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52-514: Evrenos or Evrenuz (died 17 November 1417 in Yenice-i Vardar ) was an Ottoman military commander. Byzantine sources mention him as Ἐβρενός, Ἀβρανέζης, Βρανέζης, Βρανεύς (?), Βρενέζ, Βρενέζης, Βρενές. He served as a general under Süleyman Pasha , Murad I , Bayezid I , Süleyman Çelebi and Mehmed I . Legends stating that he lived for 129 years and had an incredibly long career are inaccurate. These sources of confusion may be linked to

104-487: A closed theater located internally of the Cultural Centre which has a modern architecture. In the first days of September there is a big market for about a week. The DI. K. E. P. A. P. (ΔΗ. Κ. Ε. Π. Α. Π) is a charitable non-profit cultural organization founded in 1996 that develops music, visual arts, dance, film and other arts. Seven kilometers (4.3 miles) south of

156-622: A demonstration in the city and indulge in German commandant a text against the intention of the Germans to surrender Central Macedonia to the Bulgarians. According to oral testimony on November 13, 1943, the Germans arrested around 50 people, whom they transferred to the camp of Pavlos Melas at Thessaloniki and they killed thirteen. At the same time, the Germans invaded for the first time the village Eleftherohori 7 km (4 mi) away from

208-471: A few outlying villages (Mesiano, Melissi, Pentaplatanos, Archontiko, Ampelies and Damiano ). The municipality Pella as a whole includes many villages and has 57,039 inhabitants. The city is located in the center of Macedonia between Mount Paiko and the plain of Giannitsa, and is the economic, commercial and industrial center of the Pella regional unit . European route E86 ( Greek National Road 2 ) runs along

260-613: A group of 100 scholars and writers published a denunciation the Turkish government and Lowry in The Chronicle of Higher Education . The signatories of the document included Alfred Kazin , Norman Mailer , Arthur Miller , Joyce Carol Oates , Susan Sontag , William Styron , David Riesman and John Updike . The following year, Princeton University was publicly accused of accepting bribes to cater to Turkish propaganda, and multiple scholars protested Lowry's appointment to chair of

312-477: A group of scholars, businessmen, and retired diplomats and a grant from the Turkish government, he helped establish, and became the director of, the Institute of Turkish Studies at Georgetown University , which until its closing in 2020 provided grants to scholars working in the area of Ottoman and Turkish studies. During this time, he began to study contemporary Turkish politics, and taught from 1989 to 1994 at

364-520: A hospice in Komotini following his conquest of the area in 1363. Later, Evrenos also led the conquest of Serres . The most famous battle Evrenos participated in was the shattering victory of the battle of Maritsa , where a small Ottoman force launched a devastating night raid and routed over 50,000 Serbian Empire soldiers. Later, Evrenos and his Akinjis fought in the Battle of Kosovo (1389) and

416-552: A letter expressing their opposition to official US recognition of the genocide. Many of these academics had been awarded financial grants by the Institute of Turkish Studies , which was directed by Lowry himself, in order to sign the letter. In 1990, psychologist Robert Jay Lifton received a letter from the Turkish Ambassador to the United States, Nüzhet Kandemir, questioning his inclusion of references to

468-521: A paper at a conference at MESA ), Lowry wrote a review against historian Richard G. Hovannisian for his depiction of a junior American intelligence officer in his second volume on the history of the First Republic of Armenia . Though it only occupied the space of a single footnote in a 603-page book, Lowry thought the alleged mischaracterizations by Hovannisian to be so egregious as to have compromised his scholarly integrity. Lowry took issue with

520-488: A pre-existing Byzantine castle in the vicinity, the importance of the city of Giannitsa begins with its foundation by Gazi Evrenos in around 1383 – 1387. Giannitsa became the base of the ghazi followers of Evrenos who took Macedonia and later Albania. The city (known as Vardar Yenicesi or Yenice-i Vardar under the Ottomans) was an important Ottoman cultural center and sacred area in the 15th and 16th centuries. Starting in

572-481: Is already a dead city". On 20 September 1944, a citizens' committee sent a message to the National Government stating the facts and asking for weapons. The Germans left Giannitsa on November 3, 1944. During this period in the city is formed Bulgarian action committee and later Central Bulgarian-macedonian committee, headed by the local citizen Georgi Kayafov. Also a Thessaloniki bulgarian club branch

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624-532: The Armenian genocide in one of his books. The ambassador inadvertently included a draft of a letter written by Lowry advising the ambassador on how to prevent mention of the Armenian genocide in scholarly works. Roger W. Smith, Eric Markusen and Lifton described his actions as a "subversion of scholarship". They also wrote that "Lowry's work contains many questionable assertions and conclusions", asserting that

676-497: The Battle of Nicopolis (1396). Evrenos conquered Keşan , İpsala , Komotini , Feres , Xanthi , Maroneia , Monastir , and in 1397, Corinth . He founded the town Yenice-i Vardar, modern Giannitsa . Gazi Evrenos died at an advanced age in Yenice-i Vardar. He was buried in a mausoleum there in 1417. The mausoleum survives but was badly mutilated in 19th century and served for a time as an agricultural store. As one of

728-712: The Macedonian struggle . Penelope Delta 's novel Secrets of the Swamp (referring to the shores of Giannitsa Lake) is a romanticised account of this from the Greek point of view. Giannitsa "retained its emphatically Turkish character up to 1912" and members of the Evrenos family lived in the city in a large palace in the center of town until then. In the First Balkan War , the Battle of Giannitsa (20 October 1912)

780-690: The Mihaloğulları (from the Beylik of Karasi ), Malkoçoğulları (from Serbia), Ömerli/Ömeroğlu, and the Turahanoğulları , Evrenos' descendants, the Evrenosoğulları, constitute one of the Byzantine families that effectively formed the early Ottoman warrior nobility. Giannitsa The municipal unit Giannitsa has an area of 208.105 km . Its population is 32,410 people (2021 census). It includes

832-724: The University of Guelph in Ontario , has labeled Lowry as one of the key deniers of the Armenian genocide . According to Israeli historian Yair Auron , Justin McCarthy with Heath Lowry, Bernard Lewis 's successor in Princeton, leads the list of Armenian genocide deniers. Lowry spent two years (1964–1966) working as a Peace Corps volunteer in a remote mountain village Bereketli, Balıkesir Province in western Turkey before graduating from Portland State University (1966). In

884-704: The Balkans insofar as that it was a town where Persian was also widely spoken. However, the Persian of Vardar Yenicesi and throughout the rest of the Ottoman-held Balkans was different from formal Persian both in accent and vocabulary. The difference was apparent to such a degree that the Ottomans referred to it as "Rumelian Persian" ( Rumili Farsisi ). As learned people such as students, scholars and literati often frequented Vardar Yenicesi, it soon became

936-591: The Filippeio tourist center, the Macedonian tombs, and the prehistoric settlement of Archontiko. About 10 km (6 mi) northwest of the city is the spring of Aravissos , which produces drinking water. The surrounding grove and creek include a popular park. Giannitsa is predominantly a rural area. The draining of the Lake Giannitsà left fertile soil for agriculture, leading to population growth in

988-504: The Great and capital of ancient Macedonia . The city is 48 km (30 mi) from Thessaloniki . The city was founded as Yenice-i Vardar Ottoman Turkish يڭيجۀ واردار 'new (town) of Vardar' in around 1383 – 1387. It was sometimes called Evrenos Beg yöresi ' Evrenos Bey 's town'. The Turkish name, in the form Yenitsa (Γενιτσά), was used until February 1926 when its name was Hellenized as Giannitsa (Γιαννιτσά). In other languages,

1040-661: The Istanbul Director of the American Research Institute in Turkey from 1972 to 1979. Lowry then took a position as Senior Research Associate at Harvard University's Dumbarton Oaks Research Library & Collection in Washington, D.C. between 1980 and 1983. There, he co-directed a team of international scholars working on late Byzantine and early Ottoman historical demography. In 1983, with

1092-611: The Jagdkommando Schubert with the collaboration of Greek units under the command of G. Poulos . Among those executed was the Mayor, Thomas Mangriotis. The Swedish ambassador Timberg indicated that one third of the city was destroyed by fire. The citizens left the city. Emile Wenger visited Giannitsa few days after the mass execution, as a representative of the International Red Cross and wrote "Giannitsa

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1144-688: The Nautical Club participates. Giannitsa is twinned with three cities: Heath W. Lowry Heath Ward Lowry (born 23 December 1942) is the Atatürk Professor of Ottoman and Modern Turkish Studies emeritus at Princeton University and Bahçeşehir University . He is an author of books about the history of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey . David B. MacDonald , of the Political Science department at

1196-459: The Ottoman leaders has been corroborated by other sources. David B. MacDonald , of the Political Science department at the University of Guelph in Ontario , has labeled Lowry as one of the key deniers of the Armenian genocide . Samuel Totten and Steven Leonard Jacobs wrote that Lowry "helped to further Turkish propaganda". In 1985, Lowry was involved in organizing 69 academics to sign

1248-547: The Ottomans, and then on to Karasi, after the Siege of Bursa , in 1326. Stanford J. Shaw states that Evrenos was originally a Byzantine Greek feudal prince in Anatolia who had entered Ottoman service following the capture of Bursa, converted to Islam, and later became a leading military commander under both Orhan and Murat. Joseph von Hammer regarded Evrenos as simply a Byzantine Greek convert to Islam. Peter Sugar considers

1300-630: The Ottomans. (The choice of location was made with military criteria because they wanted to control the commercial activity that took place across the city and throughout central Macedonia.) These monuments have been declared historical monuments by the Greek Archaeological Service. Points of interest include also the Cathedral Church of Giannitsa (achieved in 1860), the Neoclassical Multicenter,

1352-569: The Turkish endeavor to deny the Armenian Genocide." Political scientist and Armenian genocide denier Guenter Lewy also shares Lowry's main conclusions about Morgenthau's memoirs. R.J. Rummel notes that Morgenthau's claims are consistent with many other sources of information, such as newsmen, other American diplomats, German diplomats and military personnel, Italian diplomats, other autobiographies, German and Turkish court testimony, Young Turk documents, reports of Turkish officials in

1404-545: The U.S. State Department's National Foreign Affairs Training Center in Arlington, Virginia , where his students were U.S. diplomats scheduled for assignment in Turkey. He served as Course Chairperson of the Advanced Area Studies Program on Turkey, Greece, and Cyprus. From 1993 to 2013, Lowry was the Atatürk Professor of Ottoman and Modern Turkish Studies at Princeton University , and served as

1456-638: The center is the Loudias River , which has a sailing center. The Nautical Club of Giannitsa (NOG) teaches canoeing, kayaking, and rowing. The most popular team is the Anagennisi Giannitsa football team which plays at the Municipal Stadium. There is a motocross track northwest of the city, in the foothills of Mount Paiko, where local, Greek, and European races are run. At the river Loudias, there are rowing races in which

1508-479: The city is called: Ottoman Turkish Yenice-i Vardar ('new-town of Vardar', as opposed to Yenice-i Karasu , modern Genisea , near Xanthi and known for tobacco), Turkish Yenice or Vardar Yenicesi , Bulgarian : Енидже Вардар , Enidzhe Vardar or Пазар Pazar , Macedonian : Ениџе Вардар , Enidzhe Vardar . In the area of "Old Market", on the southern hill of the city, there was an Early Neolithic settlement (late 7th to early 6th millennium BC). Giannitsa

1560-747: The city, steal and destroy. In this attack there were no casualties. On 23 March 1944, the village was burned, and the place deserted. Eleftherohori lost 19 lives. On 5 August 1944, the Austrian soldier Otmar Dorne left the German occupation army and joined the 30th Constitution of the E.L.A.S , based in Mount Paiko . The defection of Dorne, and the presence of the Wehrmacht sergeant Schubert , led to mass reprisals on 14 September 1944 in Giannitsa: about 120 residents of Giannitsa were executed by forces of

1612-508: The coasts of Asia Minor in the early 14th century. But modern historians generally reject these views. In light of a newly discovered vâkfiye (pious endowment charter) drawn up in 1456-1457 by İsa Beğ (one of Evrenos' seven sons), it posits a new explanation for the ethnic origins of the family. In this regard it advances the hypothesis that to his contemporaries 'Evrenos' was actually known as 'Evreniz/Evrenüz' or 'Avraniz/Avranüz.' Further, according to Heath W. Lowry , that his father's actual name

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1664-523: The conclusions "do not follow from his analysis or the evidence he can marshal". It has also been described "further proof of the Institute of Turkish Studies’ and scholars’ collusion with Turkish state interests". Lowry later apologized for writing the letter, saying that he "goofed." In 1995, Lifton, Smith, and Markusen published an article criticizing Lowry's behavior in the academic journal Holocaust and Genocide Studies . In February of that year,

1716-520: The deeds of his descendants becoming intertwined with his own achievements in historical retellings. He was also known as Gavrinos, and believed to descend from a Greek family. Οriginally, Gazi Evrenos was a noble dignitary, a bey in the principality of Karasi , joining the Ottomans only after their conquest of the beylik in 1345. A Greek legend maintains that Evrenos' father was a certain Ornos, renegade Byzantine governor of Bursa (Prusa) who defected to

1768-537: The department. Peter Balakian , a professor at Colgate University , described Lowry's work as "evil euphemistic evasion," and organized a protest of 200 Armenian-Americans at the Princeton Club in New York City. The Princeton dean of faculty, Amy Gutmann , defended the university's actions by stating that donations do not influence the appointment process. Lowry received an honorary doctorate from

1820-574: The director of the Near Eastern Studies program from July 1994 to June 1997. He offered seminars on early Ottoman history and undergraduate lecture courses on Ottoman history and contemporary Turkey. In 1996, Princeton was accused of allowing itself to be used by the Turkish government as a disseminator of propaganda when the university accepted a $ 750,000 donation from the government of Turkey and subsequently appointed Lowry, who denies

1872-752: The existence of the Turkish Armenian genocide in World War I . In 2010, Lowry became a visiting professor at Bahçeşehir University in Turkey, where he directs the Center for Ottoman Era Studies. He is currently a professor emeritus at Princeton, and he simultaneously serves as an advisor to the chairman of the Bahçeşehir Board of Trustees . In a 44-page long article published in the Journal of Ottoman Studies in 1986 (initially presented as

1924-513: The family to be of Greek origin as well. Turkish sources report that the family was of Turkish origin. However, others dismiss this, noting that the Evrenos family were certainly of non-Turkish origin. Evrenos led many crucial Ottoman campaigns and battles in Bulgaria , Thessaly , and Serbia . After having participated in the Ottoman conquest of Adrianopolis in 1362, Evrenos was appointed uc beği (frontier warlord) of Thessaly. Evrenos built

1976-456: The favorable reviews of the book by other historians such as Firuz Kazemzadeh and Roderic Davison and charged Hovannisian with distorting facts and displaying partiality in his work. In a point-by-point rebuttal published in the same year, Hovannisian expressed surprise at Lowry's outrage and decision to single out the depiction of one individual and use it as the sole basis to discredit his research. He went on to criticize Lowry for exaggerating

2028-555: The government, and refugees. Rummel concludes that he will "continue to give the Story credence until more neutral studies on it confirm Lowry's claim". According to Thomas de Waal , the evidence in the Ambassador Morgenthau's Story was so damning that some Armenian Genocide deniers , such as Lowry, have tried to disprove it, although much of the book's contents are verified by diplomatic cables and Morgenthau's access to

2080-646: The late '60s, he worked with scholars Speros Vryonis Jr., Andreas Tietze , Gustave von Grunebaum , and Stanford J. Shaw at the University of California Los Angeles , where he received both his master's degree (1970) and Ph.D. (1977). Lowry was a founding member of the Department of History at the Boğaziçi University in İstanbul, Turkey , and taught there full-time from 1973 until 1980. In 1980, he co-founded The Journal of Ottoman Studies , together with Nejat Göyünç and Halil İnalcık . He also served as

2132-553: The mid-15th century, Giannitsa became a center of literature and the arts. Under Ahmet Bey, a descendant of Gazi Evrenos , many mosques, schools, workhouses and charitable projects were founded. In 1519 ( Hijri 925), its population consisted of 793 Muslim, 25 Christian and 24 Jewish households and it was a zeamet of Mevlana Ahmet Çelebi. Although Persian was widely studied in the Ottoman-held Balkans ( Rumelia ), Vardar Yenicesi differed from other localities in

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2184-523: The most successful Ottoman commanders, Evrenos acquired considerable wealth and founded numerous endowments ( awqaf ). Several monuments attributed to him survive in southeastern Europe. Of primary importance is his türbe (mausoleum) with its accompanying epitaph in Giannitsa. A hammam of Evrenos stands to the south of the mausoleum. Two other monuments stand in Greek Thrace. Some argue that

2236-535: The name Evrenos (also Evrenuz) is not Turkish. Heath Lowry theorized that the father of Hayreddin Barbarossa perhaps was a Sipahi cavalry served under Evrenos. What is certain is that Gazi Evrenos was from Ottoman Anatolia and first appears as bey . Lapavitsas even put forward that the founder, Piranki (Prangı) Isa Bey, might've been descended from the mercenaries of the Catalan Company , who razed

2288-444: The region. The focus of the social life of the city is at the central pedestrian street, where people gather to eat and drink or to take a walk. Giannitsa was one of the first cities that founded Open Theatre (3000 seats) and became an institution for cultural events and big names in theater and music, every year, the last month of summer giving a culture festival character . Also various theatrical and musical events take place in

2340-426: The scope of minor errors, misinterpreting the sources, and failing to grasp nuances found in the primary source material, which in many cases agreed with what he had originally written. In 1990, Lowry claimed that Ambassador Morgenthau's Story was a record of "crude half-truths and outright falsehoods". According to Yair Auron , Lowry is recognized as a principal source discrediting Morgenthau, giving "impetus to

2392-430: The site of a flourishing Persianate linguistic and literary culture. The 16th-century Ottoman Aşık Çelebi (died 1572), who hailed from Prizren in modern-day Kosovo , was galvanized by the abundant Persian-speaking and Persian-writing communities of Vardar Yenicesi, and he referred to the city as a "hotbed of Persian". In the early 20th century, Giannitsa was a battleground between Bulgarian and Greek partisans in

2444-541: The son of Bozoklu Han, who joined Süleyman Pasha in his conquest of Rumelia . He is said to have been martyred in the village of Prangi (also known as Sırcık or Kırcık in Ottoman sources), a busy ferry-place on the Evros river about 6 km (4 mi) east from Didymoteicho , and that his tomb was built by his son Evrenos (Evrenuz) Bey. Gazi Evrenos Bey was father of seven sons (Khidr-shah, Isa, Suleyman, Ali , Yakub, Barak, Begdje) and several daughters. Together with

2496-507: The south of the city. The former shallow, swampy, and variable-sized Giannitsa Lake or (ancient) Loudias Lake, fed by the Loudias River and south of the city, was drained in 1928-1932 by the New York Foundation Company. It or the surrounding marshland were sometimes called Borboros 'slime' or Borboros Limen . About 7 km (4 mi) from Giannitsa are the ruins of ancient Pella , birthplace of Alexander

2548-468: Was Branko/Pranko Lazart, which, according to Lowry, raises the possibility of a Serbian origin for the family. Others, such as Stanford J. Shaw , Dimitri Kitsikis , Peter Sugar , and Joseph Von Hammer propose a Greek origin for the family, with Shaw noting that he was a Byzantine feudal prince in Anatolia who converted to Islam and entered Ottoman service following the capture of Bursa. Îsâ "Prangi" Bey, Evrenos' father, was, according to some sources,

2600-519: Was also inhabited through the Bronze and Iron Ages. Incidental findings, such as coins, inscriptions, and sculptures indicate that the area was inhabited during the Hellenistic period (323-30BC). In ancient times, the area was called Bottiaea . In the vicinity of the city ancient towns of Pella and Kyrros and medieval metropolitan centre of Giannitsa were presented. Though there was probably

2652-756: Was formed by locals Georgi Yankulov, Perikle Gyupchinov, Hristo Panayotov and Georgi Kayafov. Giannitsa was an important center in the Ottoman period, and several important monuments survive, such as the Tombs of Gazi Evrenos (built in 1417) and Gazi Ahmed Bey , the Kaifoun Baths, the Great Mosque , the Army Mosque , the hammam of Evrenos , and the Clock Tower , built from 1667 to 1668 by

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2704-525: Was one of the most important battles the Hellenic Army fought. The German army invaded Giannitsa on April 11, 1941 . On April 20, 1941, some Austrian forces arrived. The municipal registry of Giannitsa confirms four random killings in various parts of the city. On 16 September 1943, the Municipality of Giannitsa, headed by the Mayor, Thomas Magriotis and the help of local soccer teams organized

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