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115-613: Evonik Industries united the business areas of chemicals, energy and real estate of RAG, while mining operations continue to be carried out by RAG. Since then, the energy and real estate business areas have been divested, with no share being held in the former and a minority share still being held in the latter. Its specialty chemicals business generates around 80% of sales in areas where it holds leading market positions. Evonik Industries employs about 37,000 people and carries out activities in more than 100 countries. The operating activities are organized into six business units that are

230-548: A basal metabolic rate of 80 watts. For example, if our bodies run (on average) at 80 watts, then a light bulb running at 100 watts is running at 1.25 human equivalents (100 ÷ 80) i.e. 1.25 H-e. For a difficult task of only a few seconds' duration, a person can put out thousands of watts, many times the 746 watts in one official horsepower. For tasks lasting a few minutes, a fit human can generate perhaps 1,000 watts. For an activity that must be sustained for an hour, output drops to around 300; for an activity kept up all day, 150 watts

345-462: A battery (from chemical energy to electric energy ), a dam (from gravitational potential energy to kinetic energy of moving water (and the blades of a turbine ) and ultimately to electric energy through an electric generator ), and a heat engine (from heat to work). Examples of energy transformation include generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine, or lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving

460-457: A field ), the elastic energy stored in a solid object, chemical energy associated with chemical reactions , the radiant energy carried by electromagnetic radiation , the internal energy contained within a thermodynamic system , and rest energy associated with an object's rest mass . All living organisms constantly take in and release energy. The Earth's climate and ecosystems processes are driven primarily by radiant energy from

575-435: A Lagrangian; for example, dissipative systems with continuous symmetries need not have a corresponding conservation law. In the context of chemistry , energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular, or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is usually accompanied by a decrease, and sometimes an increase, of

690-474: A biological cell or organelle of a biological organism. Energy used in respiration is stored in substances such as carbohydrates (including sugars), lipids , and proteins stored by cells . In human terms, the human equivalent (H-e) (Human energy conversion) indicates, for a given amount of energy expenditure, the relative quantity of energy needed for human metabolism , using as a standard an average human energy expenditure of 12,500 kJ per day and

805-515: A bound system is discrete (a set of permitted states, each characterized by an energy level ) which results in the concept of quanta . In the solution of the Schrödinger equation for any oscillator (vibrator) and for electromagnetic waves in a vacuum, the resulting energy states are related to the frequency by Planck's relation : E = h ν {\displaystyle E=h\nu } (where h {\displaystyle h}

920-417: A core concept. Work , a function of energy, is force times distance. This says that the work ( W {\displaystyle W} ) is equal to the line integral of the force F along a path C ; for details see the mechanical work article. Work and thus energy is frame dependent . For example, consider a ball being hit by a bat. In the center-of-mass reference frame, the bat does no work on

1035-492: A crane motor. Lifting against gravity performs mechanical work on the object and stores gravitational potential energy in the object. If the object falls to the ground, gravity does mechanical work on the object which transforms the potential energy in the gravitational field to the kinetic energy released as heat on impact with the ground. The Sun transforms nuclear potential energy to other forms of energy; its total mass does not decrease due to that itself (since it still contains

1150-556: A few exceptions, like those generated by volcanic events for example. An example of a solar-mediated weather event is a hurricane, which occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean, heated over months, suddenly give up some of their thermal energy to power a few days of violent air movement. In a slower process, radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat. This thermal energy drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains, via orogenesis . This slow lifting represents

1265-448: A freight train ran into the scene of accident. Both trains fell down a steep slope on the national highway 51. The cause of accident was that one of the points was set wrong. From the mid-ages until the early 20th century Marl had just a few hundred inhabitants. The Industrialization led to a fast increase from about 2,000 people in 1900 to over 35,000 in 1939 and 92,000 in 1975. In 2007, the "Official Number of inhabitants" calculated by

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1380-474: A given temperature  T . This exponential dependence of a reaction rate on temperature is known as the Arrhenius equation . The activation energy necessary for a chemical reaction can be provided in the form of thermal energy. In biology , energy is an attribute of all biological systems, from the biosphere to the smallest living organism. Within an organism it is responsible for growth and development of

1495-477: A kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the thermal energy, which may later be transformed into active kinetic energy during landslides, after a triggering event. Earthquakes also release stored elastic potential energy in rocks, a store that has been produced ultimately from the same radioactive heat sources. Thus, according to present understanding, familiar events such as landslides and earthquakes release energy that has been stored as potential energy in

1610-582: A more independent basis in the medium term. As per the resolution of the general meeting held on 25 November 2011, the name of the subsidiary Evonik Immobilien GmbH was changed to Vivawest GmbH. On 1 January 2012, Vivawest merged with residential management company THS under the name Vivawest . In 2013, Evonik sold the majority of its shares in Vivawest to the RAG Foundation, the Evonik pension fund, and

1725-457: A part of the chemicals business area. Evonik is the main sponsor of the German football club Borussia Dortmund . In 2022, Evonik's surfactant and specialty esters operations were acquired by Kensing. During World War II , one of Degussa's (Deutsche Gold- und Silber-Scheide-Anstalt, "German Gold and Silver Refining") subsidiaries, Degesch (translation: German Corporation for Pest Control),

1840-558: A subcamp of Auschwitz. Degussa estimated its war losses at 111 million Reichsmark , almost US$ 0.5 billion in 2012 dollars. While constructing the Holocaust Memorial in Berlin , it became public that the plasticizer and the anti-graffiti coating of the memorial were produced by Degussa, resulting in a pause of the construction works until the matter was clarified. In November 2003, the memorial's trustees decided to finish

1955-413: A substantial proportion of the world's production of CDT, particularly that needed to produce laurolactam , a precursor to the polyamide PA12. This shortage in turn led to concerns for global production of finished goods, particularly in the automotive industry. Biobased polyamides, not dependent on laurolactam or CDT, have been put forward as alternative materials. Evonik divested its former holdings in

2070-425: A system. This property is responsible for the inertia and strength of gravitational interaction of the system ("mass manifestations"), and is also responsible for the potential ability of the system to perform work or heating ("energy manifestations"), subject to the limitations of other physical laws. In classical physics , energy is a scalar quantity, the canonical conjugate to time. In special relativity energy

2185-426: A tiny fraction of the original chemical energy is used for work : It would appear that living organisms are remarkably inefficient (in the physical sense) in their use of the energy they receive (chemical or radiant energy); most machines manage higher efficiencies. In growing organisms the energy that is converted to heat serves a vital purpose, as it allows the organism tissue to be highly ordered with regard to

2300-515: Is a conserved quantity —the law of conservation of energy states that energy can be converted in form, but not created or destroyed; matter and energy may also be converted to one another. The unit of measurement for energy in the International System of Units (SI) is the joule (J). Forms of energy include the kinetic energy of a moving object, the potential energy stored by an object (for instance due to its position in

2415-481: Is a derived unit that is equal to the energy expended, or work done, in applying a force of one newton through a distance of one metre. However energy can also be expressed in many other units not part of the SI, such as ergs , calories , British thermal units , kilowatt-hours and kilocalories , which require a conversion factor when expressed in SI units. The SI unit of power , defined as energy per unit of time,

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2530-460: Is about the maximum. The human equivalent assists understanding of energy flows in physical and biological systems by expressing energy units in human terms: it provides a "feel" for the use of a given amount of energy. Sunlight's radiant energy is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis , when carbon dioxide and water (two low-energy compounds) are converted into carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and oxygen. Release of

2645-434: Is also a scalar (although not a Lorentz scalar but a time component of the energy–momentum 4-vector ). In other words, energy is invariant with respect to rotations of space , but not invariant with respect to rotations of spacetime (= boosts ). Energy may be transformed between different forms at various efficiencies . Items that transform between these forms are called transducers . Examples of transducers include

2760-458: Is an elegant weaving." In the records of 1842 the following professions are listed: 3 bakers, 1 butcher, 17 shoemakers, 17 tailors, 17 carpenters, 5 cabinetmakers, 6 coopers, 1 bricklayer, 15 blacksmiths, 6 cellarmen, 60 weavers, 42 chandlers, 12 hawkers, 2 inns, 11 taverns, 6 brewer, 2 distilleries, 6 corn dealer, 5 wood dealer… The turning point in Marls history was 21 January 1875. On this day

2875-575: Is called the Lagrangian , after Joseph-Louis Lagrange . This formalism is as fundamental as the Hamiltonian, and both can be used to derive the equations of motion or be derived from them. It was invented in the context of classical mechanics , but is generally useful in modern physics. The Lagrangian is defined as the kinetic energy minus the potential energy. Usually, the Lagrange formalism

2990-473: Is defined in terms of the energy operator (Hamiltonian) as a time derivative of the wave function . The Schrödinger equation equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system. Its results can be considered as a definition of measurement of energy in quantum mechanics. The Schrödinger equation describes the space- and time-dependence of a slowly changing (non-relativistic) wave function of quantum systems. The solution of this equation for

3105-418: Is directly proportional to the mass of the body: E 0 = m 0 c 2 , {\displaystyle E_{0}=m_{0}c^{2},} where For example, consider electron – positron annihilation, in which the rest energy of these two individual particles (equivalent to their rest mass) is converted to the radiant energy of the photons produced in the process. In this system

3220-516: Is either from gravitational collapse of matter (usually molecular hydrogen) into various classes of astronomical objects (stars, black holes, etc.), or from nuclear fusion (of lighter elements, primarily hydrogen). The nuclear fusion of hydrogen in the Sun also releases another store of potential energy which was created at the time of the Big Bang . At that time, according to theory, space expanded and

3335-510: Is extremely large relative to ordinary human scales, the conversion of an everyday amount of rest mass (for example, 1 kg) from rest energy to other forms of energy (such as kinetic energy, thermal energy, or the radiant energy carried by light and other radiation) can liberate tremendous amounts of energy (~ 9 × 10 16 {\displaystyle 9\times 10^{16}} joules = 21 megatons of TNT), as can be seen in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons. Conversely,

3450-623: Is mathematically more convenient than the Hamiltonian for non-conservative systems (such as systems with friction). Noether's theorem (1918) states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law. Noether's theorem has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations. A generalisation of the seminal formulations on constants of motion in Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics (1788 and 1833, respectively), it does not apply to systems that cannot be modeled with

3565-402: Is no friction or other losses, the conversion of energy between these processes would be perfect, and the pendulum would continue swinging forever. Energy is also transferred from potential energy ( E p {\displaystyle E_{p}} ) to kinetic energy ( E k {\displaystyle E_{k}} ) and then back to potential energy constantly. This

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3680-415: Is referred to as conservation of energy. In this isolated system , energy cannot be created or destroyed; therefore, the initial energy and the final energy will be equal to each other. This can be demonstrated by the following: The equation can then be simplified further since E p = m g h {\displaystyle E_{p}=mgh} (mass times acceleration due to gravity times

3795-696: Is the Planck constant and ν {\displaystyle \nu } the frequency). In the case of an electromagnetic wave these energy states are called quanta of light or photons . When calculating kinetic energy ( work to accelerate a massive body from zero speed to some finite speed) relativistically – using Lorentz transformations instead of Newtonian mechanics – Einstein discovered an unexpected by-product of these calculations to be an energy term which does not vanish at zero speed. He called it rest energy : energy which every massive body must possess even when being at rest. The amount of energy

3910-496: Is the watt , which is a joule per second. Thus, one joule is one watt-second, and 3600 joules equal one watt-hour. The CGS energy unit is the erg and the imperial and US customary unit is the foot pound . Other energy units such as the electronvolt , food calorie or thermodynamic kcal (based on the temperature change of water in a heating process), and BTU are used in specific areas of science and commerce. In 1843, French physicist James Prescott Joule , namesake of

4025-445: Is the main input to Earth's energy budget which accounts for its temperature and climate stability. Sunlight may be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example when) water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce electricity). Sunlight also drives most weather phenomena, save

4140-424: Is transformed to what other kind) is often determined by entropy (equal energy spread among all available degrees of freedom ) considerations. In practice all energy transformations are permitted on a small scale, but certain larger transformations are not permitted because it is statistically unlikely that energy or matter will randomly move into more concentrated forms or smaller spaces. Energy transformations in

4255-433: Is trapped in a system with zero momentum, where it can be weighed. It is also equivalent to mass, and this mass is always associated with it. Mass is also equivalent to a certain amount of energy, and likewise always appears associated with it, as described in mass–energy equivalence . The formula E  =  mc ², derived by Albert Einstein (1905) quantifies the relationship between relativistic mass and energy within

4370-421: Is written, that a Dagubraht donated his possession and revenues to the abbey for his salvation. The name of Marl derives from the medieval place name "meronhlare". Linguists interpreted this name as "marshy range" or "range at a pond". The name changed over the centuries from "Marlar", "Maerl" to "Marler" and finally Marl In the urbarium are furthermore found the names of nearby settlements which later became part of

4485-523: The "Simson well-drilling Company" found a coal deposit in the depth of 514 meter in the urban district Polsum. Additional drillings in Marl resulted in the formation coalmines. August Stein und Julius Schäfer from Düsseldorf founded the coalmine "Auguste Victoria" in 1898 based in Düsseldorf and coal production was planned on the claims "Hansi 1" and "Hansi 2". On 1 May 1900 the depths began and in 1903

4600-742: The Frankfurt Stock Exchange since 25 April 2013. Prior to the IPO the company had given institutional investors the opportunity to acquire around 14% of the shares for €2 billion. Since 5 March 2015, the shareholding structure of the Evonik Industries AG is composed as follows: In March 2012, a fire at the Degussa plant in Marl , stopped production of cyclododecatriene (CDT) for a duration of several months. The plant produced

4715-516: The IPO of Evonik Industries in the first half of 2008. However, this plan was postponed until mid-2010 at the earliest, and the RAG Foundation started to look for strategic investors, while still holding on to the plans for a midterm IPO. In June 2008, the private equity firm CVC Capital Partners bought a stake of 25.01% in the company. Among many other private equity investors who bid for the stake (amongst them Blackstone Group and 3i ), Russian Gazprom

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4830-543: The Philippines , and two industrial power plants. It also operates in the field of transport, processing and distribution of hard coal, coke and byproducts from coal processing, as well as in the field of gas supply, transport and trading. In December 2010, Evonik Industries signed an agreement to sell 51% of shares in its energy business to a consortium of municipal utilities in Germany's Rhine-Ruhr region. The agreement

4945-715: The Soest feud in which the town of Soest defended her freedom against the Archbishop of Cologne. At the end of the 16th century Marl had 800 inhabitants. Most of them lived in the farming community of Drewer. In the "War of the Jülich-Cleves succession", the farming communities around Marl were plundered by the Dutch and Spanish troops who joined the war. Directly following this war, the Thirty Years' War began, where

5060-436: The composite motion of the object's components – while potential energy reflects the potential of an object to have motion, generally being based upon the object's position within a field or what is stored within the field itself. While these two categories are sufficient to describe all forms of energy, it is often convenient to refer to particular combinations of potential and kinetic energy as its own form. For example,

5175-487: The gravitational collapse of supernovae to "store" energy in the creation of heavy isotopes (such as uranium and thorium ), and nuclear decay , a process in which energy is released that was originally stored in these heavy elements, before they were incorporated into the Solar System and the Earth. This energy is triggered and released in nuclear fission bombs or in civil nuclear power generation. Similarly, in

5290-416: The matter and antimatter (electrons and positrons) are destroyed and changed to non-matter (the photons). However, the total mass and total energy do not change during this interaction. The photons each have no rest mass but nonetheless have radiant energy which exhibits the same inertia as did the two original particles. This is a reversible process – the inverse process is called pair creation – in which

5405-538: The 1920th archeological excavations proofed, that the Brukterer built a circular hillfort in the district of Sinsen to defend against the Saxon attacks. Today the hillfort is only recognisable for the expert and lies in the nature reserve "Die Burg" (which means "the castle") which is named after the hillfort. Archeologists consider the hillfort as an outstanding historical monument which is worth of protection. The hillfort

5520-732: The Duke of Arenberg owned the village. From 1810 to 1813, during the French occupation the village was renamed in " Mairie Marl" and belonged to the Grand Duchy of Berg. After the War of the Sixth Coalition Marl got under Prussian reign and was part of the district Essen until 1816 and afterwards until now to the district Recklinghausen. In this age, Marl had only village mayors, who were elected for one year and directly responsible to

5635-571: The Earth's gravitational field or elastic strain (mechanical potential energy) in rocks. Prior to this, they represent release of energy that has been stored in heavy atoms since the collapse of long-destroyed supernova stars (which created these atoms). In cosmology and astronomy the phenomena of stars , nova , supernova , quasars and gamma-ray bursts are the universe's highest-output energy transformations of matter. All stellar phenomena (including solar activity) are driven by various kinds of energy transformations. Energy in such transformations

5750-457: The Evonik industries and is now called "Chemical Park Marl". The infrastructure of the park was taken over by the "infracor" company. The Kristallnacht 1938 led to the persecution of the Jewish inhabitants, who have resided in Marl since 1910. They worked mostly in the clothing trade or sold furniture. Several people were injured, their shops burned down and all 29 Jewish inhabitants had to leave

5865-552: The German Middle Class , 4 Communist Party of Germany , 1 independent . The total town area was 11.076 hectare, thereof 415 hectare build-up area, 3652 hectare farmland and 5574 hectare forests and meadows. On 20 April 1936 Marl received its town charter by the headpresident of the province of Westphalia, Ferdinand, Baron of Lüninck. Marl has grown very fast because of the coal mines and the chemical industry. Marl Chemical Park (German: Chemiepark Marl ) goes back to

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5980-665: The Group, with plans for the six chemical segments to be bundled into three GmbH (limited liability) companies from 2015. The former energy business portion of Evonik was operated through Evonik Steag GmbH (formerly STEAG ), which is the fifth largest power company in Germany, based in Essen . The company operates fourteen hard coal -fired power plants, of which eleven are located in Germany, and one in Turkey , one in Colombia and one in

6095-535: The Landesamt für Datenverarbeitung und Statistik of North Rhine Westphalia was 89,122. The following table shows the numbers of inhabitants. The value in 1600 is an estimate, afterwards the result of population counts or calculations of the Statistisches Landesamt. The specifications until 1871 show the "population in the area", from 1925 to 1987 they indicate the resident population and since then

6210-606: The Middle Ages Marl was involved in several wars. Between 1243 and 1384 there were many military operations between the Archbishop of Cologne and the Count of Mark among other things about the possession of the neighbor town of Recklinghausen. 1388 and 1389 Marl was involved in the "Great Dortmund feud" and in the fratricidal war between Adolf IV. of Kleve-Mark and Gerhard of the Mark from Hamm. From 1442 to 1449 Marl suffered from

6325-676: The Romans lost most of their influence and retreated behind the Rhine river. The area was again in Germanic possession. In 80 AC the Brukterer were expelled by rival tribes and moved to the today's area of Recklinghausen. The next migration movement took place in the Marl area between the 5th and 7th century, when the Saxons invaded from the northeast across the Lippe into the former Brukterer area. In

6440-601: The Royal Administration in Münster founded the "Administration Marl" ("Amt Marl"), an in-between of town and village. The administration area included Marl, the villages of Polsum, Hamm and Altendorf-Ulfkotte, plus the surrounding farming communities. Agriculture has always been the main source of income in Marl. This becomes apparent in an official list from 1840. The following is recorded there: 493 horses, 1879 cattle, 857 pigs, 98 goats and 4591 sheep. Despite

6555-563: The area but were expelled by invading Germanic tribes. The Brukterer controlled thereupon the area north of the river Lippe and the Marser lived south of the Lippe. The Germanic invasion was stopped by the advance of the Romans, who built a huge fort in Haltern. Remains of a smaller Roman fort were found at the city limit between Polsum and Herten. After the Battle of the teutoburg forest in 9AC

6670-621: The areas of energy and real estate and now focuses on the core business of specialty chemicals. The Chemicals Business Area of Evonik emerged from Evonik Degussa GmbH (formerly Degussa GmbH — an acronym of De utsche G old- u nd S ilber- S cheide- A nstalt ( German Gold and Silver Separating Works )) based in Essen , Germany. It employs about 34,000 people and is one of the world's largest producers of specialty chemicals. It includes six business units: Advanced Intermediates, Consumer Specialties, Coatings & Additives, Inorganic Materials, Health & Nutrition and Performance Polymers. Degussa

6785-510: The ball. But, in the reference frame of the person swinging the bat, considerable work is done on the ball. The total energy of a system is sometimes called the Hamiltonian , after William Rowan Hamilton . The classical equations of motion can be written in terms of the Hamiltonian, even for highly complex or abstract systems. These classical equations have direct analogs in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. Another energy-related concept

6900-461: The baron of Twickel, who sold it on his part to Theodor Waldhausen from Essen. 30 years later it was sold to the Duke of Arenberg, who demolished the castle. Today on the former site of the castle there is a grammar school and several sports grounds. The noble Loe-family is borne in remembrance through several names like "Loe Street", "Grammar school at the Loefield" or "Loemill-Airport". Throughout

7015-568: The bicycle society. The urban district around the mine was named "Brassert" as the mine built houses around the pit for their workers. The Spartacist Uprising , linked with the Kapp Putsch also had influence on Marl. On 1 April 1920 the so-called "Red Ruhr Army" occupied Marl and started a gunfight with the Reichswehr at the Lippe river-crossing near Hamm-Bossendorf. 15 uninvolved channel diggers were also killed. On 15 January 1923 Marl

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7130-490: The building with the involvement of Degussa. In 2006, RAG acquired Degussa AG, which was later renamed Evonik-Degussa GmbH. Historically, Evonik Industries' businesses were part of RAG activities. The idea of splitting the company was put forward in 2005. The background of this idea was that RAG's core business of coal mining is carried out under government contract in Germany, while businesses transferred to Evonik compete in international markets. This structure did not permit

7245-447: The case of a chemical explosion , chemical potential energy is transformed to kinetic and thermal energy in a very short time. Yet another example is that of a pendulum . At its highest points the kinetic energy is zero and the gravitational potential energy is at its maximum. At its lowest point the kinetic energy is at its maximum and is equal to the decrease in potential energy . If one (unrealistically) assumes that there

7360-965: The case of animals. The daily 1500–2000  Calories (6–8 MJ) recommended for a human adult are taken as food molecules, mostly carbohydrates and fats, of which glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) and stearin (C 57 H 110 O 6 ) are convenient examples. The food molecules are oxidized to carbon dioxide and water in the mitochondria C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 ⟶ 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O}}} C 57 H 110 O 6 + ( 81 1 2 ) O 2 ⟶ 57 CO 2 + 55 H 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {C57H110O6 + (81 1/2) O2 -> 57CO2 + 55H2O}}} and some of

7475-401: The coal mining corporation RAG AG. Evonik now holds only 10.9%, and there are plans to sell this stake too. Energy Energy (from Ancient Greek ἐνέργεια ( enérgeia )  'activity') is the quantitative property that is transferred to a body or to a physical system , recognizable in the performance of work and in the form of heat and light . Energy

7590-607: The complete conversion of matter (such as atoms) to non-matter (such as photons) is forbidden by conservation laws . Marl, North Rhine-Westphalia Marl ( German: [maʁl] ) is a town and a municipality in the district of Recklinghausen , in North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany . It is situated near the Wesel-Datteln Canal , approx. 10 km north-west of Recklinghausen . It has about 90,000 people. The town adjoins in

7705-451: The complex organisms can occupy ecological niches that are not available to their simpler brethren. The conversion of a portion of the chemical energy to heat at each step in a metabolic pathway is the physical reason behind the pyramid of biomass observed in ecology . As an example, to take just the first step in the food chain : of the estimated 124.7 Pg/a of carbon that is fixed by photosynthesis , 64.3 Pg/a (52%) are used for

7820-553: The concept of special relativity. In different theoretical frameworks, similar formulas were derived by J.J. Thomson (1881), Henri Poincaré (1900), Friedrich Hasenöhrl (1904) and others (see Mass–energy equivalence#History for further information). Part of the rest energy (equivalent to rest mass) of matter may be converted to other forms of energy (still exhibiting mass), but neither energy nor mass can be destroyed; rather, both remain constant during any process. However, since c 2 {\displaystyle c^{2}}

7935-399: The conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not change over time. Thus, since 1918, theorists have understood that the law of conservation of energy is the direct mathematical consequence of the translational symmetry of the quantity conjugate to energy, namely time. In the International System of Units (SI), the unit of energy is the joule . It

8050-473: The energy is used to convert ADP into ATP : The rest of the chemical energy of the carbohydrate or fat are converted into heat: the ATP is used as a sort of "energy currency", and some of the chemical energy it contains is used for other metabolism when ATP reacts with OH groups and eventually splits into ADP and phosphate (at each stage of a metabolic pathway , some chemical energy is converted into heat). Only

8165-457: The energy stored during photosynthesis as heat or light may be triggered suddenly by a spark in a forest fire, or it may be made available more slowly for animal or human metabolism when organic molecules are ingested and catabolism is triggered by enzyme action. All living creatures rely on an external source of energy to be able to grow and reproduce – radiant energy from the Sun in the case of green plants and chemical energy (in some form) in

8280-493: The first time in the work of Aristotle in the 4th century BC. In contrast to the modern definition, energeia was a qualitative philosophical concept, broad enough to include ideas such as happiness and pleasure. In the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin : vis viva , or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva

8395-671: The foundation of the Chemische Werke Hüls (English: Hüls Chemical Works) in 1938. At the time of the Third Reich the factories produced synthetic rubber (called "Buna") for tires. Therefore, a lot of forced labourers were used. After the Second World War the factories produced plastics, resources for cleaning agents and again "Buna". In 1985 the company was merged with the Degussa AG and later in 2007 with

8510-484: The governors of the Vest Recklinghausen. The village mayors tasks were the collection of the taxes and managing the village real estates. Beside these village mayors there were two Prince-electoral representatives, the "Amtsfron"(village soccage) and the "Amtsführer"(village leader) (from 1785 both offices were combined ) whose task was to supervise the prince-electoral regulations. From 1 April 1816 Marl

8625-446: The head office moved to Marls urban district Hüls. At the end of 1905 coal production began on the pit "AV 1". Eponym for the mine was Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein , (1858–1921) the last German empress and wife of Emperor Wilhelm II . The coalmine was one of the highly productive mines in Germany. Nevertheless, it was closed at the end of 2015, because of the cessation of the coal production in Germany. In 1905 another coalmine

8740-413: The height) and E k = 1 2 m v 2 {\textstyle E_{k}={\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}} (half mass times velocity squared). Then the total amount of energy can be found by adding E p + E k = E total {\displaystyle E_{p}+E_{k}=E_{\text{total}}} . Energy gives rise to weight when it

8855-479: The local Count Balderich of the Lower Rhine . Later he gave the church to Archbishop Heribert of Cologne. A manuscript dating from 1160 states that Archbishop Heribert donated the church to Deutz Abbey. In the 13th century it became a parish church, the appointment of its first priest being recorded in 1228. From 1419 the church was under the patronage of the local noble family of Loe. This lasted until 1830, when

8970-477: The main resident population. Before 1871 the means of measurement were without uniformity. 48.8% of the inhabitants are male, 51.2% female. 8.9% of the population are of foreign origin (Dec 2006), coming from about 130 different states. 52.5% are from Turkey, 7.5% from Ex-Yugoslavia, 5.6% from Poland. The "Chemical Park Marl", the mine "Auguste Victoria", the "Medienhaus Bauer", are the largest employers in Marl. The coal mine at Marl-Hüls, Zeche Auguste Victoria ,

9085-482: The marginalia of her French language translation of Newton's Principia Mathematica , which represented the first formulation of a conserved measurable quantity that was distinct from momentum , and which would later be called "energy". In 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva , in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described " kinetic energy " in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined

9200-424: The mass equivalent of an everyday amount energy is minuscule, which is why a loss of energy (loss of mass) from most systems is difficult to measure on a weighing scale, unless the energy loss is very large. Examples of large transformations between rest energy (of matter) and other forms of energy (e.g., kinetic energy into particles with rest mass) are found in nuclear physics and particle physics . Often, however,

9315-474: The metabolism of green plants, i.e. reconverted into carbon dioxide and heat. In geology , continental drift , mountain ranges , volcanoes , and earthquakes are phenomena that can be explained in terms of energy transformations in the Earth's interior, while meteorological phenomena like wind, rain, hail , snow, lightning, tornadoes and hurricanes are all a result of energy transformations in our atmosphere brought about by solar energy . Sunlight

9430-427: The molecules it is built from. The second law of thermodynamics states that energy (and matter) tends to become more evenly spread out across the universe: to concentrate energy (or matter) in one specific place, it is necessary to spread out a greater amount of energy (as heat) across the remainder of the universe ("the surroundings"). Simpler organisms can achieve higher energy efficiencies than more complex ones, but

9545-402: The muchness of sheep, the importance of sheep farming declined in later centuries. As many farmers needed a sideline, many families weaved, mostly as wageworkers for drapers. The former village mayor Bölling reports in his chronicle: "…has built here some factories and kudos to the damask weaving mills, which deliver precious table-linen for high-standing persons and earned great reputation. It

9660-434: The north Marl adjoins to Haltern am See , in the east to Oer-Erkenschwick , in the southeast to Recklinghausen , in the south to Herten , in the southwest to Gelsenkirchen and in the west to Dorsten . The town area was already populated in the old and middle Stone Age, as many archeological finds in the district of Sinsen confirm. Remains of the first settlements are dated to 600 BC. At 300 BC Celtic tribes settled in

9775-468: The north to the woodlands of the Haard and the natural park Hohe Mark. The town forms the smooth transition between the industrial Ruhrgebiet and the rural Münsterland . The northern town border coincides nearly completely with the course of the river Lippe . Approximately 60% of the total town area are fields, woods, watercourses, parks and other green areas. Marl has the following urban districts: In

9890-493: The patronage devolved to Baron Twickel of Lüttinghoff. Between 1856 and 1859 the church was completely restored, to plans drawn up by Emil von Manger, a builder employed by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Münster. The church's Romanesque foundation walls dating from the 12th century were retained in the restoration. In the year 1111 the noble family of Loe built a castle with a moat named "Strevelsloe". In 1359 it

10005-472: The payment of dividends to the shareholders, which limited shareholders' readiness to inject equity into the RAG, which thereby restricted the company's ability to access fresh capital. As the first step, RAG's shareholders sold their shares to RAG foundation (RAG-Stiftung) to split RAG. The Foundation was established on 10 July 2007, and Evonik Industries was created on 12 September 2007. The original plan foresaw

10120-589: The plunderings continued. After the war, there was peace for many centuries. During the French campaign of Charles, Prince of Soubise , in the Seven Years' War in 1758 the plundering of Marl started again. After the French troops, the Prussians came but without improvement for the situation of the inhabitants. Until 1803 the insignificant village Marl was part of the Vest Recklinghausen . Then

10235-590: The region, several farms and mills, like the "Loemill", the "Sickingmill" and the Wermeling manor at the Lippe river. Although the Loe-family had no male successor, the name lived on as in 1585 the daughter of Wolter van Loe married her cousin Baron Dietrich of Dorneburg-Loe from Eickel. From 1705 to 1832 the castle and all properties were passed over to the noble Family of Wiedenbrück. They sold it to

10350-405: The rest mass of particles is created from the radiant energy of two (or more) annihilating photons. In general relativity, the stress–energy tensor serves as the source term for the gravitational field, in rough analogy to the way mass serves as the source term in the non-relativistic Newtonian approximation. Energy and mass are manifestations of one and the same underlying physical property of

10465-474: The same total energy even in different forms) but its mass does decrease when the energy escapes out to its surroundings, largely as radiant energy . There are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into work in a cyclic process, e.g. in a heat engine, as described by Carnot's theorem and the second law of thermodynamics . However, some energy transformations can be quite efficient. The direction of transformations in energy (what kind of energy

10580-467: The situation is the reverse. Chemical reactions are usually not possible unless the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as the activation energy . The speed of a chemical reaction (at a given temperature  T ) is related to the activation energy  E by the Boltzmann's population factor e ; that is, the probability of a molecule to have energy greater than or equal to  E at

10695-526: The sum of translational and rotational kinetic and potential energy within a system is referred to as mechanical energy , whereas nuclear energy refers to the combined potentials within an atomic nucleus from either the nuclear force or the weak force , among other examples. The word energy derives from the Ancient Greek : ἐνέργεια , romanized :  energeia , lit.   'activity, operation', which possibly appears for

10810-420: The sun . The energy industry provides the energy required for human civilization to function, which it obtains from energy resources such as fossil fuels , nuclear fuel , and renewable energy . The total energy of a system can be subdivided and classified into potential energy , kinetic energy , or combinations of the two in various ways. Kinetic energy is determined by the movement of an object – or

10925-429: The term " potential energy ". The law of conservation of energy was also first postulated in the early 19th century, and applies to any isolated system . It was argued for some years whether heat was a physical substance, dubbed the caloric , or merely a physical quantity, such as momentum . In 1845 James Prescott Joule discovered the link between mechanical work and the generation of heat. These developments led to

11040-461: The theory of conservation of energy, formalized largely by William Thomson ( Lord Kelvin ) as the field of thermodynamics . Thermodynamics aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Rudolf Clausius , Josiah Willard Gibbs , and Walther Nernst . It also led to a mathematical formulation of the concept of entropy by Clausius and to the introduction of laws of radiant energy by Jožef Stefan . According to Noether's theorem ,

11155-420: The total energy of the substances involved. Some energy may be transferred between the surroundings and the reactants in the form of heat or light; thus the products of a reaction have sometimes more but usually less energy than the reactants. A reaction is said to be exothermic or exergonic if the final state is lower on the energy scale than the initial state; in the less common case of endothermic reactions

11270-526: The town were relatively near to the factories civilian demolition was kept to a limit. On 31 March 1945 the American 8th Armored Division occupied the town. Hubert Brinkforth holder of the Knights Cross was born in Marl. As the town was merged from several farming communities with the mining settlements and houses of the chemical workers it has no real centre. In the 1960s and 1970s a new centre

11385-401: The town. Most of them were deported to Riga and murdered. These incidents were documented by the German artist Gunter Demnig and his project " Stolpersteine " (stumbling blocks). Between 1939 and 1945 many foreign forced workers worked in companies and private households. Throughout the war especially the "Buna" factories were target of several allied air raids. Although the civilian areas of

11500-647: The town. They were called "Threviri (Drewer)", "Vrilinctorpe(Frentrop) und "Haranni (Hamm). In addition to the Werden Abbey there were other great land owners as the Cologne and Xanten chapter, the Essen abbey and some nobles. This scattered property caused massive feuds and fighting in the Middle Ages. In the urban district of "Alt-Marl" (Old Marl) stands St George's Church, which in the 11th century belonged to

11615-406: The unit of measure, discovered that the gravitational potential energy lost by a descending weight attached via a string was equal to the internal energy gained by the water through friction with the paddle. In classical mechanics, energy is a conceptually and mathematically useful property, as it is a conserved quantity . Several formulations of mechanics have been developed using energy as

11730-421: The universe cooled too rapidly for hydrogen to completely fuse into heavier elements. This meant that hydrogen represents a store of potential energy that can be released by fusion. Such a fusion process is triggered by heat and pressure generated from gravitational collapse of hydrogen clouds when they produce stars, and some of the fusion energy is then transformed into sunlight. In quantum mechanics , energy

11845-401: The universe over time are characterized by various kinds of potential energy, that has been available since the Big Bang , being "released" (transformed to more active types of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy) when a triggering mechanism is available. Familiar examples of such processes include nucleosynthesis , a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy released from

11960-593: Was acquired by RAG in 2006. Its latest acquisition is the Tippecanoe Labs plant site at Lafayette, Indiana from Eli Lilly on 1 January 2010. In November, a plant for the production of DL- methionine was opened in Singapore . At a cost of €500 million, it is the largest investment to date in the chemical sector in the company's history. In June 2014, the Supervisory Board resolved to restructure

12075-469: Was built in greenfield strategy as a new town hall, high-rise buildings and the shopping mall "Marler Stern" originated. On 5 October 1973 there was a train accident near the Marl-Sinsen train station, in which 7 persons were killed and 44 persons injured. The express train 632 from Flensburg to Düsseldorf collided with a switch engine, which was waiting on the track and derailed. Shortly afterwards

12190-440: Was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal energy consisted of the motions of the constituent parts of matter, although it would be more than a century until this was generally accepted. The modern analog of this property, kinetic energy , differs from vis viva only by a factor of two. Writing in the early 18th century, Émilie du Châtelet proposed the concept of conservation of energy in

12305-477: Was consolidated with the town of Dorsten to the "Office of mayor Dorsten"("Bürgermeisterei Dorsten") with the mayor of Dorsten as provost. In 1837, after the territorial reform of the Prussian state, Marl got autonomous again. The village area was enlarged and the village of Altendorf-Ulfkotte was suburbanized, though marl did not get his name back but was named "Dorsten-environs"("Dorsten-Land") On 31 October 1841

12420-531: Was finalized on 2 March 2011. The remaining 49% were acquired by the consortium for €570 million in August 2014. Evonik Immobilien GmbH used to manage around 60,000 company-owned residential units in Germany. In addition, it had a 50% stake in TreuHandStelle GmbH, which manages more than 70,000 residential units. Evonik Immobilien GmbH was amalgamated with TreuHandStelle GmbH and placed on

12535-651: Was founded in 1899, and is still operating. The mass production of the Loremo was planned for 2010 in a yet-to-be-constructed car factory in the industrial complex of Dorsten /Marl, but looks now into uncertain future. Marl is the home of the Skulpturenmuseum Glaskasten (Marl Glass Box Sculpture Museum). The current mayor of Marl is Werner Arndt of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) since 2009. The most recent mayoral election

12650-423: Was founded in Marl. It was named after Hermann Brassert, the "father of the common mining law of 1865". In 1910 the coal production began and in the 1950s about 5,000 people were employed "on Brassert". In 1972 the mine was closed and 2/3 of the mine area became a commercial park, the other 1/3 a recreation ground. Some mining buildings have been saved. The old entrance buildings serve as an art studio and as bureau of

12765-534: Was occupied by French and Belgian troops. On 1 April 1926 Marl grew bigger as the surrounding villages of Sinsen, Hüls, Lenkerbeck and Löntrop were suburbanized. In 1931 the "Handbook of all towns and villages in the Rhine province and Westpfalia" states, that Marl had 34102 inhabitants ( 19598 Roman Catholic, 12105 Protestants, 30 Jewish and 2309 other confessions) There was no mayor at that time. The city council consisted of 18 people. 10 Centre Party (Germany) , 2 Social Democratic Party of Germany , 1 Reich Party of

12880-413: Was renamed to "Haus Loe". In official manuscripts of 1373 it was named as "castrum". In 1378 the castle was signed over as an "Offenhaus" by the owner Wessel van Loe to the Archbishop of Cologne, Frederick III. of Saarwerden. "Offenhaus" means, that in the case of war, the owner can use the castle as a stronghold. So the noble family of Loe was subject to the archbishop. The family had very many properties in

12995-533: Was reported to have considered buying a stake in Evonik Industries. The IPO, by now planned for fall of 2011, was once again postponed in September 2011, this time citing the "current state of financial and capital markets and their prospects." RAG Foundation had planned for Evonik's IPO to take place in 2012, but this was postponed as a result of poor market conditions. Evonik shares have been traded on

13110-442: Was the main manufacturer and distributor of the chemical Zyklon B , which was used to murder people in gas chambers of German extermination and concentration camps during The Holocaust . Gold dental fillings, which had been forcefully removed from the mouths of concentration-camp inmates, were processed by Degussa. The company's partnership Deutsche Gasrusswerke (DGW) employed Jewish slave laborers at Gleiwitz concentration camp ,

13225-542: Was used by the rural population as a protective barrier until the Late Middle Ages. Assured written regional facts about the Early Middle Ages in the 9th and 10th century were however not documented till the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. Marl was first documented in 890 in the urbarium of the benedictine abbey of Werden, which was founded in 799 during the Saxon wars. There

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