Misplaced Pages

#343656

85-649: Produced for 33 years nearly unchanged (with the exception of its powertrain), the C series was the longest-produced commercial truck in North America at the time of its withdrawal; only the Mack Model R (39 years) and Kenworth W900 (59 years) have remained in production longer. In 1986, Ford began phasing in the Ford Cargo in North America, serving as its replacement after the 1990 model year. Like other automotive manufacturers that built COE trucks before

170-496: A RL series lightweight series, primarily as a "western model". The RL made use of significantly more aluminum, including in the frame and other components. With the introduction of the Maxidyne ENDT-675 in 1966, Mack offered a series of engines that provided better fuel economy and less driver fatigue. The engines produced what Mack called constant-power, with high levels and max levels of horsepower and torque offered at

255-513: A comprehensive array of vocational and transportation applications. In addition, multiple Mack truck lines have shared components with the R, including the SuperLiner and CH/CL conventionals and the F, WR, and MH cabover trucks. Though not the first truck to adopt a forward-tilting hood, the Mack R introduced several innovations, including an air-ride cab, an integral engine compression brake, and

340-425: A diesel fuel. A higher cetane number indicates that the fuel ignites more readily when sprayed into hot compressed air. European (EN 590 standard) road diesel has a minimum cetane number of 51. Fuels with higher cetane numbers, normally "premium" diesel fuels with additional cleaning agents and some synthetic content, are available in some markets. About 86.1% of diesel fuel mass is carbon, and when burned, it offers

425-659: A drivetrain that reduced the need for an auxiliary transmission. The R was produced by Mack in Allentown, Pennsylvania ( Lower Macungie Township, Pennsylvania after 1975); several versions (including the SuperLiner) were produced in Hayward, California until Mack closed its assembly facility there in 1980. The series was also produced locally by Mack Australia and in Iran (the latter, license-built, prior to 1979). During

510-600: A few minutes due to coal dust deposition. Before diesel fuel was standardised, diesel engines typically ran on cheap fuel oils. In the United States, these were distilled from petroleum, whereas in Europe, coal-tar creosote oil was used. Some diesel engines were fuelled with mixtures of fuels, such as petrol, kerosene, rapeseed oil, or lubricating oil which were cheaper because, at the time, they were not being taxed. The introduction of motor-vehicle diesel engines, such as

595-469: A gel at temperatures of −19 to −15 °C (−2 to 5 °F), that cannot flow in fuel systems. Conventional diesel fuels vaporise at temperatures between 149 °C and 371 °C. Conventional diesel flash points vary between 52 and 96 °C, which makes it safer than petrol and unsuitable for spark-ignition engines. Unlike petrol, the flash point of a diesel fuel has no relation to its performance in an engine nor to its auto ignition qualities. As

680-496: A good approximation the chemical formula of diesel is C n H 2n . Diesel is a mixture of different molecules. As carbon has a molar mass of 12 g/mol and hydrogen has a molar mass of about 1 g/mol, so the fraction by weight of carbon in EN ;590 diesel fuel is roughly 12/14. The reaction of diesel combustion is given by: 2 C n H 2n + 3n O 2 ⇌ 2n CO 2 + 2n H 2 O Carbon dioxide has

765-438: A large, rectangular hood and grill came in 1977. By 1988 the numbering system had changed slightly. The prefix “D" and "T”, no longer needed as all engines were diesel and turbocharged, were discarded, as was the "N". The prefix “M” was for “Maxidyne” wide power range models, C was for California certified engines. A “6” was for the 672 cu in (11.0 L) I6, “9” was for the 998 cu in (16.4 L) V8, in 1987

850-581: A low and narrow RPM band. This allowed the operator to shift less, lowering the effort needed to drive the trucks. In addition to the Maxidyne engine, Mack also introduced the Maxitorque transmission. The RL series was introduced in 1967, and in 1973 the R cab was given a makeover to include a deeper rear wall for more room and a new dashboard design. Additionally, the dashboard was modified to include more plastic components. The RW Superliner with

935-472: A means of separating the fission product palladium from PUREX raffinate which comes from used nuclear fuel . In this system of solvent extraction, the hydrocarbons of the diesel act as the diluent while the di alkyl sulfides act as the extractant. This extraction operates by a solvation mechanism. So far, neither a pilot plant nor full scale plant has been constructed to recover palladium, rhodium or ruthenium from nuclear wastes created by

SECTION 10

#1732787874344

1020-615: A molar mass of 44g/mol as it consists of 2 atoms of oxygen (16 g/mol) and 1 atom of carbon (12 g/mol). So 12 g of carbon yield 44 g of Carbon dioxide. Diesel has a density of 0.838 kg per liter. Putting everything together the mass of carbon dioxide that is produced by burning 1 liter of diesel fuel can be calculated as: 0.838 k g / L ⋅ 12 14 ⋅ 44 12 = 2.63 k g / L {\displaystyle 0.838kg/L\cdot {\frac {12}{14}}\cdot {\frac {44}{12}}=2.63kg/L} The figure obtained with this estimation

1105-608: A net heating value of 43.1 MJ/kg as opposed to 43.2 MJ/kg for gasoline. Due to the higher density, diesel fuel offers a higher volumetric energy density: the density of EN 590 diesel fuel is defined as 0.820 to 0.845 kg/L (6.84 to 7.05 lb/US gal) at 15 °C (59 °F), about 9.0-13.9% more than EN 228 gasoline (petrol)'s 0.720–0.775 kg/L (6.01–6.47 lb/US gal) at 15 °C, which should be put into consideration when comparing volumetric fuel prices. The CO 2 emissions from diesel are 73.25 g/MJ, just slightly lower than for gasoline at 73.38 g/MJ. Diesel fuel

1190-402: A recent transfer to ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD), which causes infrastructural complications. In Sweden, a diesel fuel designated as MK-1 (class 1 environmental diesel) is also being sold. This is a ULSD that also has a lower aromatics content, with a limit of 5%. This fuel is slightly more expensive to produce than regular ULSD. In Germany, the fuel tax on diesel fuel is about 28% lower than

1275-524: A reduced-tax agricultural-only product containing an identifying coloured dye known as red diesel . The official term for white diesel is DERV , standing for diesel-engine road vehicle . In Australia , diesel fuel is also known as distillate (not to be confused with "distillate" in an older sense referring to a different motor fuel), and in Indonesia (as well in Israel ), it is known as Solar ,

1360-427: A trademarked name from the country's national petroleum company Pertamina . The term gas oil (French: gazole ) is sometimes also used to refer to diesel fuel. Diesel fuel originated from experiments conducted by German scientist and inventor Rudolf Diesel for his compression-ignition engine which he invented around 1892. Originally, Diesel did not consider using any specific type of fuel. Instead, he claimed that

1445-437: Is C 12 H 23 , ranging approximately from C 10 H 20 to C 15 H 28 . Most diesel fuels freeze at common winter temperatures, while the temperatures greatly vary. Petrodiesel typically freezes around temperatures of −8.1 °C (17.4 °F), whereas biodiesel freezes between temperatures of 2 to 15 °C (36 to 59 °F). The viscosity of diesel noticeably increases as the temperature decreases, changing it into

1530-442: Is a specific fractional distillate of petroleum fuel oil , but alternatives that are not derived from petroleum, such as biodiesel , biomass to liquid (BTL) or gas to liquid (GTL) diesel are increasingly being developed and adopted. To distinguish these types, petroleum-derived diesel is sometimes called petrodiesel in some academic circles. Diesel is a high-volume product of oil refineries. In many countries, diesel fuel

1615-446: Is available in some countries for use primarily in agricultural applications, such as fuel for tractors, recreational and utility vehicles or other noncommercial vehicles that do not use public roads . This fuel may have sulfur levels that exceed the limits for road use in some countries (e.g. US). This untaxed diesel is dyed red for identification, and using this untaxed diesel fuel for a typically taxed purpose (such as driving use),

1700-476: Is because diesel engines are more fuel efficient, and diesel fuel is less prone to catching fire. Some of these diesel-powered vehicles (such as the Leopard 1 or MAN 630 ) still ran on petrol, and some military vehicles were still made with otto engines (e. g. Ural-375 or Unimog 404 ), incapable of running on diesel fuel. Today's tractors and heavy equipment are mostly diesel-powered. Among tractors, only

1785-577: Is close to the values found in the literature. For gasoline, with a density of 0.75 kg/L and a ratio of carbon to hydrogen atoms of about 6 to 14, the estimated value of carbon emission if 1 liter of gasoline is burnt gives: 0.75 k g / L ⋅ 6 ⋅ 12 6 ⋅ 12 + 14 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 44 12 = 2.3 k g / L {\displaystyle 0.75kg/L\cdot {{\frac {6\cdot 12}{6\cdot 12+14}}\cdot 1}\cdot {\frac {44}{12}}=2.3kg/L} In

SECTION 20

#1732787874344

1870-443: Is dictated by the particular composition of and storage plans for diesel fuels. Each is added at the 5-50 ppm level. The diesel engine is a multifuel engine and can run on a huge variety of fuels. However, development of high-performance, high-speed diesel engines for cars and lorries in the 1930s meant that a proper fuel specifically designed for such engines was needed: diesel fuel. In order to ensure consistent quality, diesel fuel

1955-588: Is generally simpler to refine from petroleum than gasoline Additional refining is required to remove sulfur, which contributes to a sometimes higher cost. In many parts of the United States and throughout the United Kingdom and Australia, diesel fuel may be priced higher than petrol per gallon or litre . Reasons for higher-priced diesel include the shutdown of some refineries in the Gulf of Mexico , diversion of mass refining capacity to gasoline production, and

2040-502: Is little need for using diesel fuel in aircraft, and diesel fuel is not commercially used as aviation fuel. Instead, petrol ( Avgas ), and jet fuel (e. g. Jet A-1) are used. However, especially in the 1920s and 1930s, numerous series-production aircraft diesel engines that ran on fuel oils were made, because they had several advantages: their fuel consumption was low, they were reliable, not prone to catching fire, and required minimal maintenance. The introduction of petrol direct injection in

2125-473: Is mainly paraffins with low sulfur and aromatics content. This material is blended often into the above mentions petroleum derived diesel. Biodiesel is obtained from vegetable oil or animal fats (bio lipids ) which are mainly fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), and transesterified with methanol . It can be produced from many types of oils, the most common being rapeseed oil (rapeseed methyl ester, RME) in Europe and soybean oil (soy methyl ester, SME) in

2210-493: Is produced from various sources, the most common being petroleum . Other sources include biomass , animal fat , biogas , natural gas , and coal liquefaction . Petroleum diesel is the most common type of diesel fuel. It is produced by the fractional distillation of crude oil between 200 and 350 °C (392 and 662 °F) at atmospheric pressure , resulting in a mixture of carbon chains that typically contain between 9 and 25 carbon atoms per molecule . This fraction

2295-421: Is standardised; the first standards were introduced after World War II. Typically, a standard defines certain properties of the fuel, such as cetane number , density , flash point , sulphur content, or biodiesel content. Diesel fuel standards include: Diesel fuel Biodiesel fuel The principal measure of diesel fuel quality is its cetane number . A cetane number is a measure of the delay of ignition of

2380-706: Is standardized. For example, in the European Union, the standard for diesel fuel is EN 590 . Ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD) is a diesel fuel with substantially lowered sulfur contents. As of 2016, almost all of the petroleum-based diesel fuel available in the United Kingdom, mainland Europe, and North America is of a ULSD type. Before diesel fuel had been standardized, the majority of diesel engines typically ran on cheap fuel oils . These fuel oils are still used in watercraft diesel engines. Despite being specifically designed for diesel engines, diesel fuel can also be used as fuel for several non-diesel engines, for example

2465-689: Is still in widespread use in certain regions. During development of rocket engines in Germany during World War II J-2 Diesel fuel was used as the fuel component in several engines including the BMW 109-718 . J-2 diesel fuel was also used as a fuel for gas turbine engines. In the United States, petroleum-derived diesel is composed of about 75% saturated hydrocarbons (primarily paraffins including n , iso , and cycloparaffins ), and 25% aromatic hydrocarbons (including naphthalenes and alkylbenzenes ). The average chemical formula for common diesel fuel

2550-414: Is subjected to hydrodesulfurization . Usually such "straight-run" diesel is insufficient in supply and quality, so other sources of diesel fuels are blended in. One major source of additional diesel fuel is obtained by cracking heavier fractions, using visbreaking and coking. This technology converts less useful fractions but the product contains olefins ( alkenes ) which require hydrogenation to give

2635-494: Is the place holder for the engine code. Diesel fuel Diesel fuel , also called diesel oil , heavy oil (historically) or simply diesel , is a liquid fuel specifically designed for use in a diesel engine , a type of internal combustion engine in which fuel ignition takes place without a spark as a result of compression of the inlet air and then injection of fuel. Therefore, diesel fuel needs good compression ignition characteristics. The most common type of diesel fuel

Ford C series - Misplaced Pages Continue

2720-480: Is thus suited for certain (but not all) diesel engines. Until World War II, several military vehicles, especially those that required high engine performance ( armored fighting vehicles , for example the M26 Pershing or Panther tanks), used conventional otto engines and ran on petrol. Ever since World War II, several military vehicles with diesel engines have been made, capable of running on diesel fuel. This

2805-520: Is used in the UK as a synonym for unmarked road diesel fuel. In India, taxes on diesel fuel are lower than on petrol, as the majority of the transportation for grain and other essential commodities across the country runs on diesel. Taxes on biodiesel in the US vary between states. Some states (Texas, for example) have no tax on biodiesel and a reduced tax on biodiesel blends equivalent to the amount of biodiesel in

2890-542: The Akroyd engine , the Stirling engine , or boilers for steam engines . Diesel is often used in heavy trucks . However, diesel exhaust , especially from older engines, can cause health damage. Diesel fuel has many colloquial names; most commonly, it is simply referred to as diesel . In the United Kingdom, diesel fuel for road use is commonly called diesel or sometimes white diesel if required to differentiate it from

2975-537: The Mack Model R ) is a series of trucks that was manufactured by Mack Trucks from 1966 to 2005. The successor of the Mack B series , the R was a heavy-duty truck (Class 8) with a conventional (bonneted) cab configuration. With the exception of the Kenworth W900 , the Mack R is the longest-produced commercial truck in history. As with its predecessor, the R was offered in a wide variety of configurations for

3060-531: The Mercedes-Benz OM 138 , in the 1930s meant that higher-quality fuels with proper ignition characteristics were needed. At first no improvements were made to motor-vehicle diesel fuel quality. After World War II, the first modern high-quality diesel fuels were standardised. These standards were, for instance, the DIN 51601, VTL 9140–001, and NATO F 54 standards. In 1993, the DIN 51601 was rendered obsolete by

3145-521: The "7” 728 cu in (11.9 L) I6 was introduced. The next three digits were the horsepower rating of the engine, and an “L” suffix indicated an "Econodyne" low speed model. An example of the difference would be the ENDT673 and later E6-200 being similar engines. The setback front axle RB was introduced in the 1990s. The RD was given a new more aerodynamic nose in 1991, with square sealed beam headlights. The other R models would continue with

3230-453: The '65 era nose until they went out of production. The RD/RM ended production in late 2003 as a 2004 model. The RB and DM were scheduled to be built into 2004. A small series of "R-Model Legend" models were built at the end of the RD/RM production run. These models, announced by Mack in 2003, included a special steering wheel, limited edition paint, badges chrome and embroidered seats. Mack

3315-433: The 1920s through 1940s, running either spark-ignition and low-compression engines, akryod engines, or diesel engines. Thus many farm tractors of the era could burn gasoline, alcohol , kerosene , and any light grade of fuel oil such as heating oil , or tractor vaporising oil , according to whichever was most affordable in a region at any given time. On US farms during this era, the name "distillate" often referred to any of

3400-541: The 1920s through 1950s, are now almost exclusively diesel-powered. Due to its ignition characteristics, diesel fuel is thus widely used in these vehicles. Since diesel fuel is not well-suited for otto engines, passenger cars, which often use otto or otto-derived engines, typically run on petrol instead of diesel fuel. However, especially in Europe and India, many passenger cars have, due to better engine efficiency, diesel engines, and thus run on regular diesel fuel. Diesel displaced coal and fuel oil for steam-powered vehicles in

3485-423: The 1930s outweighed these advantages, and aircraft diesel engines quickly fell out of use. With improvements in power-to-mass ratios of diesel engines, several on-road diesel engines have been converted to and certified for aircraft use since the early 21st century. These engines typically run on Jet A-1 aircraft fuel (but can also run on diesel fuel). Jet A-1 has ignition characteristics similar to diesel fuel, and

Ford C series - Misplaced Pages Continue

3570-419: The 1957 version. A new Super Duty model was added. Another option included a small sleeper cab. For 1963, the C series was updated with the same cowl insignias used by the rest of the medium- and heavy-duty truck lineup. The logo had the word FORD on top of a trapezoid with the model number designation. This insignia was used until 1967. Also in 1963, Ford introduced diesel versions of the C series, as well as

3655-564: The 1960s, early Ford C series trucks were "helmet-shaped," cab-forward trucks that shared components with pickup trucks (the F-Series, in this case). From 1948 to 1952, they were simply COE versions of the F-5, F-6, F-7, and F-8. For 1953, they were redesignated the C series, but largely remained modified F-Series trucks. Models consisted of the C-500, C-600, C-700, C-750, C-800, C-850 and C-900. Like

3740-604: The 1980s. After 33 model years with only minor changes, the final C series trucks were built in 1990. In 1997, production of the Ford Cargo in the US came to an end, as Ford sold the rights to the model line (alongside that of the Ford Louisville/Aeromax) to Freightliner . In 1961, Ford introduced a variant of the C series in order to move into the Class 8 COE market. Named the H series, this version placed

3825-463: The 1990s, Mack began to phase out highway variants of the R in favor of the updated CH/CL, with severe-duty/construction variants lasting through 2005, with the Mack Granite series for those applications. The B series trucks had a successful production from 1953 until 1966, but they were due for update for driver comfort and safety. Introduced in 1965, the R series production overlapped with

3910-482: The B had a more conventional hood and fenders that limited access to the engine bay, the R had a one-piece fiberglass hood that was hinged at the front. This setup is now the industry standard and gave unprecedented access to all of the mechanical components. Like the outgoing B series, the R series was initially powered by the Thermodyne series of gasoline and diesel engines of 6 and 8 cylinder varieties. By 1966,

3995-406: The B series to ease the transition for customers. Of the changes between series, the most significant was the introduction of the new cab. While maintaining the same width as the B series, the interior height was higher and the windshield was almost vertical, reminiscent of the L series trucks. The driver's seat was height-adjustable, and there were increased usage of sound deadening materials. While

4080-566: The C-series cab was designed by Ford, tooled at its own expense and built by the Budd Company to Ford Motor Company specifications. Other truck manufacturers had to obtain Ford approval before purchasing it. The exception was Mack , which bought most of the major cab stampings from Budd and assembled them itself on a floor pan of its own design. In Canada, the Ford "C" had an identical twin –

4165-534: The Diesel engine being kerosene ( paraffin ). Diesel experimented with types of lamp oil from various sources, as well as types of petrol and ligroin , which all worked well as Diesel engine fuels. Later, Diesel tested coal tar creosote , paraffin oil, crude oil, gasoline and fuel oil , which eventually worked as well. In Scotland and France, shale oil was used as fuel for the first 1898 production Diesel engines because other fuels were too expensive. In 1900,

4250-558: The F-900, the C-900 also included a "Big Job" model. Diesel-engined trucks included an extra zero in the model designations (i.e. C-8000 or C-9000). As Ford started squaring off its vehicles in 1957, they finally gave the cab-overs their own designs separate from the rest of the Ford truck lineup. It featured a small grille near the front bumper, with a four-pointed star emblem on each end, the word "F   O   R   D" spelled out below

4335-594: The French Otto society built a Diesel engine for the use with crude oil, which was exhibited at the 1900 Paris Exposition and the 1911 World's Fair in Paris. The engine actually ran on peanut oil instead of crude oil, and no modifications were necessary for peanut oil operation. During his first Diesel engine tests, Diesel also used illuminating gas as fuel, and managed to build functional designs, both with and without pilot injection. According to Diesel, neither

SECTION 50

#1732787874344

4420-812: The Mercury "M" Series offered from 1957 to 1972. At least four truck makers used the Ford C-series tilt cab. Best known was the look-alike Mack model "N," which was produced between 1958 and 1962. The Four-Wheel-Drive Auto Company used some Ford "C" cabs which bore the FWD emblems, and Yankee-Walter used C series cab components on some of its large airport crash trucks. In Canada, the Thibault fire truck manufacturer of Pierreville, Quebec, also used C series parts for their Custom (i.e., non-commercial chassis) trucks. Mack R series The Mack R series (also known as

4505-478: The N series and heavy-duty F-Series . In 1968, federal regulations required all automotive manufacturers to add side marker reflectors or lights, which Ford was able to add to the new cowl insignia used on the F-Series since 1967. That same year, Ford decided to add this insignia on the doors of the C series, as well. Unlike the Ford F-Series, which removed them for 1973, the C series would retain them until

4590-566: The R cab. While the U series was only ever offered as a tractor, the offset cab layout would also be used in the DM series. The DM was an extra heavy duty version of the U often used in 6X4 construction trucks. Like the RMM, the DMM was all wheel drive, but had not only a short hood/offset cab, but also a set back front axle, requiring a model specific fiberglass hood/fender arrangement. Mack also developed

4675-411: The R model (and some derivatives) in both Australia and Iran. Iran Kaveh established ties with Mack in 1963 to produce licensed built trucks including the R. Approximately 60% of the content being Iranian sourced. Specifications and design of the R were modified to be suitable to Iran. With over 98% of the heavy duty trucks in Iran being Macks, either being produced locally or imported, the fall of

4760-533: The Shah in 1979, Iran Kaveh put an end to sales of new Macks in the country. It was estimated that in 1987 there were between 35,000 - 55,000 Mack trucks operating in Iran. Mack Canada made a shipment of 20 non-military RD 800 series trucks rigged for oil field operations to the National Iranian Drilling Co. of Tehran in 1987; this was the first shipment to Iran since 1979. Note: the xx

4845-399: The U series. The U had an offset cab, coined the "Commandcab" that placed the drivers side door in the same vertical plane as the side of the trailer. To compensate for the offset cab the engine “doghouse” intruded into the passenger footwell but left the driver's position intact. The U series superseded the C series, with a BBC length only one inch longer (89 vs 90) but with the improvements of

4930-483: The UK, diesel is normally stored in a black container to differentiate it from unleaded or leaded petrol, which are stored in green and red containers, respectively. Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) is added to diesel as a "cold flow improver". 50-500 ppm of EVA inhibits crystallization of waxes, which can block fuel filters. Antifoaming agents ( silicones ), antioxidants ( hindered phenols ), and "metal deactivating agents" (salicylaldimines) are other additives. Their use

5015-452: The US. Methanol can also be replaced with ethanol for the transesterification process, which results in the production of ethyl esters. The transesterification processes use catalysts, such as sodium or potassium hydroxide, to convert vegetable oil and methanol into biodiesel and the undesirable byproducts glycerine and water, which will need to be removed from the fuel along with methanol traces. Biodiesel can be used pure (B100) in engines where

5100-413: The aforementioned light fuel oils. Spark ignition engines did not start as well on distillate, so typically a small auxiliary gasoline tank was used for cold starting, and the fuel valves were adjusted several minutes later, after warm-up, to transition to distillate. Engine accessories such as vaporizers and radiator shrouds were also used, both with the aim of capturing heat, because when such an engine

5185-680: The blend, so that B20 fuel is taxed 20% less than pure petrodiesel. Other states, such as North Carolina, tax biodiesel (in any blended configuration) the same as petrodiesel, although they have introduced new incentives to producers and users of all biofuels. Diesel fuel is mostly used in high-speed diesel engines, especially motor-vehicle (e.g. car, lorry) diesel engines, but not all diesel engines run on diesel fuel. For example, large two-stroke watercraft engines typically use heavy fuel oils instead of diesel fuel, and certain types of diesel engines, such as MAN M-System engines, are designed to run on petrol with knock resistances of up to 86 RON. On

SECTION 60

#1732787874344

5270-481: The cab much higher on the chassis; instead of being placed underneath the driver's seat, the front axle was moved forward, directly underneath the driver. With the higher placement of the cab, space was available for a larger grille, visually similar to the N-series conventional trucks which were introduced later. The cab cutouts for the C-series front wheels were turned into underfloor toolboxes and luggage space. With

5355-409: The changes in the cowl insignias and badging. Between 1958 and 1960, the C series used a quad-headlight fascia. This was helpful for fire departments, which wanted to use the extra headlight bezels for emergency flashers, an option that was offered exclusively to fire, and other emergency vehicles after 1960. In 1961, Ford reverted to the single-headlight design; the regular C series cab closely resembled

5440-476: The end of production in 1990. After 1972, the Canadian Mercury version of the C series was discontinued, becoming the last Mercury truck until the 1993 Mercury Villager. The year 1974 was the last for the cog-and-lightning bolt crest that graced the front of the C series trucks from the beginning, and other Ford trucks since the 1950s. In the 1980s, Ford began adding its blue oval logo to all models; it

5525-522: The exact same cab did not help the smaller company differentiate itself. In conjunction with the US Air Force, Mack built a prototype heavy-duty hybrid electric av gas refueler in 2005. This RD utilized the hybrid engine to reduce fuel costs and emissions. According to the Air Force, "The vehicle operates with a diesel engine, an electric motor and a battery pack to optimize fuel efficiency. After

5610-422: The hybrid is started, the electric motor, which draws stored electricity from the battery pack, is used to get the vehicle up to speed, the lieutenant said. Once the truck is at an optimal speed, the diesel engine takes over. The battery pack restores energy by a regenerative braking process. The system captures energy that is lost during the driver's "stop and go" process." In addition the US plants, Mack produced

5695-425: The latter half of the 20th century, and is now used almost exclusively for the combustion engines of self-powered rail vehicles (locomotives and railcars). In general, diesel engines are not well-suited for planes and helicopters. This is because of the diesel engine's comparatively low power-to-mass ratio , meaning that diesel engines are typically rather heavy, which is a disadvantage in aircraft. Therefore, there

5780-489: The manufacturer approves such use, but it is more often used as a mix with diesel, BXX where XX is the biodiesel content in percent. FAME used as fuel is specified in DIN EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 standards. In the US, diesel is recommended to be stored in a yellow container to differentiate it from kerosene , which is typically kept in blue containers, and gasoline (petrol), which is typically kept in red containers. In

5865-413: The much improved cab of the R. It is unclear of how many of these kits were sold and installed. Truck manufacturer Brockway also used the R cab on their 700 series Husky line of trucks in the mid-70's, which is often attributed as one of the reasons that Brockway went out of business. Brockway was attempting to expand market share, competing directly with its parent company Mack and having a vehicle with

5950-443: The new EN 590 standard, which has been used in the European Union ever since. In sea-going watercraft, where diesel propulsion had gained prevalence by the late 1970s due to increasing fuel costs caused by the 1970s energy crisis , cheap heavy fuel oils are still used instead of conventional motor-vehicle diesel fuel. These heavy fuel oils (often called Bunker C ) can be used in diesel-powered and steam-powered vessels. Diesel fuel

6035-400: The new Maxidyne diesel engine had supplanted the earlier engines. Engine codes were broken down as follows: EN - Engine (gasoline), END - Engine Diesel, and ENDT - Engine Diesel Turbocharged, followed by the three number cubic inch displacement. In addition to the regular R series, Mack developed a cab/hood combination derivative to offer a shorter "Bumper to Back of Cab (BBC)" length, known as

6120-406: The operating principle of his rational heat motor would work with any kind of fuel in any state of matter. The first diesel engine prototype and the first functional Diesel engine were only designed for liquid fuels. At first, Diesel tested crude oil from Pechelbronn , but soon replaced it with petrol and kerosene , because crude oil proved to be too viscous, with the main testing fuel for

6205-598: The other hand, gas turbine and some other types of internal combustion engines, and external combustion engines , can also be designed to take diesel fuel. The viscosity requirement of diesel fuel is usually specified at 40 °C. A disadvantage of diesel fuel in cold climates is that its viscosity increases as the temperature decreases, changing it into a gel (see Compression Ignition – Gelling ) that cannot flow in fuel systems. Special low-temperature diesel contains additives to keep it liquid at lower temperatures. Trucks and buses , which were often otto-powered in

6290-414: The past, diesel fuel contained higher quantities of sulfur . European emission standards and preferential taxation have forced oil refineries to dramatically reduce the level of sulfur in diesel fuels. In the European Union, the sulfur content has dramatically reduced during the last 20 years. Automotive diesel fuel is covered in the European Union by standard EN 590 . In the 1990s specifications allowed

6375-421: The petrol fuel tax. Diesel fuel is similar to heating oil , which is used in central heating . In Europe, the United States, and Canada, taxes on diesel fuel are higher than on heating oil due to the fuel tax , and in those areas, heating oil is marked with fuel dyes and trace chemicals to prevent and detect tax fraud . "Untaxed" diesel (sometimes called "off-road diesel" or "red diesel" due to its red dye)

6460-503: The saturated hydrocarbons as desired. Another refinery stream that contributes to diesel fuel is hydrocracking . Finally, kerosene is added to modify its viscosity. Synthetic diesel can be produced from many carbonaceous precursors but natural gas is most important. Raw materials are converted to synthesis gas which by the Fischer–Tropsch process is converted to a synthetic diesel. Synthetic diesel produced in this way generally

6545-516: The smaller classes may also offer gasoline-fuelled engines. The dieselization of tractors and heavy equipment began in Germany before World War II but was unusual in the United States until after that war. During the 1950s and 1960s, it progressed in the US as well. Diesel fuel is commonly used in oil and gas extracting equipment, although some locales use electric or natural gas powered equipment. Tractors and heavy equipment were often multifuel in

6630-480: The stacked appearance of the H series, it soon earned the nickname "Two Story Falcon." HD-series trucks, with Cummins N-series diesels, were the first Ford diesel trucks. The "Two Story Falcon" lasted until 1966, when it was replaced by the W-series COE trucks. Some historians have erroneously referred to the Ford tilt-cab as the "Budd" cab, implying it was an off-the-shelf item available to anyone. However,

6715-509: The use of nuclear fuel . Diesel fuel is often used as the main ingredient in oil-base mud drilling fluid. The advantage of using diesel is its low cost and its ability to drill a wide variety of difficult strata, including shale, salt and gypsum formations. Diesel-oil mud is typically mixed with up to 40% brine water. Due to health, safety and environmental concerns, Diesel-oil mud is often replaced with vegetable, mineral, or synthetic food-grade oil-base drilling fluids, although diesel-oil mud

6800-616: The user can be fined (e.g. US$ 10,000 in the US). In the United Kingdom, Belgium and the Netherlands, it is known as red diesel (or gas oil), and is also used in agricultural vehicles, home heating tanks, refrigeration units on vans/trucks which contain perishable items such as food and medicine and for marine craft. Diesel fuel, or marked gas oil is dyed green in the Republic of Ireland and Norway. The term "diesel-engined road vehicle" (DERV)

6885-501: The windshield, and had a cog-and-lightning bolt crest emblem between the headlights. Variations of this emblem were found on many other Ford trucks during the 1950s and into the 1960s. The C series held onto this logo the longest. In a fashion similar to the Checker Marathon or Volkswagen Beetle , changes to the C series trucks throughout its production were very subtle. If anywhere, many of these changes were identifiable by

6970-489: Was a coal-dust–producing industry existent, nor was fine, high-quality coal-dust commercially available in the late 1890s. This is the reason why the Diesel engine was never designed or planned as a coal-dust engine. Only in December 1899, did Diesel test a coal-dust prototype, which used external mixture formation and liquid fuel pilot injection. This engine proved to be functional, but suffered from piston ring failure after

7055-455: Was added to the C series in 1984. In 1981, the Ford Cargo was introduced by Ford of Britain as its largest truck line. For 1986, Ford began sales of the Cargo in North America, sourcing production from Ford Brasil . While the Cargo was largely intended to replace the C series, the popularity of the C series in niche applications led to both model lines marketed concurrently through the end of

7140-423: Was reported to have planned to make 100, but it is unclear how many were actually built. Mack utilized the cab of the R in a variety of ways beyond the R itself. With the B series still in widespread use in the late 1960's, Mack offered a B to R upgrade for the cab and front sheet metal. This allowed operators to keep the mechanical portions of the older truck that may have not needed replacement and marry them with

7225-494: Was run on distillate, it ran better when both it and the air it inhaled were warmer rather than at ambient temperature. Dieselization with dedicated diesel engines (high-compression with mechanical fuel injection and compression ignition) replaced such systems and made more efficient use of the diesel fuel being burned. Poor quality diesel fuel has been used as an extraction agent for liquid–liquid extraction of palladium from nitric acid mixtures. Such use has been proposed as

#343656