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60-464: Fordsburg Square is the site of a flea market that was known for being run-down. The Rand Rebellion against the powers of law and order ended here on the 14 March 1922. The uprising came out of a strike of black gold miners that started on `1 January 1922 in response to five shilling wage cut per shift. The White workers joined them ten days later because the owners of the mine had decided to cut costs by employing (cheaper) more black miners instead of

120-619: A "professor" accompanied their performance with a rapid circus patter. Oriental rat fleas , Xenopsylla cheopis , can carry the coccobacillus Yersinia pestis . The infected fleas feed on rodent vectors of this bacterium, such as the black rat , Rattus rattus , and then infect human populations with the plague , as has happened repeatedly from ancient times, as in the Plague of Justinian in 541–542. Outbreaks killed up to 200 million people across Europe between 1346 and 1671. The Black Death pandemic between 1346 and 1353 likely killed over

180-404: A 1.8 m (6 ft) adult human jumping 110 m (361 ft) vertically and 200 m (656 ft) horizontally. Rarely do fleas jump from dog to dog. Most flea infestations come from newly developed fleas from the pet's environment. The flea jump is so rapid and forceful that it exceeds the capabilities of muscle, and instead of relying on direct muscle power, fleas store muscle energy in

240-432: A feat second only to jumps made by another group of insects, the superfamily of froghoppers . Flea larvae are worm-like, with no limbs; they have chewing mouthparts and feed on organic debris left on their hosts' skin. Genetic evidence indicates that fleas are a specialised lineage of parasitic scorpionflies (Mecoptera) sensu lato , most closely related to the family Nannochoristidae . The earliest known fleas lived in

300-487: A female's lifetime (fecundity) varies from around one hundred to several thousand. In some species, the flea lives in the host's nest or burrow and the eggs are deposited on the substrate, but in others, the eggs are laid on the host itself and can easily fall off onto the ground. Because of this, areas where the host rests and sleeps become one of the primary habitats of eggs and developing larvae. The eggs take around two days to two weeks to hatch. Flea larvae emerge from

360-458: A flea under the microscope in his pioneering book Micrographia published in 1665, poems by Donne and Jonathan Swift , works of music by Giorgio Federico Ghedini and Modest Mussorgsky , a play by Georges Feydeau , a film by Charlie Chaplin , and paintings by artists such as Giuseppe Crespi , Giovanni Battista Piazzetta , and Georges de La Tour . John Donne's erotic metaphysical poem " The Flea ", published in 1633 after his death, uses

420-613: A large collection of fleas now in the Rothschild Collection at the Natural History Museum, London . He discovered and named the plague vector flea, Xenopsylla cheopis , also known as the oriental rat flea, in 1903. Using what was probably the world's most complete collection of fleas of about 260,000 specimens (representing some 73% of the 2,587 species and subspecies so far described), he described around 500 species and subspecies of Siphonaptera. He

480-405: A pad of the elastic protein named resilin before releasing it rapidly (like a human using a bow and arrow). Immediately before the jump, muscles contract and deform the resilin pad, slowly storing energy which can then be released extremely rapidly to power leg extension for propulsion. To prevent premature release of energy or motions of the leg, the flea employs a "catch mechanism". Early in

540-401: A range of hosts, only parasitise species with low immune responses. In general, host specificity decreases as the size of the host species decreases. Another factor is the opportunities available to the flea to change host species; this is smaller in colonially nesting birds, where the flea may never encounter another species, than it is in solitary nesting birds. A large, long-lived host provides

600-452: A result of frequent scratching and biting by the animal. They can also cause anemia in extreme cases. Fleas are vectors for viral , bacterial and rickettsial diseases of humans and other animals, as well as of protozoan and helminth parasites. Bacterial diseases carried by fleas include murine or endemic typhus and bubonic plague . Fleas can transmit Rickettsia typhi , Rickettsia felis , Bartonella henselae , and

660-436: A seasonal-style market with short-term leases. Consistently, there tends to be an emphasis on sustainable consumption whereby items such as used goods , collectibles , antiques and vintage clothing can be purchased, in an effort to combat climate change and fast fashion . Flea market vending is distinguished from street vending in that the market alone, and not any other public attraction, brings in buyers. There are

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720-555: A similar sperm pump organisation. Relationships of Siphonaptera per Tihelka et al. 2020. Diptera (true flies) [REDACTED] Boreidae (snow scorpionflies, 30 spp.) [REDACTED] Nannochoristidae (southern scorpionflies, 8 spp.) Siphonaptera (fleas, 2500 spp.) [REDACTED] Pistillifera (scorpionflies, hangingflies, 400 spp .) [REDACTED] Fleas likely descended from scorpionflies , insects that are predators or scavengers. Fossils of large, wingless stem-group fleas with siphonate (sucking) mouthparts from

780-613: A single host group; these include the Malacopsyllidae ( armadillos ), Ischnopsyllidae ( bats ) and Chimaeropsyllidae ( elephant shrews ). Many of the known species are little studied. Some 600 species (a quarter of the total) are known from single records. Over 94% of species are associated with mammalian hosts, and only about 3% of species can be considered to be specific parasites of birds . The fleas on birds are thought to have originated from mammalian fleas; at least sixteen separate groups of fleas switched to avian hosts during

840-408: A sizeable fraction of the world's people. Fleas appear in human culture in such diverse forms as flea circuses ; poems, such as John Donne 's erotic " The Flea "; works of music, such as those by Modest Mussorgsky ; and a film by Charlie Chaplin . Fleas are wingless insects, 1.5 to 3.3 millimetres ( 1 ⁄ 16 to 1 ⁄ 8 inch) long, that are agile, usually dark colored (for example,

900-534: A source of annoyance, however. Flea bites cause a slightly raised, swollen, irritating nodule to form on the epidermis at the site of each bite, with a single puncture point at the centre, like a mosquito bite. This can lead to an eczematous itchy skin disease called flea allergy dermatitis , which is common in many host species, including dogs and cats. The bites often appear in clusters or lines of two bites, and can remain itchy and inflamed for up to several weeks afterwards. Fleas can lead to secondary hair loss as

960-512: A stable environment that favours host-specific parasites. Although there are species named dog fleas ( Ctenocephalides canis Curtis, 1826) and cat fleas ( Ctenocephalides felis ), fleas are not always strictly species-specific. A study in Virginia examined 244 fleas from 29 dogs: all were cat fleas. Dog fleas had not been found in Virginia in more than 70 years, and may not even occur in

1020-569: A third of the population of Europe. Because fleas carry plague, they have seen service as a biological weapon . During World War II , the Japanese army dropped fleas infested with Y. pestis in China. The bubonic and septicaemic plagues are the most probable form of the plague that would spread as a result of a bioterrorism attack that used fleas as a vector. The banker Charles Rothschild devoted much of his time to entomology , creating

1080-442: A variety of vendors: some part-time who consider their work at flea markets a hobby due to their possession of an alternative job; full-time vendors who dedicate all their time to their stalls and collection of merchandise and rely solely on the profits made at the market. Vendors require skill in following retro and vintage trends, as well as selecting merchandise which connects with the culture and identity of their customers. In

1140-461: A wide variety of warm-blooded vertebrates including dogs, cats, rabbits, squirrels, ferrets, rats, mice, birds, and sometimes humans. Fleas normally specialise in one host species or group of species, but can often feed but not reproduce on other species. Ceratophyllus gallinae affects poultry as well as wild birds. As well as the degree of relatedness of a potential host to the flea's original host, it has been shown that avian fleas that exploit

1200-399: A year and a half. Completely developed adult fleas can live for several months without eating, so long as they do not emerge from their puparia . Optimum temperatures for the flea's life cycle are 21 to 30 °C (70 to 86 °F) and optimum humidity is 70%. Adult female rabbit fleas, Spilopsyllus cuniculi , can detect the changing levels of cortisol and corticosterone hormones in

1260-599: Is a general agreement that the term 'Flea Market' is a literal translation of the French marché aux puces , an outdoor bazaar in Paris, France, named after those pesky little parasites of the order Siphonaptera (or "wingless bloodsucker") that infested the upholstery of old furniture brought out for sale. The second story appeared in the book Flea Markets , published in Europe by Chartwell Books, reading in its introduction: In

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1320-473: Is a relatively small order of insects: members of the order undergo complete metamorphosis and are secondarily wingless (their ancestors had wings which modern forms have lost). In 2005, Medvedev listed 2005 species in 242 genera, and despite subsequent descriptions of new species, bringing the total up to around 2500 species, this is the most complete database available. The order is divided into four infraorders and eighteen families. Some families are exclusive to

1380-530: Is normally used. In German, there are many words in use but the most common word is "Flohmarkt", meaning literally "flea market". The same applies to Dutch "vlooienmarkt", Swedish "loppmarknad" and Finnish "kirpputori". In the predominantly Cuban/Hispanic areas of South Florida, they are called [el] pulguero ("[the] flea store") from pulga , the Spanish word for fleas. In the Southern part of Andalusia, due to

1440-446: Is the equivalent of a bazaar , a permanent, indoor shopping center open during normal retail hours, with fixed booths or storefronts for the vendors. Different English-speaking countries use various names for flea markets. In Australian English , they are also called 'trash and treasure markets', while the term 'swap meet' is used for a market held primarily to sell car- and motorcycle parts and automobilia . In Philippine English ,

1500-595: The Boreidae (snow scorpionflies) is not supported. A 2020 genetic study recovered Siphonaptera within Mecoptera, with strong support, as the sister group to Nannochoristidae , a small, relictual group of mecopterans native to the Southern Hemisphere. Fleas and nannochoristids share several similarities with each other that are not shared with other mecopterans, including similar mouthparts as well as

1560-578: The East River in Manhattan , began the association. The land on which the market took place was originally a salt marsh with a brook , and by the early 1800s the Fly Market was the city's principal market. A second hypothesis maintains that flea market is a common English calque from the French marché aux puces , which literally translates to "market with fleas", labelled as such because

1620-640: The Ischnopsyllidae only on bats , and the Chimaeropsyllidae only on elephant shrews . The oriental rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis , is a vector of Yersinia pestis , the bacterium that causes bubonic plague . The disease was spread to humans by rodents, such as the black rat , which were bitten by infected fleas. Major outbreaks included the Plague of Justinian , about 540, and the Black Death , about 1350, each of which killed

1680-489: The cat flea , vector of bubonic plague ) [REDACTED] Ceratophyllomorpha (inc. the Ceratophyllidae , such as the widespread moorhen flea ) [REDACTED] As of 2023 , there are 21 recognized families within the order Siphonaptera, 3 of which are extinct. In addition, some researchers have suggested that the subfamily Stenoponiinae should be elevated to its own family ( Stenoponiidae ). Fleas feed on

1740-848: The conceit of a flea, which has sucked blood from the male speaker and his female lover, as an extended metaphor for their sexual relationship. The speaker tries to convince a lady to sleep with him, arguing that if the mingling of their blood in the flea is innocent, then sex would be also. The comic poem Siphonaptera was written in 1915 by the mathematician Augustus De Morgan , It describes an infinite chain of parasitism made of ever larger and ever smaller fleas. Flea circuses provided entertainment to nineteenth century audiences. These circuses, extremely popular in Europe from 1830 onwards, featured fleas dressed as humans or towing miniature carts, chariots , rollers or cannon . These devices were originally made by watchmakers or jewellers to show off their skill at miniaturization. A ringmaster called

1800-473: The myxomatosis virus. They can carry Hymenolepiasis tapeworms and Trypanosome protozoans. The chigoe flea or jigger ( Tunga penetrans ) causes the disease tungiasis , a major public health problem around the world. Fleas that specialize as parasites on specific mammals may use other mammals as hosts; thus, humans may be bitten by cat and dog fleas. Fleas have appeared in poetry, literature, music and art; these include Robert Hooke 's drawing of

1860-776: The Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous have been found in northeastern China and Russia, belonging to the families Saurophthiridae and Pseudopulicidae , as well as Tarwinia from the Early Cretaceous of Australia. Most flea families formed after the end of the Cretaceous (in the Paleogene and onwards). Modern fleas probably arose in the southern continental area of Gondwana , and migrated rapidly northwards from there. They most likely evolved with mammal hosts, only later moving to birds . Siphonaptera

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1920-479: The Middle Jurassic ; modern-looking forms appeared in the Cenozoic . Fleas probably originated on mammals first and expanded their reach to birds. Each species of flea specializes, more or less, on one species of host: many species of flea never breed on any other host; some are less selective. Some families of fleas are exclusive to a single host group; for example, the Malacopsyllidae are found only on armadillos ,

1980-592: The Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus first classified insects, doing so on the basis of their wing structure. One of the seven orders into which he divided them was "Aptera", meaning wingless, a group in which as well as fleas, he included spiders , woodlice and myriapods . It wasn't until 1810 that the French zoologist Pierre André Latreille reclassified the insects on the basis of their mouthparts as well as their wings, splitting Aptera into Thysanura (silverfish), Anoplura (sucking lice) and Siphonaptera (fleas), at

2040-472: The US, so a flea found on a dog is likely a cat flea ( Ctenocephalides felis ). One theory of human hairlessness is that the loss of hair helped humans to reduce their burden of fleas and other ectoparasites. In many species, fleas are principally a nuisance to their hosts, causing an itching sensation which in turn causes the host to try to remove the pest by biting, pecking or scratching. Fleas are not simply

2100-639: The United States, the National Association of Flea Markets was established in 1998, which provides various resources for sellers, suppliers and buyers and also provides a means for suppliers and sellers to communicate and form affiliations. While the concept has existed for millennia, the origins of the term flea market are disputed. According to one hypothesis, the Fly Market in 18th-century New York City, located at Maiden Lane near

2160-507: The adult form. This can take just four days, but may take much longer under adverse conditions, and there follows a variable-length stage during which the pre-emergent adult awaits a suitable opportunity to emerge. Trigger factors for emergence include vibrations (including sound), heat (in warm-blooded hosts), and increased levels of carbon dioxide , all of which may indicate the presence of a suitable host. Large numbers of pre-emergent fleas may be present in otherwise flea-free environments, and

2220-559: The basic structure shown in the cladogram. The Hectopsyllidae , including the harmful chigoe flea or jigger , is sister to the rest of the Siphonaptera. Hectopsyllidae (inc. jigger ) [REDACTED] Pygiopsyllomorpha Macropsyllidae , Coptopsyllidae Neotyphloceratini , Ctenophthalmini , Doratopsyllinae Stephanocircidae [REDACTED] clade inc. Rhopalopsyllidae , Ctenophthalmidae , Hystrichopsyllidae [REDACTED] Chimaeropsyllidae Pulicidae (inc.

2280-656: The common name for the order Siphonaptera , includes 2,500 species of small flightless insects that live as external parasites of mammals and birds . Fleas live by ingesting the blood of their hosts. Adult fleas grow to about 3 millimetres ( 1 ⁄ 8 inch) long, are usually brown, and have bodies that are "flattened" sideways or narrow, enabling them to move through their hosts' fur or feathers. They lack wings; their hind legs are extremely well adapted for jumping. Their claws keep them from being dislodged, and their mouthparts are adapted for piercing skin and sucking blood . Some species can leap 50 times their body length,

2340-421: The diet included nonviable eggs. They are blind and avoid sunlight, keeping to dark, humid places such as sand or soil, cracks and crevices, under carpets and in bedding. The entire larval stage lasts between four and 18 days. Given an adequate supply of food, larvae pupate and weave silken cocoons after three larval stages. Within the cocoon, the larva molts for a final time and undergoes metamorphosis into

2400-467: The dissolution of the testicular plug in males, and copulation soon follows. Some species breed all year round while others synchronise their activities with their hosts' life cycles or with local environmental factors and climatic conditions. Flea populations consist of roughly 50% eggs, 35% larvae, 10% pupae, and 5% adults. The number of eggs laid depends on species, with batch sizes ranging from two to several dozen. The total number of eggs produced in

2460-416: The eggs to feed on any available organic material such as dead insects, faeces, conspecific eggs, and vegetable matter. In laboratory studies, some dietary diversity seems necessary for proper larval development. Blood-only diets allow only 12% of larvae to mature, whereas blood and yeast or dog chow diets allow almost all larvae to mature. Another study also showed that 90% of larvae matured into adults when

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2520-412: The evolutionary history of the Siphonaptera. Occurrences of fleas on reptiles is accidental, and fleas have been known to feed on the hemolymph (bloodlike body fluid) of ticks . Flea phylogeny was long neglected, the discovery of homologies with the parts of other insects being made difficult by their extreme specialization. Whiting and colleagues prepared a detailed molecular phylogeny in 2008, with

2580-472: The existing white workers. The workers did not just withdraw their labour but the a portion of the 20,000 white workers and the 180,000 black miners took over areas of Johannesburg and they were in control of Benoni , Brakpan suburbs of Fordsburg and Jeppe . The strike had become an open rebellion and on the 15 March the army was called to bombard the Fordsburg square which was deemed the stronghold of

2640-475: The feces of mature fleas, which contain dried blood. Adults feed only on fresh blood. Their legs are long, the hind pair well adapted for jumping; a flea can jump vertically up to 18 centimetres (7 inches) and horizontally up to 33 cm (13 in), making the flea one of the best jumpers of all known animals (relative to body size), second only to the froghopper . A flea can jump 60 times its length in height and 110 times its length in distance, equivalent to

2700-568: The hairs or feathers on the host's body. The flea body is covered with hard plates called sclerites. These sclerites are covered with many hairs and short spines directed backward, which also assist its movements on the host. The tough body is able to withstand great pressure, likely an adaptation to survive attempts to eliminate them by scratching. Fleas lay tiny, white, oval eggs. The larvae are small and pale, have bristles covering their worm-like bodies, lack eyes, and have mouth parts adapted to chewing. The larvae feed on organic matter, especially

2760-465: The influence of Gibraltar English, they are known as "piojito", which means "little louse". In Chile they can be called persas or mercados persa ("persian market") and ferias libres , if mostly selling fruit and vegetables. In Argentina they are most likely called "feria artesanal" (artisan's or street fair) or "feria americana" (American fair), the latter name is due to have taken the idea from their United States counterpart. In Moroccan Darija ,

2820-500: The introduction of a suitable host may trigger a mass emergence. Once the flea reaches adulthood, its primary goal is to find blood and then to reproduce. Female fleas can lay 5000 or more eggs over their life, permitting rapid increase in numbers. Generally speaking, an adult flea only lives for 2 or 3 months. Without a host to provide a blood meal, a flea's life can be as short as a few days. Under ideal conditions of temperature, food supply, and humidity, adult fleas can live for up to

2880-403: The items sold were previously owned and worn, likely containing fleas. The first reference to this term appeared in two conflicting stories about a location in Paris in the 1860s which was known as the " marché aux puces" . The traditional and most-publicized story is in the article "What Is a Flea Market?" by Albert LaFarge in the 1998 winter edition of Today's Flea Market magazine: There

2940-441: The jump, the tendon of the primary jumping muscle passes slightly behind the coxa-trochanter joint, generating a torque which holds the joint closed with the leg close to the body. To trigger jumping, another muscle pulls the tendon forward until it passes the joint axis, generating the opposite torque to extend the leg and power the jump by release of stored energy. The actual take off has been shown by high-speed video to be from

3000-406: The north of Paris, just outside the former fort, in front of the gate Porte de Clignancourt . The first stalls were erected in about 1860. The gathering together of all these exiles from the slums of Paris was soon given the name " marché aux puces ", meaning "flea market", later translation. In the United States, an outdoor swap meet is the equivalent of a flea market. However, an indoor swap meet

3060-436: The rabbit's blood that indicate it is getting close to giving birth. This triggers sexual maturity in the fleas and they start producing eggs. As soon as the baby rabbits are born, the fleas make their way down to them and once on board they start feeding, mating, and laying eggs. After 12 days, the adult fleas make their way back to the mother. They complete this mini-migration every time she gives birth. Between 1735 and 1758,

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3120-499: The rebels. By this time the rebels had dug substantial World War I trenches across the square. Even the South African Air Force was called to bomb this square but they hit the nearby Mint Road Presbyterian Church . One of the buildings that offered protection to the rebels was the municipal toilets and these are still standing and in use. In 2013 a Blue Plaque was added to the side of that building to commemorate

3180-466: The reddish-brown of the cat flea ), with a proboscis , or stylet, adapted to feeding by piercing the skin and sucking their host's blood through their epipharynx. Flea legs end in strong claws that are adapted to grasp a host. Unlike other insects, fleas do not possess compound eyes but instead only have simple eyespots with a single biconvex lens; some species lack eyes altogether. Their bodies are laterally compressed, permitting easy movement through

3240-486: The role that the square took in the History of South Africa . Flea market A flea market (or swap meet ) is a type of street market that provides space for vendors to sell previously owned (second-hand) goods . This type of market is often seasonal. However, in recent years there has been the development of 'formal' and 'casual' markets which divides a fixed-style market (formal) with long-term leases and

3300-536: The same time separating off the arachnids and crustaceans into their own subphyla. The group's name, Siphonaptera, is zoological Latin from the Greek siphon (a tube) and aptera (wingless). It was historically unclear whether the Siphonaptera are sister to the Mecoptera (scorpionflies and allies), or are inside that clade, making "Mecoptera" paraphyletic. The earlier suggestion that the Siphonaptera are sister to

3360-685: The term for "flea market" is جوطية juṭiyya , which either derives from French jeter or jetable (throwable), or is an older term derived from جوقة juqa meaning "gathering of people". An ancient village on the bank of Sebou River by the name جوطة "Juta" may have been a big medieval market. In the Philippines "Tiangges" or bazaar shopping is famous in spacious markets like Divisoria , Greenhills , and Baclaran . It features rows of stalls with displays for sale of variety items like clothes, accessories, gadgets at incredibly low prices. Siphonaptera Aphaniptera Flea ,

3420-423: The tibiae and tarsi rather than from the trochantera (knees). Fleas are holometabolous insects, going through the four lifecycle stages of egg , larva , pupa , and imago (adult). In most species, neither female nor male fleas are fully mature when they first emerge but must feed on blood before they become capable of reproduction. The first blood meal triggers the maturation of the ovaries in females and

3480-527: The time of the Emperor Napoleon III , the imperial architect Haussmann made plans for the broad, straight boulevards with rows of square houses in the center of Paris, along which army divisions could march with much pompous noise. The plans forced many dealers in second-hand goods to flee their old dwellings; the alleys and slums were demolished. These dislodged merchants were, however, allowed to continue selling their wares undisturbed right in

3540-540: The vendors will sell goods from the boot (or 'trunk' in American English ) of their car. If the event is held indoors, such as a school or church hall, then it is usually known as either a jumble sale , or a bring and buy sale . In Quebec and France, they are often called Marché aux puces (literally "flea market"), while in French-speaking areas of Belgium , the name brocante or vide-grenier

3600-530: The word is tianggê from the word tianguis via Mexican Spanish coming from Nahuatl . Despite common misconception, it is not derived from Hokkien . The word supplants the indigenous term talipapâ . In India, it is known as gurjari or shrukawadi bazaar or even as juna bazaar in Pune . In the United Kingdom, they are known as car boot sales if the event takes place in a field or car park, as

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