Misplaced Pages

#151848

79-704: The conflict resulted from escalating violence between white settlers, who, in accordance with previous treaties, especially the Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768) , were exploring and moving into land south of the Ohio River (modern West Virginia , southwestern Pennsylvania , and Kentucky ), and the Ohio Country Shawnee who had historical hunting rights in the south of Ohio lands of the Iroquois Confederacy . Resulting cross-river attacks by

158-682: A Doubt. It is say'd the Cherrokees claim the Land to the Westward of the Louisa & between Cumberland M [mutilated] and the ohio. If so, and our Government gives it up we loose all the most Valluable part of that Country. The Northern Indians Sold that Land to the English at the Treaty of Lancaster in 1744, by the Treaty of Logs Town in 1752 and by that at Fort Stanwix in 1768. At that Time

237-1029: A Meeting of the Officers under the Command of his Excellency the Right Honourable the EARL of DUNMORE, convened at Fort Gower*, November 5, 1774, for the Purpose of considering the Grievances of BRITISH AMERICA, an Officer present addressed the Meeting in the following Words: GENTLEMEN: Having now concluded the Campaign, by the Assistance of Providence, with Honour and Advantage to the Colony, and ourselves, it only remains that we should give our Country

316-507: A brother, Thomas Henderson. In 1745, his family moved to Granville County , North Carolina . There he studied law , was admitted to the bar , practiced law , and in 1768 was appointed judge of the Superior Court. In 1763, he married Elizabeth Keeling, the daughter of an Englishman. Their children were Fanny (b. 1764), Richard (b. 1766), Archibald (b. 1768), Elizabeth (b. 1770), Leonard (b. 1778), and John (b. 1780). Viewed as

395-522: A decoy initiated ambush, and organized the companies into three columns. The following day, they indeed encountered three Native American scouts who ran through a swamp, leading McDonald's battalion to an ambush. Prepared for this tactic, McDonald's battalion flanked the Native Americans, who conducted a fighting withdrawal. The battalion reported two dead and five wounded, with one Native American confirmed killed. The Virginians continued to

474-622: A famed "Indian fighter" and guide, known for Zane's trace , had established a settlement on Wheeling Creek just over the Pennsylvania border on the Allegheny he named "Zanesburg" (now Wheeling, West Virginia ). Later, Fort Fincastle was sited there. Among the early settlers of the Allegheny valley beyond Pennsylvania was Captain Michael Cresap , the owner of a trading post at Redstone Old Fort (now Brownsville, Pennsylvania ) on

553-776: A few Days afterwards sent me the Plot by Mr. Thomas Hog. Mr. Spotswood Dandridge who left the Surveyors on the Ohio after Hog Parted with them, wrote me that Mr. Hog and two other Men with him had never since been heard of. I have had no Opportunity of writing to Mr. Floyd Since. Tho' I suppose he will send me the Courses by the first Person that comes up, if so I shall make out the Certificate and send it down. This I directed him to do when we parted to prevent Accidents. But I am really afraid

632-477: A field surveyor named William Preston sent a letter of report to the head engineer of the frontier fort construction, namely George Washington , which indicates his understanding of circumstances just prior to the outbreak of Dunmore's War: FINCASTLE May 27. 1774. DEAR SIR Agreeable to my Promise I directed Mr. Floyd an Assistant to Survey your Land on Cole River on his Way to the Ohio , which he did and in

711-662: A hunting ground. They still considered Tennessee their boundary with the Cherokee and other "Southern" tribes. Although representatives of the Indian nations who occupied these lands, primarily the Shawnee and Delaware , were present at the negotiations in 1768, they were not signatories. They had no fundamental role in the Iroquois' sale of their homeland. The Iroquois hoped that they could take pressure off their home territories in

790-765: A member of the bar. He married in Elizabeth Keeling, an Englishwoman, in 1763 and had 6 children. Henderson was appointed judge in 1768, but retired in 1773 to pursue land deals. In 1774, he formed the Transylvania Company for that purpose. Between 1775 and 1783, he pursued various land deals in Kentucky, Tennessee and southwestern Virginia, including the Transylvania Purchase and Colony in western Kentucky and north central Tennessee. The extra-legal deals collapsed by 1783 when voided by

869-493: A member of the gentry, he had been a target of Regulator violence. He was a member of a Church of England parish in Williamsboro during this time. In 1773, Henderson retired from the bench to pursue his real estate interests. After a brief career in law, on 27 August 1774, Henderson organized a land speculation company with a number of other prominent North Carolinians. Originally called Richard Henderson and Company,

SECTION 10

#1732787714152

948-607: A new boundary line might bring an end to the rampant frontier violence between Native Americans and American colonists. Native Americans hoped a new, permanent line might prevent further encroachment of their lands from the colonists. The final treaty was signed on November 5 with one signatory for each of the Six Nations and in the presence of representatives from the colonies of New Jersey , Virginia and Pennsylvania as well as Johnson. The Native American nations present received gifts and cash totaling £10,460 7s. 3d. sterling,

1027-479: A region around the namesake river in what is today eastern Kentucky) had been claimed by the Iroquois Confederacy since their conquest in the 17th-century Beaver Wars . Although they were the most powerful Indian nation in the Northern Colonies, other tribes also made claims to the area and often hunted the region. When, in accordance with the Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768), British officials acquired

1106-605: A respectable Body is certain, when it is considered that we can live Weeks without Bread or Salt, that we can sleep in the open Air without any Covering but that of the Canopy of Heaven, and that our Men can march and shoot with any in the known World. Blessed with these Talents, let us solemnly engage to one another, and our Country in particular, that we will use them to no Purpose but for the Honour and Advantage of America in general, and of Virginia in particular. It behooves us then, for

1185-590: A short time later to pursue more land deals. In 1779–80 he headed another group of settlers into the Cumberland Valley in Tennessee and founded a settlement Fort Nashborough (present-day Nashville ) in the French Lick area. In 1779, Judge Henderson was appointed one of six commissioners to run the line between Virginia and North Carolina into Powell's valley. He served as a captain (1779–1781) in

1264-561: A spot called Canoe Place at the confluence of West Branch of the Susquehanna River and Cush Cushion Creek in what is now Cherry Tree, Pennsylvania . American settlers pushing westward and opportunities for economic development turned the attention of investors and land speculators to the area west of the Appalachians. In response to demands by settlers and speculators, colonial authorities sought further land cessions from

1343-530: A teenage son of future Revolutionary War officer William Russell, were captured and tortured to death. The brutality of the killings shocked the settlers along the frontier, and Boone's party abandoned their expedition. By December, the incident had been reported in Baltimore and Philadelphia newspapers. The deaths among Boone's party were among the seminal events that culminated in Lord Dunmore's War. For

1422-609: A tract of 500 acres (2.0 km ) adjacent to the Cumberland Gap . Henderson followed Boone to a site that came to be called Boonesborough, located on the southern bank of the Kentucky River, Henderson encouraged the few settlers there to hold a constitutional convention. In May 1775, under the shade of a huge elm tree, a compact organizing a frame of government was drafted. The intended government entailed executive, legislative, and judicial branches. After concluding

1501-718: The American Revolution got underway, the Shawnee joined dissident Cherokee chief Dragging Canoe in again declaring war on the Virginia colonists. These were the Cherokee–American wars of 1776–1794. Kentucke country would go on to become its own county (1776) and eventually the U.S. state of Kentucky (1792); the northern portion, including Point Pleasant, would become the state of West Virginia. Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768) The Treaty of Fort Stanwix

1580-857: The Granville County Regiment of the Hillsborough District Brigade in the North Carolina militia in the Revolutionary War. He represented Granville County, North Carolina he made the transivenia colony House of Commons of the North Carolina General Assembly in 1781. He was elected by the legislators to be one of the Councilors of State in 1782–83. He died at the age of 49 on January 30, 1785. He

1659-804: The Great Crossings of the Youghiogheny River to Fort Cumberland , and then to the capitol at Williamsburg . The peace did not stay for long following the treaty, however. On March 24, 1775, a band of Shawnee who apparently did not recognize the Ohio river boundary attacked Daniel Boone in Kentucky along the Wilderness Road . Nonetheless, by the time of colonial victories at Lexington and Concord , there were several permanent settlements in Kentucke country: Harrod's Town, Boone's Station, Logan's Fort, and Lexington. In May 1776, as

SECTION 20

#1732787714152

1738-535: The Kentucky River , and situated south of the Ohio River . The land thus delineated encompassed an area half as large as the present state of Kentucky . In order to facilitate settlement, Henderson hired Daniel Boone , who had hunted extensively in Kentucky, to blaze the Wilderness Road through the Cumberland Gap and into the Transylvania land purchase. Henderson also purchased the land known as

1817-450: The Mingo leader Logan . Up until this point, Logan had expressed peaceful intentions toward the settlers. He and his hunting party were camped on the west bank of the Ohio at Yellow Creek, about 30 miles (48 km) above Zanesburg (near present day Steubenville, Ohio ) and across the river from Baker's Bottom. On April 30 some members of the hunting party (Logan was not among them) crossed

1896-471: The Monongahela River . Under authority of the colonial government of Virginia , Cresap had taken control of extensive tracts of land at and below the mouth of Middle Island Creek (now St. Marys, West Virginia .) He went there in the early spring of 1774 with a party of men to settle his holdings. In spring of 1774, a group that included George Rogers Clark , who later became a general during

1975-658: The Muskingum River , where they exchanged musket fire with village defenders, killing one while suffering no losses. During the exchange, a Virginian named Joseph Nicholson and a Lenape man recognized one another, and the Lenape man crossed the river to speak with McDonald. He told McDonald that the Pennsylvanians had warned the area villages of the "cruel" Virginian's approach, and that the Lenape were friendly towards white settlers. The Lenape man left and returned

2054-504: The Powell River valley in Tennessee in the first attempt by white colonists to establish a settlement in Kentucke . On October 9, 1773, just south of the Cumberland Gap , Boone's oldest son James, age 16, and a small group of men and boys who were retrieving supplies were attacked by a band of Delawares , Shawnees, and Cherokees . They had decided "to send a message of their opposition to settlement..." James Boone and Henry Russell,

2133-742: The Revolutionary War , had gathered at the mouth of the Little Kanawha River (now Parkersburg, West Virginia ). They were waiting there for the arrival of other Virginians expected to join them before they moved downriver to settle lands in Kentucky. Clark's group began to hear reports that hostile Indians were robbing and occasionally killing traders, surveyors and others traveling down the Ohio. So they invited another settler, Captain Michael Cresap, who also intended to go to Kentucky, and who had combat experience, to join

2212-886: The Virginia Colony to the British Crown , as well as most of what is now West Virginia . The treaty also settled land claims between the Iroquois and the Penn family; the lands acquired by American colonists in Pennsylvania were known as the New Purchase . The purpose of the conference was to adjust the boundary line between Indian lands and the Thirteen Colonies outlined in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 . The British government hoped

2291-791: The Virginia Colony to the Crown, as well as most of what is now West Virginia . The British government had recently confirmed ownership of the lands south and west of the Kanawha to the Cherokee by the Treaty of Hard Labour . During the Fort Stanwix proceedings, the British negotiators were astonished to learn that the Six Nations still maintained a nominal claim over much of Kentucky, which they wanted added into consideration. In addition,

2370-466: The British and the Iroquois in order to enforce their claims. British officials worked to isolate the Shawnee diplomatically from other Indian nations. When full-blown hostilities broke out within a few years, the Shawnee would find that they faced the Virginia militia with few allies. Following the 1768 treaty, colonial explorers, surveyors, and settlers began pouring into the region. This immediately brought them into direct contact with Native Americans of

2449-511: The Cherrokees laid no Claim to that Land & how the[y] come to do it now I cannot imagine... Early in May 1774, Dunmore received word that fighting had begun at Yellow Creek and other points on the Ohio. He requested the legislature to raise regular military forces to quell the threat of growing violence. The House of Burgesses preferred temporary militia forces. The legislature spent their time in session showing support to Boston and discussing

Lord Dunmore's War - Misplaced Pages Continue

2528-611: The Crown to secure their rights—acts which, if executed, would be treason. These resolves were virtually a declaration of independence in Ohio by Virginia backwoodsmen six months before the shot in Concord "heard round the world" and fully a year and a half before the peal of the Liberty Bell announced the freedom of the colonies. Dunmore's militia then retreated over the Alleghenies proceeding by Redstone Old Fort and

2607-749: The Indians will hinder them from doing any Business of Vallue this Season as the Company being only 33 and dayly decreasing were under the greatest Apprehension of Danger when Mr. Dandridge parted with them. It has been long disputed by our Hunters whether Louisa or Cumberland Rivers was the Boundary between us and the Cherokees . I have taken the Liberty to inclose to you a Report made by some Scouts who were out by my Order; and which Sets that matter beyond

2686-441: The Iroquois and Cherokee. The Treaty of Lochaber with the Cherokee followed in 1770, adjusting boundaries established in the Treaty of Hard Labour , whereby the Cherokee withdrew their claim to parts of the same country, encompassing the south part of present-day West Virginia. Richard Henderson (jurist) Richard Henderson (April 20, 1735 – January 30, 1785) was an American jurist, land speculator and politician who

2765-482: The Lenape did not return on August 2, 1774, McDonald ordered an attack. Along the way, they found the Mingo man from the previous day, who said the villages had refused their terms. McDonald kept the man as hostage. The two companies that had crossed the river, meanwhile, met an ambush of defenders. The Virginians outflanked their position and believed that they had killed or wounded several. The entire battalion entered

2844-436: The Meeting, and ordered to be published in the Virginia Gazette: Resolved, that we will bear the most faithful Allegiance to his Majesty King George III, whilst his Majesty delights to reign over a brave and free People; that we will, at the Expense of Life, and every Thing dear and valuable, exert ourselves in Support of the Honour of his Crown and the Dignity of the British empire. But as the Love of Liberty, and Attachment to

2923-399: The New York and Pennsylvania areas by releasing Ohio lands. Rather than secure peace, the Fort Stanwix treaty helped set the stage for the next round of hostilities between Native Americans and American colonists along the Ohio River, which would culminate in Dunmore's War . The treaty also settled land claims between the Six Nations and the Penn family, the proprietors of Pennsylvania, where

3002-424: The Ohio Confederacy warriors, who retreated across the Ohio, having lost about 40 warriors. Captain George Mathews of the Virginia militia was credited with a flanking maneuver that initiated Cornstalk's retreat. After victory at the Point, Dunmore and Lewis advanced from their respective camps into Ohio to within eight miles (13 km) of the Shawnee towns at Pickaway Plains (present Pickaway County, Ohio ) on

3081-410: The Ohio Country to attack. Settlers remaining on the frontier immediately sought safety, either in blockhouses or by fleeing eastward across the Monongahela River . Many even traveled back across the Allegheny Mountains . Their fear was well founded. Logan and small parties of Shawnee and Mingo soon began striking at frontier settlers in revenge for the murders at Yellow Creek. The following month,

3160-492: The Ohio to meet him and tell him of the arrival. On October 9 Dunmore sent a dispatch announcing his presence at the mouth of the Hocking River , and that he would proceed to the Shawnee towns on the Scioto . He ordered Lewis to cross the Ohio and meet him at the Shawnee towns. Dunmore encouraged the county militia lieutenants to build small forts to protect inhabitants, and also for use by militias. Connolly sent William Crawford to build Fort Fincastle in June 1774, to oversee

3239-430: The Ohio where he split his force into two groups: one would move down the Ohio from Fort Pitt (now Pittsburgh ), 1,700 men led by him, and another body of 800 troops under Colonel Andrew Lewis would travel from Camp Union (now Lewisburg, West Virginia ) with the two forces rendezvousing at the mouth of the Great Kanawha River . Under this general plan, Dunmore traveled to Fort Pitt and duly proceeded with his forces down

Lord Dunmore's War - Misplaced Pages Continue

3318-455: The Ohio. On September 30, he arrived at Fort Fincastle (later Fort Henry ), recently built at Zanesburg at his direction. The force under Lewis, now 1,100 strong, proceeded from Camp Union to the headwaters of the Kanawha. From there, he continued downriver to the appointed rendezvous, reaching the river's mouth (October 6) where he established "Camp Pleasant" (soon to be known as Point Pleasant ). Not finding Dunmore there, he sent messengers up

3397-466: The Path Grant that allowed access to the Transylvania lands. That purchase is described on the Path Grant Deed . To appease other prominent early explorers, Henderson held out other rewards. He offered Joseph Martin , founder of Martin's Station on Martin's Creek in present-day Rose Hill, Lee County, Virginia , a spot as an agent and entry taker for the company, in charge of keeping tabs on settlers moving westward; Henderson offered Martin's brother Bryce

3476-486: The Right Honourable Lord Dunmore, who commanded the Expedition against the Shawanese; and who, we are confident, underwent the great Fatigue of this singular Campaign from no other Motive than the true Interest of this Country. Signed by Order, and in Behalf of the whole corps, BENJAMIN ASHBY , Clerk. The Resolves were published in the Virginia Gazette December 22, 1774. It was the first time colonists had asserted that they were prepared to use force of arms against

3555-450: The Satisfaction of our Country, that we should give them our real Sentiments, by Way of Resolves, at this very alarming Crisis. Whereupon the Meeting made Choice of a Committee to draw up and prepare Resolves for their Consideration, who immediately withdrew; and after some Time spent therein, reported, that they had agreed to, and prepared the following Resolves, which were read, maturely considered, and agreed to nemine contradicente , by

3634-401: The Scioto. Here they erected the temporary Camp Charlotte on Scippo Creek and met with Cornstalk to begin peace negotiations. By the terms of the Treaty of Camp Charlotte (October 19, 1774), the Shawnee agreed to cease hunting south of the Ohio and to discontinue harassment of travellers on the River. Although Chief Logan said he would cease fighting, he would not attend the formal peace talks. It

3713-423: The Shawnee caused war to be declared "to pacify the hostile Indian war bands". The war ended soon after Virginia's victory in the Battle of Point Pleasant on October 10, 1774. In the ensuing Treaty of Camp Charlotte, the Native Americans surrendered their hunting rights south of the Ohio, and agreed to cease attacks upon travelers on the river and recognize the river, running nearly north–south at its eastern end, as

3792-449: The Shawnee did not agree to this treaty, contesting colonial Virginian settlements between the Alleghenies and Ohio until the 1774 Treaty of Camp Charlotte . Although the Six Nations of New York had previously recognized colonial rights southeast of the Ohio River at the 1752 Treaty of Logstown , they continued to claim ownership (by conquest) over all land as far south as the Tennessee River. They had reserved this territory for decades as

3871-421: The Transylvania Compact, Henderson returned to North Carolina and on behalf of his fellow investors in the land scheme petitioned Congress seeking to make Transylvania America's fourteenth colony. Despite those efforts, Congress was unwilling to act without the consent of Virginia and North Carolina, both of whom claimed jurisdiction over the region in question. In June 1776 the Virginia General Assembly prohibited

3950-404: The Transylvania Land Company from making demands on settlers in the region and in December 1778 declared the Transylvania claim void. North Carolina invalidated the remaining Tennessee portion of the purchase in 1783. Henderson and his partners instead received a grant of 200,000 acres on the Ohio River below the mouth of Green River . In 1778, Henderson briefly returned to the bench but resigned

4029-497: The Virginia and North Carolina colonial governments. Henderson's Transylvania settlement was one of the early triggers of the Cherokee-American wars . After the land deals, he returned to North Carolina and held various legislative and executive positions in the North Carolina government. He died at age 49 at his home in North Carolina. Henderson was born in Hanover County , Virginia Colony on April 20, 1735. His parents were Samuel Henderson and Elizabeth Williams Henderson. He had

SECTION 50

#1732787714152

4108-476: The Virginians, in a declaration of the increasing spirit of independence among the colonists, addressing King George and their fellow Virginians, wrote and had published what came to be known as the Fort Gower Resolves . Among the soldiers present were many Virginians that later became famous in the revolution: William Campbell , George Rogers Clark, William Crawford, Simon Kenton , Andrew Lewis, Daniel Morgan , William Russell , Adam Stephen and many others. At

4187-409: The border dispute with Pennsylvania, but failed to renew the expiring militia act. Dunmore dissolved the House of Burgesses on 26 May 1774 and used his executive power under the expiring Invasions and Insurrections Act to mobilize Virginia's county militias. According to historians Eric Hinderaker and Peter C. Mancall in At the Edge of Empire (2003): With the new forces, Dunmore advanced toward

4266-499: The boundary between Indian lands of Ohio Country to the west, and the Colonies to the east. This was a major resetting of the Appalachian boundary defined by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 which ended the French and Indian War . Although the Indian national chieftains signed the treaty, conflict within the Indian nations soon broke out. Some tribesmen felt the treaty sold out their claims and opposed it, and others believed that another war would mean only further losses of territory to

4345-400: The company name was first changed to the Louisa Company, and finally to the Transylvania Company on January 6, 1775. In March 1775, Henderson gathered chiefs of the Cherokee Indians and negotiated the Treaty of Watauga at Sycamore Shoals at present day Elizabethton, Tennessee , during which time he purchased all the land lying between the Cumberland River , the Cumberland Mountains , and

4424-457: The group. Cresap understood that any provocations might result in war, so he suggested the group return upstream to Zane's small settlement at "Zanesburg" (the future Wheeling ) and wait to see if Indian hostilities would decline. However, when they arrived, they found the whole area in an uproar. People were panicked by the stories of the survivors of the Indian attacks. They were upset by the Indian brutality towards captured settlers. Fearing for

4503-400: The highest payment ever made from the British Crown to Native Americans. The treaty established a Line of Property which extended the earlier proclamation line of the Alleghenies (the divide between the Ohio and coastal watersheds), much farther to the west. The line ran near Fort Pitt and followed the Ohio River as far as the Tennessee River , effectively ceding the Kentucky portion of

4582-411: The land south of the Ohio River from the Iroquois, many other Ohio Indians who had hunted in these lands refused to accede to the treaty and prepared to defend their hunting rights. At the forefront of this resistance were the Shawnee , the most powerful among the allied Algonquin tribes of the Ohio Valley. They soon organized a large confederacy of Shawnee-Ohio Confederated Indians who were opposed to

4661-405: The lands acquired in 1768 were referred to as the "New Purchase". Due to disputes about the physical boundaries of the settlement, however, the final treaty line would not be fully agreed upon for another five years. The final portion of the Line of Property in Pennsylvania, called the Purchase line in the State, was fixed in 1773 by representatives from the Six Nations and Pennsylvania who met at

4740-424: The lives of women and children, colonists living on the frontier flocked to the town for protection. A message from John Connolly , the garrison commander at upstream Fort Pitt , indicated that the local tribes including Shawnee and Delaware, intended war. Cresap called a council on April 26. After he read Connolly's letter aloud, the assembly declared war against the Indians. After spotting some Indian canoes on

4819-518: The mouth of Wheeling Creek . From here, Connolly planned to launch offensive operations. In the first battle of the war, on July 26, 1774, forces under Angus McDonald crossed the Ohio River to attack the villages of Wakatomika . McDonald commanded a battalion of about 400 men divided into eight companies, including Michael Cresap , George Rogers Clark , and Daniel Morgan as three of the company commanders. After making first contact on July 31 with 3 Native Americans on horseback, McDonald suspected

SECTION 60

#1732787714152

4898-412: The next day with two more Lenape men and one Mingo. After some discussion, McDonald sent them with a message that he would spare the nearby villages if they released two white women that had recently been captured, and offered three warriors to be held by the Virginians until the chiefs could meet in a council. While awaiting their response, McDonald sent two companies to cross the river downstream. When

4977-405: The next several years, Indian nations opposed to the treaty continued to attack settlers, ritually mutilated and tortured to death the surviving men, and took the women and children into slavery. Boone's expedition was the first of several as part of a scheme with land speculator Richard Henderson to establish the Transylvania Colony in Kentucke . Starting in 1769, Ebenezer Zane , afterwards

5056-418: The point of land formed by confluence of the Ohio and Hocking Rivers and to the makeshift base camp they had established several weeks earlier named Fort Gower (for Earl Gower , a British Lord). There they were informed that the Continental Congress in Philadelphia had enacted a boycott of English goods in response to the Coercive Acts . Recognizing the significance of what was essentially an act of rebellion,

5135-425: The real Interests and just Rights of America outweigh every other Consideration, we resolve that we will exert every Power within us for the Defence of American Liberty, and for the Support of her just Rights and Privileges; not in any precipitate, riotous, or tumultous Manner, but when regularly called forth by the unanimous Voice of our Countrymen. Resolved, that we entertain the greatest Respect for his Excellency

5214-444: The river the next day, settlers chased them fifteen miles (24 km) downriver to Pipe Creek. There settlers engaged them in battle, with a few casualties on each side. The following day, Clark's party abandoned the original idea of proceeding to Kentucky. Expecting retaliation, they broke camp and retreated with Cresap's men to his headquarters at Redstone Old Fort. Immediately after the Pipe Creek attack, settlers killed relatives of

5293-450: The river to the cabin of Joshua Baker, a settler and rum trader. The visiting Mingo included Logan's younger brother, commonly known as John Petty, and two closely related women. The younger woman was pregnant and also had an infant girl with her. The father of both these children was John Gibson , a well-known trader. Once the group was inside Baker's cabin, some 30 frontiersmen, led by Daniel Greathouse , suddenly crowded in and killed all

5372-444: The settlers. When the American Revolutionary War broke out between the American settlers and the British in 1775, the war parties of the Indian nations quickly gained power. They mobilized the various Indian nations to ally with the British during the war, initiating the Cherokee-American wars that lasted nearly two decades. The area south of the Ohio River and west of the Kanawha River (long referred to as Kentucke country after

5451-456: The strongest Assurance that we are ready, at all Times, to the utmost of our Power, to maintain and defend her just Rights and Privileges. We have lived about three Months in the Woods, without any intelligence from Boston, or from the Delegates at Philadelphia. It is possible, from the groundless Reports of designing Men, that our Countrymen may be jealous of the Use such a Body would make of Arms in their Hands at this critical Juncture. That we are

5530-400: The submission of the Shawnee at Camp Charlotte, virtually closed the war. The treaty was reaffirmed in talks the following year at Fort Pitt, where commissioners from the Continental Congress urged representatives from the Iroquois, Shawnee, Lenape, Wyandot, and Odawa to remain neutral in the growing conflict with Great Britain. In early November 1774, the army of Virginians arrived back at

5609-435: The town of Henderson , his namesake, in 1797. Later, Henderson County, Kentucky (seat Henderson) also named for him, subsumed the land grant. During the Treaty of Sycamore Shoals , Dragging Canoe , son of the Cherokee chief Attacullaculla , made a speech condemning the sale of Cherokee land and broke from the general Cherokee tribal government to form the sub-tribe known as the Chickamauga . This group went on to become

5688-598: The upper Ohio Valley, especially the Allegheny River . George Washington wrote in his journal for November 17, 1770, "The Indians who are very dexterous, even their women, in the Management of Canoes, have there Hunting Camps & Cabins all along the River for the convenience of Transporting their Skins by Water to Market." In September 1773, noted frontiersman Daniel Boone led a group of about 50 emigrants up

5767-519: The villages, which they found abandoned. They plundered and burned one Mingo and five Shawnee villages, but spared the Lenape villages since they were considered neutral. Shawnee defenders killed two Virginians and wounded several more, but McDonald was able to sack multiple villages and destroy their fields. They returned to Wheeling with three Shawnee captives and three scalps. Native American attacks continued; McDonald's campaign accomplished little, but convinced Governor Dunmore than overwhelming force

5846-410: The visitors except the infant. When Logan heard of the massacre, he was led to believe that Cresap, not Greathouse, was the man responsible for the attack. However, many people familiar with the incident (including Clark) knew that Greathouse and his men were the ones who had killed the party. Settlers along the frontiers realized that these killings were likely to provoke the remaining Indian nations of

5925-524: Was a treaty signed between representatives from the Iroquois and Great Britain (accompanied by negotiators from New Jersey , Virginia and Pennsylvania ) in 1768 at Fort Stanwix . It was negotiated between Sir William Johnson , his deputy George Croghan , and representatives of the Iroquois. The treaty established a Line of Property following the Ohio River that ceded the Kentucky portion of

6004-534: Was best known for attempting to create the Transylvania Colony in frontier Kentucky. Henderson County and its seat Henderson, Kentucky are named for him. He also sold land to an early settlement that went on to become Nashville, Tennessee . Henderson was born in Virginia Colony, but his family moved to Granville County, North Carolina when he was a child. There he studied law and became

6083-530: Was buried on his farm near Williamsboro, North Carolina on Nutbush Creek. One of his sons, Leonard Henderson , was a Chief Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court (1829–1833). Henderson, North Carolina was named for him. The other son, Archibald Henderson , was a legislator representing Rowan County, North Carolina . In Henderson's western Kentucky land grant on the Ohio, in an area named Red Banks, an early settlement became

6162-401: Was here that an agent of Chief Logan (possibly Simon Girty ) recited a speech by Logan which became one of the most famous speeches in Indian and Ohio history, dubbed, Logan's Lament . After the Mingo refused to accept the terms, Major William Crawford attacked their village of Seekunk (Salt Lick Town, now Columbus, Ohio ). His force of 240 men destroyed the village. These operations, and

6241-487: Was needed. On October 10, before Lewis began crossing the Ohio, he and his force were surprised by warriors under Chief Cornstalk . The Battle of Point Pleasant (at what is today its namesake Point Pleasant, WV on the WV/Ohio border) raged nearly all day and descended into hand-to-hand combat. Lewis's army suffered about 215 casualties, of whom 75 were killed, including Lewis's brother, and 140 wounded. His forces defeated

#151848