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41-622: Fome Zero ( Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈfomi ˈzɛɾu] , Zero Hunger ) is a program of the Government of Brazil introduced by President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in 2003, with the goal to eradicate hunger and extreme poverty in the country. It followed the lead of projects that had already put into practice by the Fernando Henrique Cardoso administration, which was named Bolsa Escola (School Stipend), and which had been established in 1995. Lula followed

82-724: A Bolsa Família Project to assist the Brazilian government in managing the Bolsa Família Program, declared that "Although the program is relatively young, some results are already apparent, including: (...) contributions to improved education outcomes, and impacts on children’s growth, food consumption, and diet quality". A study by the UNDP Poverty Centre found that over 80% of the Bolsa Familia benefits went to families in poverty (making under half

123-414: A center-right party that supported laissez-faire capitalism . In 2006, the party's former president Jorge Bornhausen stated in an interview with Brazil's largest newsmagazine Veja , that the party should be considered centrist and socially liberal . However, other party leaders classified it as "internationally, closest to Christian democracy ". According to political scientist Jairo Nicolau,

164-602: A former member of ARENA, PDS, and PMDB. PFL's Senators, however, had masterminded the candidacy of businessman and television presenter Silvio Santos , a maneuver which had been hampered by the Superior Electoral Court . An ally of Collor in the runoff election against Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, PFL participated in his government, and, even after his impeachment , it participated in the coalition that supported Itamar Franco 's government. From 1994 to 1998, PFL supported Fernando Henrique Cardoso and thus secured

205-523: A pro- Diretas Já faction emerged within the party a few days later. On April 25, 1984, the Congress, besieged by Army officials, voted the amendment. It did not reach the required quorum for approval, due to the absence of 112 deputies from PDS. After the attempts to have a direct election failed, discussions about the presidential succession turned to the National Congress, which would elect

246-414: A significant impact on the ability of the poorest families to eat. Children in public school receive one free meal a day—two in the poorest areas—and so less of their family's limited income is needed to pay for food. In a survey of Bolsa Familia recipients, 82.4% reported eating better; additionally, it was reported to increase the incomes of the poorer families by about 25%. In 2003, David de Ferranti ,

287-556: Is believed to have contributed to Brazil's recent reported improvements in its fight against poverty, according to research promoted by some universities and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). An ex ante econometric evaluation of Bolsa Escola did find significant effects on both school attendance rates and the number of children involved in child labor . The World Bank , which created in June 2005

328-547: Is organized in states' and federal systems with different jurisdictions. The judges of the courts of the first instance take office after public competitive examination . The second instance judges are promoted among the first instance judges. The Justices of the superior courts are appointed by the President for life and approved by the Senate. All the judges and justices must be graduated in law. Brazilian judges must retire at

369-453: Is the supreme law of Brazil. It is the foundation and source of the legal authority underlying the existence of Brazil and the federal government. It provides the framework for the organization of the Brazilian government and for the relationship of the federal government to the states , to citizens, and to all people within Brazil. Executive power is exercised by the executive, headed by

410-632: The 1985 presidential election . On January 15, 1985, the Neves/Sarney presidential ticket got 480 of the 686 votes available in the Congress (70% of the total). Nine days later, on January 24, 1985, the Liberal Front officially disbanded from PDS and formed the Liberal Front Party (PFL). With the death of Tancredo Neves on April 21, 1985, Sarney took office as president. Due to the same electoral law that forbade coalitions, Sarney

451-518: The National Justice Council and the regional federal courts . The bicameral National Congress ( Congresso Nacional ) consists of: There are no limits on the number of terms one may serve for either chamber. The seats are allotted proportionally to each state's population, but each state is eligible for a minimum of eight seats and a maximum of 70 seats. The result is a system weighted in favor of smaller states that are part of

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492-801: The President , advised by a Cabinet of Ministers . The President is both the head of state and the head of government . Legislative power is vested upon the National Congress , a two-chamber legislature comprising the Federal Senate and the Chamber of Deputies . Judicial power is exercised by the judiciary, consisting of the Supreme Federal Court , the Superior Court of Justice and other Superior Courts ,

533-527: The Social Democratic Party (PSD) and took prominent DEM members such as Senator Kátia Abreu, Santa Catarina governor Raimundo Colombo, and former vice-presidential candidate Indio da Costa with him. PSD has 52 federal deputies and 2 senators, most of them former DEM members. Defunct The DEM claimed to be an advocate of ethics, democracy, the exercise of human rights, the market economy , and economic liberalism . It presented itself as

574-501: The Brazilian federation. Currently, 15 political parties are represented in Congress . Since it is common for politicians to switch parties, the proportion of congressional seats held by particular parties changes regularly. To avoid that, the Supreme Federal Court ruled in 2007 that the term belongs to the parties, and not to the representatives. Brazilian courts function under civil law adversarial system . The Judicial branch

615-454: The President indirectly in the following year. The pro- Diretas Já faction of PDS formed the Liberal Front, and decided to support PMDB's candidate Tancredo Neves against PDS's Paulo Maluf , the official candidate of the military regime. With the support of Aureliano Chaves , Marco Maciel , Antônio Carlos Magalhães , and Jorge Bornhausen , among other major dissidents from PDS, the Liberal Front named José Sarney as Neves' running mate for

656-457: The Senate to the fourth. Its longest-serving member, former Vice President Maciel , who had been first elected to the National Congress in 1966, was not re-elected. On the other hand, DEM won the governorships of the states of Rio Grande do Norte and Santa Catarina , expanding its presence in state administrations. The party lost over half of its votes when comparing the 2006 and 2010 Senate elections. In 2006, it had 21.6 million votes for

697-694: The Superior Justice Tribunal ( Superior Tribunal de Justiça , STJ) and the federal supreme court , called the Supreme Federal Court ( Portuguese : Supremo Tribunal Federal ). The STJ grants a Special Appeal ( Recurso Especial ) when a judgment of a court of the second instance offends a federal statute disposition or when two or more second instance courts make different rulings on the same federal statute. There are parallel courts for labor law , electoral law and military law . The STF grants Extraordinary Appeals ( Recurso Extraordinário ) when judgments of second instance courts violate

738-626: The World Bank IBRD representative for Latin America and the Caribbean, criticized the program, due to its lack of clear focus, saying the program did not combat the country's poverty and income inequality. He also criticised the mechanisms for money donation and food gathering and distribution. Five months after Lula took office, the budget for Fome Zero was cut down a third from its original amount, and one year later, about $ 800 million

779-563: The age of 70. The national territory is divided into five regions, which are composed of two or more states. Each region is divided into Judiciary Sections ( Seções Judiciárias in Portuguese), coterminous with the territory of each state, and subdivided in Judiciary Subsections ( Subseções Judiciárias ), each with a territory that may not correspond to the states' comarcas. The Judiciary subsections have federal courts of

820-516: The city of Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul . However, Humberto Costa, the Minister of Health at the time, considered the death count average and not alarming. Another early criticism was that the program turned mostly into a money-transfer program, subject to corruption, and did not completely solve the problem. Data from 2014 to 2015 showed that malnutrition is still a problem in Brazil and responsible by 4.3 deaths per 100,000 people per year, linked to

861-519: The constitution. The STF is the last instance for the writ of habeas corpus and for reviews of judgments from the STJ. The superior courts do not analyze any factual questions in their judgments, but only the application of the law and the constitution. Facts and evidence are judged by the courts of the second instance, except in specific cases such as writs of habeas corpus . Democrats (Brazil) The Democrats ( Portuguese : Democratas , DEM)

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902-456: The fact that 3.8% of the population (7.6 million people) still earns less than US$ 1 a day. However, this was down from 7.6 deaths per 100k in 2002 and fell further to 2.4 by 2021. Federal government of Brazil Brazil is a federal presidential constitutional republic, which is based on a representative democracy . The federal government has three independent branches : executive, legislative, and judicial. The Federal Constitution

943-558: The first instance and each Region has a Federal Regional Tribunal ( Tribunal Regional Federal ) as a court of the second instance. There are special federal court systems, in which such as Labour Court ( Justiça do Trabalho ) for labor or employment-related matters and disputes, Election Justice ( Justiça Eleitoral ) for electoral matters, and Military Justice ( Justiça Militar ) for martial criminal cases, each of them with its own courts. There are two national superior courts that grant writs of certiorari in civil and criminal cases:

984-606: The lead of projects that had already put into practice by the Fernando Henrique Cardoso administration, which was named Bolsa Escola (School Stipend), and which had been established in 1995. Lula expanded those projects with the new Fome Zero ("Zero Hunger") program, which was part of the Bolsa Família (Family Allowance) plan. The program is co-ordinated by the Ministry of Social Development and Hunger Combat ( Ministério do Desenvolvimento Social e Combate à Fome ) and

1025-584: The minimum wage per capita), thus most of the benefits were going to the poor. BF was also claimed to have been responsible for about 20% of the drop in inequality in Brazil since 2001, which is welcome in one of the most unequal countries on the planet. Research promoted by the World Bank showed a significant reduction in child labor exploitation among children benefited by the Bolsa Família program. The program has also been reported to have made

1066-471: The name change was intended to crown a process of modernization inside the party. "DEM was launched as a modern right-wing party, with a new program, and aimed at the urban middle classes; a kind of Conservative Party of the UK", he says. This, according to him, explains the departure of founding members and the rise of younger leaders. For instance, Jorge Bornhausen , which had been a member of UDN, retired from

1107-555: The new Brazil Union party. On January 24, 1985, DEM's direct predecessor, the Liberal Front Party ( Partido da Frente Liberal – PFL ), was founded by a dissident faction of the Democratic Social Party (PDS), which had been founded in 1980 as the successor of the National Renewal Alliance (ARENA), the former ruling party during the time of military dictatorship (1965–79). At the time, Brazil

1148-516: The party was refounded and adopted its current name. In the 2010 elections , the party continued to suffer losses in the Parliament, losing 22 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, and 7 seats in the Senate. DEM was able to elect only two senators that year (Demóstentes Torres from Goiás , and José Agripino Maia from Rio Grande do Norte ), for a total of 6, falling from the second largest party in

1189-496: The party's support of free market policies, rather than the identification with international liberal parties. Instead, the party affiliated itself to the international federations of Christian-democratic ( CDI ) and conservative parties ( IDU ). The Democrats' identification number is 25 and its colors are green, blue, and white. In October 2021, the party announced its merger with the Social Liberal Party into

1230-586: The post of vice-president with Marco Maciel. Prior to the 2002 election, an operation led by the Federal Police in Maranhão undermined the presidential candidacy of Roseana Sarney , leading to a rupture with the government. In the legislative elections , on October 6, 2002, the party won 84 out of 513 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 14 out of 54 seats in the Senate . After this election, which saw

1271-679: The presidency of the party to give place to federal deputy Rodrigo Maia, son of César Maia . The Santa Catarina section of the party was taken over by Bornhausen's own son, deputy Paulo Bornhausen. In Bahia, ACM Neto took over the legacy of his grandfather, Antônio Carlos Magalhães . Internationally, the Democrats were affiliated with both the Centrist Democrat International and the International Democrat Union . Juventude Democratas

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1312-457: The rise of Lula of the PT as president, PFL became an opposition party for the first time ever since the 1964 coup. The party reorganized its alliance with Cardoso's PSDB to form the official opposition in the National Congress. In the following general elections , held on October 1, 2006, the party won 65 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 6 out of the 27 Senate seats up for election, making it

1353-517: The second largest party in the Senate. The party does not usually run presidential candidates, but does run gubernatorial candidates in several states. In the 2006 elections, the party lost several state governorships, but won the governorship of the Federal District . However, this governorship was later lost due to a corruption scandal in which Governor José Roberto Arruda was caught on tape receiving bribery from private companies. In 2007,

1394-517: The upper house, while in 2010 it had just 10.2 million votes. The decline was less sharp in the Chamber of Deputies elections, as it had 10.1 million votes in 2006, and 7.3 million in 2010. The decrease in DEM's voting was attributed to the rapid growth of the PT and its allies in the Northeast. In 1986, the party had won 36% of the votes for the Chamber in the Northeast, while in 2006 this

1435-546: Was a centre-right political party in Brazil that merged with the Social Liberal Party to found the Brazil Union in 2021. It was founded in 1985 under the name of Liberal Front Party ( Partido da Frente Liberal , PFL) from a dissidence of the defunct Democratic Social Party (PDS), successor to the National Renewal Alliance (ARENA), the official party during the military dictatorship of 1964–1985 . It changed to its current name in 2007. The original name reflected

1476-455: Was a nationwide doctrinal body of political action, of a political, cultural and social nature, part of the Democrats' organizational structure, with an indefinite duration. As a purpose, JDEM sought to disseminate the political doctrine adopted by the Democrats, in addition to encouraging the political participation of young people aiming at expanding the party's staff and training new leaders, supporting or promoting events, studies and research in

1517-558: Was budgeted toward the program, but only $ 130 million of that was actually disbursed. Fome Zero was considered by the opposition at the time (especially the PSDB and DEM parties) a failure, due to what they believed was the government's inability to manage the program effectively. Murilo Zauith, a PFL federal deputy, in March 2005, said the program was faulty, citing as an example the death of several indigenous children due to malnutrition in

1558-543: Was forced to join PMDB, of which he is still a member today. PFL, however, was a major ally of his government. His daughter, Roseana , was a member of PFL until 2006, when she was expelled from the party for supporting Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva . In 1989, Aureliano Chaves was chosen as PFL's presidential candidate, but the weakness of his campaign made most leaders of the party to declare their support for National Reconstruction Party ( PRN )'s candidate, Fernando Collor , himself

1599-532: Was intended to put into action the government's strategy to guarantee the right of access to basic food. The program takes a number of forms, ranging from direct financial aid to the poorest families (with the Bolsa Família card) to diverse strategies such as creating water cisterns in Brazil's semi-arid areas, creating low-cost restaurants, educating people about healthy eating habits, distributing vitamins and iron supplements, supporting subsistence family farming and giving access to microcredit . The program

1640-773: Was reduced to 17%. As a result of the decline in DEM's popularity, the party has considered merging with another major party, such as the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB) or the Brazilian Social Democratic Party (PSDB). A possible merge with PMDB, however, has been rejected by most of DEM's leaders due to the fact that it is a member of the Lulista alliance in the National Congress and in most local level administrations. In 2011, it suffered another decline in its membership when São Paulo mayor Kassab founded

1681-460: Was under the effervescence that put an end to the military regime. In the previous year, a series of rallies known as Diretas Já gathered thousands of peoples in the streets of major cities to demand the direct election of the next President, as envisaged in the Dante de Oliveira amendment, which was pending approval in the Congress. On January 10, 1984, PDS rejected supporting this proposition, but

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