404: The internal chronological order. When HarperCollins took over the series rights in 1994, they adopted the internal chronological order. To make the case for the internal chronological order, Lewis's stepson, Douglas Gresham , quoted Lewis's 1957 reply to a letter from an American fan who was having an argument with his mother about the order: In the 2005 HarperCollins adult editions of the books,

6600-469: The latter, however, Aslan tells Peter and Susan that they will not return, as they are getting too old. Susan, Lucy, and Edmund appear in The Horse and His Boy —Peter is said to be away fighting giants on the other side of Narnia. Lucy and Edmund appear in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , where Aslan tells them, too, that they are getting too old. Peter, Edmund, and Lucy appear as Kings and Queens in Aslan's Country in The Last Battle ; Susan does not. Asked by

6700-416: The lost Prince Rilian from the clutches of an evil witch. He appears in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , The Silver Chair , and The Last Battle . Jill Pole is a schoolmate of Eustace Scrubb. She appears in The Silver Chair , where she is the viewpoint character for most of the action, and returns in The Last Battle . In The Silver Chair , Eustace introduces her to the Narnian world, where Aslan gives her

6800-511: The magical land of Narnia. The Pevensie children help Aslan, a talking lion, save Narnia from the evil White Witch , who has reigned for a century of perpetual winter with no Christmas. The children become kings and queens of this new-found land and establish the Golden Age of Narnia, leaving a legacy to be rediscovered in later books. Completed after Christmas 1949 and published on 15 October 1951, Prince Caspian: The Return to Narnia tells

6900-416: The narrative of The Voyage of the Dawn Treader concerns the personal growth of Eustace, as he is drawn into Narnia and aboard the eponymous ship along with Lucy and Edmund, and into adventures that bring him to realize how self-centred his attitudes are. Part of the story is told with extracts from his diary, where we see how skewed his point of view is. He describes the ship sailing in perpetual storm (though

7000-489: The naïve donkey Puzzle in a lion-skin), Aslan himself only appears late in the story in a paradise entered through a stable door. He brings Narnia to an end, and leads into his own country such of its inhabitants who, coming to the Stable Door as the world ends, look into his face and love him, some to their own surprise. At the end of the book, he informs the other characters that "all of you are—as you used to call it in

7100-441: The oath's sake, it is by [Aslan] that he has truly sworn, though he know it not, and it is I who reward him"), ratifying the good deeds the latter did even in service to a false god, have been the subject of controversy because they implicitly endorse inclusivism . In the 1967 TV serial , Aslan was portrayed by Bernard Kay . In the 1979 animated film , Aslan was voiced by Stephen Thorne , who later voiced Aslan in all seven of

7200-436: The origin of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe in an essay entitled "It All Began with a Picture": The Lion all began with a picture of a Faun carrying an umbrella and parcels in a snowy wood. This picture had been in my mind since I was about sixteen. Then one day, when I was about forty, I said to myself: "Let's try to make a story about it." Shortly before the start of World War II, many children were evacuated to

7300-500: The placement of The Magician's Nephew and The Horse and His Boy in the series. Both are set significantly earlier in the story of Narnia than their publication order and fall somewhat outside the main story arc connecting the others. The reading order of the other five books is not disputed. When first published, the books were not numbered. The first American publisher, Macmillan, enumerated them according to their original publication order, while some early British editions specified

7400-579: The plan of the Lady of the Green Kirtle to overthrow the kingdom. Though he still has faults, mainly stubbornness and rash decision-making, Eustace displays little of his former odiousness, and he and Jill begin to develop affection towards one another. He wholeheartedly rejects the insipid philosophy offered by the Lady in favour of the Narnian life that he has grown to love. He helps Prince Rilian to escape

7500-572: The power of speech to some of the animals. Aslan tells the two main characters— Digory Kirke and Polly Plummer —that the evil Jadis (later to become the White Witch) will pose a great threat to the Narnians. Aslan charges Digory and Polly with a quest to acquire a magic apple that, when planted, will protect Narnia from Jadis. Though Shift the Ape and the other villains act in his name (dressing

7600-405: The previous book, is now an old man. Eustace and Jill, with the help of Puddleglum the Marsh-wiggle, face danger and betrayal on their quest to find Rilian. Begun in March and completed at the end of July 1950, The Horse and His Boy was published on 6 September 1954. The story takes place during the reign of the Pevensies in Narnia, an era which begins and ends in the last chapter of The Lion,

7700-530: The protagonists are all children from the real world who are magically transported to Narnia, where they are sometimes called upon by the lion Aslan to protect Narnia from evil. The books span the entire history of Narnia, from its creation in The Magician's Nephew to its eventual destruction in The Last Battle . The Chronicles of Narnia is considered a classic of children's literature and

7800-410: The publisher cites this letter to assert Lewis's preference for the numbering they adopted by including this notice on the copyright page: Paul Ford cites several scholars who have weighed in against this view, and continues, "most scholars disagree with this decision and find it the least faithful to Lewis's deepest intentions". Scholars and readers who appreciate the original order believe that Lewis

7900-401: The quest of finding King Caspian's son, Prince Rilian (who had disappeared years before), and gives her four Signs to guide them on their quest. Aslan makes no further appearances until the end of the story, but his Signs prove central to the successful quest. When he returns Eustace and Jill to their world, Aslan shows himself to the bullies at their school to frighten them. Aslan's influence

8000-596: The recalcitrant Eustace , where they join King Caspian on a seafaring journey. When Eustace falls under an enchantment and becomes a dragon , Aslan delivers him from the enchantment. Aslan appears at various points of the journey to provide guidance. When they reach the world's end, Aslan appears as a lamb before returning to his usual form. He shows Reepicheep (a talking mouse) the way to Aslan's Country . Aslan brings Eustace and his classmate Jill to Narnia. He explains to Jill that she and Eustace are charged with

8100-457: The school draws them into Narnia. This unlikely friendship (given that Eustace had bullied Jill before his experience in Narnia) is strengthened throughout the story. Following the custom of their school, Eustace and Jill address each other by their surnames, "Scrubb" and "Pole". The two journey to the far north of Narnia, and the world below it, to recover the lost heir to the throne and to thwart

8200-459: The ship Dawn Treader to find the seven lords who were banished when Miraz took over the throne. This perilous journey brings them face to face with many wonders and dangers as they sail toward Aslan's country at the edge of the world. Completed at the beginning of March 1951 and published 7 September 1953, The Silver Chair is the first Narnia book not involving the Pevensie children, focusing instead on Eustace. Several months after The Voyage of

8300-407: The ship cannot hold or maintain a dragon. Reepicheep displays sympathy to Eustace's plight despite the boy's prior cruelty to the mouse and they eventually become friends. Eventually, Eustace meets Aslan , who returns him to human form by peeling off his dragon skin and sending him into a refreshing bath. Edmund shares his own redemption story with Eustace, observing that "you were only an ass, but I

8400-452: The stone table with Susan and Lucy. The Witch and her followers bind Aslan to the stone table—it is revealed that Aslan had agreed to be killed to save Edmund. However, due to a deeper magic (which the Witch was unaware of), Aslan is brought back to life and manages to rescue his followers who have been turned to stone by the Witch. He brings his followers to the battle where he kills the Witch himself, ending her tyranny once and for all. Aslan

8500-458: The story he marries Aravis and becomes King of Archenland. Aravis, daughter of Kidrash Tarkaan, is a character in The Horse and His Boy . Escaping a forced betrothal to the loathsome Ahoshta, she joins Shasta on his journey and inadvertently overhears a plot by Rabadash, crown prince of Calormen, to invade Archenland. She later marries Shasta, now known as Prince Cor, and becomes queen of Archenland at his side. Bree (Breehy-hinny-brinny-hoohy-hah)

8600-415: The story of the Pevensie children's second trip to Narnia, a year (on Earth) after their first. They are drawn back by the power of Susan's horn, blown by Prince Caspian to summon help in his hour of need. Narnia as they knew it is no more, as 1,300 years have passed, their castle is in ruins, and all Narnians have retreated so far within themselves that only Aslan's magic can wake them. Caspian has fled into

8700-437: The task of memorising a series of signs that will help her and Eustace on their quest to find Caspian's lost son. In The Last Battle , she and Eustace accompany King Tirian in his ill-fated defence of Narnia against the Calormenes. Digory Kirke is the nephew referred to in the title of The Magician's Nephew . He first appears as a minor character in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe , known only as "The Professor", who hosts

8800-408: The underworld and return to Narnia , just in time to meet Rilian's aged father before the latter's death. Caspian was now an old man, as 50 years had passed since Eustace had first been in Narnia. Eustace and Jill return to Aslan's Country, where Caspian is resurrected and restored to the youth and strength that Eustace remembers from his earlier visit to this world. At the end of the story, Caspian

8900-418: The very same mode as our own. It may be full of things quite other than life in which God is interested though we are not. The four Pevensie siblings are the main human protagonists of The Chronicles of Narnia . Varying combinations of some or all of them appear in five of the seven novels. They are introduced in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (although their surname is not revealed until The Voyage of

9000-513: The view that the superiority of modern values can always be assumed automatically and without investigation. In the BBC production , Eustace was portrayed by David Thwaites . In the 2014 BBC audiobook dramatisations of the books, he is portrayed by Marco Williamson . Will Poulter plays Eustace in the Walden Media film adaptation , directed by Michael Apted. Among the alterations for the film

9100-401: The weather is fine), and portrays the others as foolishly denying the supposed rough seas and refusing to face the "truth" of the situation. He complains when Lucy is given Caspian 's cabin, and comments to the crew that giving girls special treatment is actually "putting them down, and making them weaker". Moreover, he cannot accept that he is in the Narnian world: he imagines that he can "lodge

9200-498: The woods to escape his uncle, Miraz , who has usurped the throne. The children set out once again to save Narnia. Written between January and February 1950 and published on 15 September 1952, The Voyage of the Dawn Treader sees Edmund and Lucy Pevensie, along with their priggish cousin, Eustace Scrubb , return to Narnia, three Narnian years (and one Earth year) after their last departure. Once there, they join Caspian's voyage on

9300-513: The word lion in reference to Aslan since he parallels Jesus as the " Lion of Judah " in Christian theology . The word aslan means "lion" in Turkish . Aslan is first mentioned by Mr. Beaver when the Pevensie children arrive in Narnia . He is described by Mr. Beaver as being the true king of Narnia who has returned to help the Pevensies to free Narnia of the White Witch 's rule. Mr and Mrs. Beaver guide Peter , Susan and Lucy to

9400-412: The word "Narnia" appears in the first paragraph as something already familiar to the reader. Moreover, they say, it is clear from the texts themselves that The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was intended to be read first. When Aslan is first mentioned in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe , for example, the narrator says that "None of the children knew who Aslan was, any more than you do" — which

9500-576: The young nephew and heir of King Miraz. Fleeing potential assassination by his uncle, he becomes leader of the Old Narnian rebellion against the Telmarine occupation. With the help of the Pevensies, he defeats Miraz's army and becomes King Caspian X of Narnia. In The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , he leads an expedition out into the eastern ocean to find Seven Lords , whom Miraz had exiled, and ultimately to reach Aslan's Country. In The Silver Chair , he makes two brief appearances as an old, dying man, but at

9600-427: Was a traitor." Eustace improves after this, and becomes a valuable member of the expedition. When the ship is in danger of being sunk by a giant sea-serpent, Eustace attacks the monster, using only a sword. When Eustace returns home after his adventures, his mother thinks he has become tiresome and commonplace, blaming the change on the influence of "those Pevensie children" — though everyone else thinks that he has become

9700-518: Was kidnapped as an infant and raised as a fisherman's son in Calormen . With the help of the talking horse Bree, Shasta escapes from being sold into slavery and makes his way northward to Narnia. On the journey his companion Aravis learns of an imminent Calormene surprise attack on Archenland; Shasta warns the Archenlanders in time and discovers his true identity and original name. At the end of

9800-524: Was ridiculed before his death, mourned, and then discovered to be absent from the place where his body had been laid. In this interpretation, the girls Susan and Lucy who witness Aslan's death, mourn him and witness his resurrection would stand for The Three Marys of Christian tradition. Aslan's words to the Calormene in The Last Battle ("I take to me the services which thou hast done to [the false god]... if any man swear by [him] and keep his oath for

9900-411: Was simply being gracious to his youthful correspondent and that he could have changed the books' order in his lifetime had he so desired. They maintain that much of the magic of Narnia comes from the way the world is gradually presented in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe – that the mysterious wardrobe, as a narrative device, is a much better introduction to Narnia than The Magician's Nephew , where

10000-411: Was there, he pulled the whole story together, and soon he pulled the six other Narnian stories in after him. Although Lewis pleaded ignorance about the source of his inspiration for Aslan, Jared Lobdell , digging into Lewis's history to explore the making of the series, suggests Charles Williams 's 1931 novel The Place of the Lion as a likely influence. The manuscript for The Lion, the Witch and

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