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62-612: Nintendo gained experience with this endeavor which led directly to its satellite based Satellaview network for the Super Famicom in the early 1990s. In 1986, Nintendo's entry into basic online communications was the Disk Fax kiosks , preannouncing the deployment of 10,000 kiosks throughout Japan's toy and hobby stores within the following year. This allowed Famicom players with Famicom Disk System games to bring their writable Disk Cards into stores and upload their high scores to

124-544: A Super Famicom , similar to the 64DD or the Sega CD . Its power transfer bracket supplies the Super Famicom. The peripheral expands the Super Famicom with 1 MB of ROM space and 512 kB of RAM . A Satellaview device is packaged with a custom four-way AC adapter and AV selector, connecting the console to the required BS tuner. Game and broadcast information is stored on 8 MB memory packs, inserted into

186-455: A communications network that provides users with new forms of recreation, and a new means of accessing information". Yamauchi said to employees that the company's new purpose in addition to games was now "to provide information that can be efficiently used in each household". By 1989, Nintendo had become Japan's number one company and Yamauchi wanted to position the Famicom as the key portal to

248-419: A custom avatar, purchase items found in stores scattered across the map, play minigames, read announcements by St.GIGA and Nintendo, and participate in contests. The cartridge increases the Super Famicom's hardware performance with extra RAM. A total of 114 games were released for Satellaview; some are remakes or updates of older Family Computer and Super Famicom games, and others were created specifically for

310-483: A debt-management plan created by Nintendo to reduce the firm's capital, though having ¥8.8 billion in debt, and had also failed to apply for a government digital satellite broadcasting license by a deadline. This led to Nintendo halting all production of new games and content for the peripheral beginning March 1999, and to cancel content and services via a new BS-4 satellite. St.GIGA continued to supply content for Satellaview, broadcasting reruns of older content and making

372-820: A government broadcasting license. Nintendo withdrew support for Satellaview in March 1999, with St.GIGA continuing to supply content until June 30, 2000, when it was fully discontinued. Consumer adoption of Satellaview was complicated by the rise of technologically superior fifth-generation consoles such as the Sega Saturn , PlayStation , and Nintendo 64 , and by Satellaview's high cost, especially due to its exclusive availability via mail order and specific electronic store chains. However, St.GIGA reported more than 100,000 subscribers by March 1997. Retrospectively, Satellaview has been praised by critics for its technological accomplishments and its overall library quality, particularly of

434-468: A handicap race with 16 runners or more will see the first four places being classed as "placed". (A show bet in the North American sense does not exist in these locations.) The term each-way (E/W) bet is used everywhere but North America, and has a different meaning depending on the location. An each-way bet sees the total bet being split in two, with half being placed on the win, and half on

496-415: A horse are made to win , place , and show (or just win and place ). Each portion is treated by the totalizator as a separate bet, so an across-the-board bet is merely a convenience for bettors and parimutuel clerks. For instance, if a $ 2 across-the-board bet (total outlay of $ 6) were staked on a horse which finished second, paying $ 4.20 to place and $ 3.00 to show, the bettor would receive $ 7.20 on what

558-468: A horse are set by the market conditions of the betting exchange which is dictated to by the activity of the members. In the United States, the states with the largest pools are California, New York, Kentucky, Florida, Maryland and Illinois in no particular order. Betting on horse racing in the United States varies from state to state. By the late 19th century over 300 tracks were in operation in

620-463: A larger playerbase, and being widely-successful for St.GIGA, Nintendo viewed Satellaview as a commercial failure. The rise of technologically superior consoles such as Sega Saturn , PlayStation , and Nintendo 64 , made consumers reluctant to purchase Satellaview, especially due to its exclusive availability via mail order delivery or specific electronic stores. Retrospective feedback on Satellaview has been positive. Retro Gamer magazine applauded

682-749: A live schedule. Nintendo often held tournaments for certain games, such as Wario's Woods , that allowed players to compete for prizes. Alongside games, Satellaview subscribers could access many other different services. Free magazines included video game publications like Famitsu and Nintendo Power and general Japanese publications focusing on news, music, or celebrity interviews. Soundlink magazines included commentary, often by popular Japanese personalities, such as Bakushō Mondai and All Night Nippon . St.GIGA broadcasts included "Tide of Sound" nature ambiance and other music. A special newsletter by both St.GIGA and Nintendo included service updates such as contests and upcoming events. Though having amassed

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744-793: A multimillion-dollar advertising budget for online services, personally met with representatives in the financial industry, and successfully signed up the Daiwa and Nikko stock brokerages as service providers. In June 1989, Nintendo of America 's vice president of marketing Peter Main, said of the Japanese market that the six-year-old Famicom was present in 37% of Japan's households and that the Famicom Network System had been supporting video games and stock trading applications for some time in Japan. New services included buying stamps online from

806-543: A new programming block, the "Super Famicom Hour" providing gameplay tips and news for Nintendo's upcoming Super Famicom games. St.GIGA would provide the necessary satellite and broadcasting services, and host many of its older music and Tide of Sound broadcasts, and Nintendo and other third-party developers would create games and other content for the service. Nintendo stressed to video game publications that much of Satellaview's content, specifically St.GIGA broadcasts, were primarily for adults, with video games constituting only

868-482: A peak of 100,000 Famicom Modem units used and capturing 35% of Japan's fanatical online horse betting market even among diverse competition from PCs and from dedicated horse betting network terminal appliances. Wanting to replicate and expand upon the progress seen with the Famicom Modem in Japan, Nintendo of America began a series of open announcements in mid-1989 to describe its private talks with AT&T over

930-406: A previously inconceivably large-scale potential future network of freely accessible and vital information in all aspects of daily life. Anticipating a new economy of service fees and sales commissions, he imagined Nintendo's future as the gatekeeper of expanded online shopping, with airline tickets and constant information feeds of news and movie reviews. With "intense personal commitment", he approved

992-424: A small portion of airtime. Nintendo officially announced Satellaview on December 21, 1994, at a retail price of ¥14,000 , or US$ 150 (equivalent to $ 310 in 2023). Several third-party developers, such as Capcom , Taito , Konami , Seta , and Squaresoft , then announced plans to produce Satellaview games. The peripheral was designed by Nintendo Research & Development 2 , the same team that had designed

1054-469: A special broadcast satellite (BS) tuner directly from St.GIGA or rented one for a six-month fee. It attaches to the expansion port on the bottom of the Super Famicom. Satellaview is the result of a collaboration between Nintendo and St.GIGA, the latter known in Japan for its "Tide of Sound" nature sound music. By 1994, St.GIGA was struggling financially due to the Japanese Recession affecting

1116-470: A spiritual successor to Satellaview for Nintendo 64 , the 64DD and its Randnet Internet service. Originally announced in 1995, a year prior to console launch, Randnet had many similar features, such as a Nintendo newsletter and online gaming, plus chat and email. Nintendo attempted to have St.GIGA transition from Satellaview to the 64DD, however, when St.GIGA refused, Nintendo instead partnered with Japanese media company Recruit to form Randnet. The 64DD

1178-497: Is allowed, most tracks offer parimutuel betting where gamblers' money is pooled and shared proportionally among the winners once a deduction has been made from the pool. Parimutuel betting also provides purse money to participants and a considerable amount of tax revenue, with over $ 100 billion being wagered annually in 53 countries. In some countries – notably the UK, Ireland , and Australia – an alternative and more popular facility

1240-420: Is an exotic wager placed on the winner of two consecutive races. Picking the winner of three, four, five or six straight races is referred to as a pick-3 , pick-4 , pick-5 and pick-6 respectively. In addition to traditional betting with a bookmaker, punters (bettors) are able to both back and lay money on an online betting exchange . Punters who lay the odds are in effect acting as a bookmaker. The odds of

1302-469: Is conducted by bookmakers (at race meetings and via telephone) and Tabcorp (tote betting at racecourses and through various retail outlets including the internet). In 2014 it was estimated that $ 300 million alone was bet on Australia's most famous race - the Melbourne Cup . Horse race betting is wide and varied in the UK. Unlike in most other countries where betting exists, the pari-mutual market in

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1364-487: Is essentially a $ 6 wager. In addition to straight wagers, "exotic" wagers offer bettors an opportunity to incorporate the placement of different horses in one or multiple races. The two broad types of exotic wagers are horizontal and vertical. Horizontal exotic wagers are bets on multiple horses in one particular race, while vertical exotic wagers involve predicting results across multiple races. Both have specific options for which bets are available and are detailed below. In

1426-459: Is provided by bookmakers who effectively make a market in odds. This allows the gambler to 'lock in' odds on a horse at a particular time (known as 'taking the price' in the UK). In North American racing, the three most common ways to bet money are to win , to place , and to show . A bet to win , sometimes called a "straight" bet, means staking money on the horse, and if it comes in first place,

1488-529: The Legend of Zelda series. In retrospective years, publications have raised concerns about the permanent loss of much Satellaview content, specifically live audio from Soundlink games and digital newsletters. Betting on horse racing Betting on horse racing or horse betting commonly occurs at many horse races . Modern horse betting started in Great Britain in the early 1600s during

1550-459: The Legend of Zelda series. In recent years, it has gained a strong cult following due to much of its content being deemed lost media , with video game preservation groups recovering and hosting its games and other services online. Founded in early 1990, St.GIGA was a satellite radio subsidiary of the Japanese satellite television company WOWOW Inc. , based in Akasaka, Tokyo . Credited as

1612-644: The 2016–2017 season with a turnover of HK$ 216.5 billion and paid the government HK$ 21.7 billion in duty and profits tax, an all-time high. A government survey in 2015 found that nearly one million Australians (5.6% of Australian adults) gambled on dog or horse racing in Australia . Most were men aged between 30 and 64 who had a typical yearly expenditure of $ 1,300 on race betting. Nationally, typical annual race-betting expenditure amounted to roughly $ 1.27 billion. Horse race betting in New South Wales (NSW)

1674-499: The Famicom Network System was soon launched the same year alongside Nippon Telegraph and Telephone 's new DDX-TP telephone gateway for its existing packet switched network. NTT's launch initially suffered reliability problems that were painstakingly assessed by Nintendo at individual users' homes and traced back to the network. Yamauchi said in Nintendo's 1988 corporate report that this system would "link Nintendo households to create

1736-400: The Famicom was deployed as a networked kiosk, serving consumers with a member-store-created searchable online database of Famicom game reviews. Nintendo performed market research by analyzing users' search behaviors, and directly receiving user feedback messages. In that year, the disappointed but steadfast Yamauchi stated, "It is just a matter of time. When the people are ready for it, we have

1798-644: The Famicom. Led by Famicom's designer Masayuki Uemura, Nintendo Research & Development 2 developed the modem hardware; and Nomura Securities developed the client and server software and the information database. Uemura cautioned that they "weren't confident that they would be able to make network games entertaining". Five unreleased prototypes of network-enabled games were developed for the system, including Yamauchi's favorite ancient Japanese board game , Go . The Famicom Modem began mass production in September 1988. The accompanying proprietary online service called

1860-612: The Japanese Recession reducing consumer spending on ambient music and satellite systems. Nintendo purchased a 19.5% stake in St.GIGA in May, as a way to "rescue" the company and help to successfully restructure it. Satellaview development began shortly after the acquisition, reportedly in production alongside the Virtual Boy and Nintendo 64 . While Nintendo was producing the peripheral, St.GIGA revamped its broadcasting schedule to include

1922-607: The Network in place." Nintendo shipped a lifetime total of 130,000 Famicom Modems and the Famicom Network System had 15,000-20,000 users for stock brokering services, 14,000 for banking, and 3,000 businesses for Super Mario Club. Even after the resolution of stability problems with the NTT's network launch, the Famicom Network System's market presence was considered "weak" for its whole lifetime for various reasons: product usability; competition from personal computers and other appliances; and

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1984-550: The Satellaview service, such as legal issues with other companies and technical restraints of the time. In June 1996, Nintendo announced a potential partnership with Microsoft to release a similar service for Windows , which would combine St.GIGA's broadcasting services with dial-up Internet; this was never launched. By March 1997, St.GIGA reported that Satellaview had 116,378 active users. By mid 1998, Nintendo's relationship with St.GIGA began to deteriorate. St.GIGA refused

2046-505: The Super Famicom. Though Nintendo was in a slump due to falling Super Famicom game sales and the Virtual Boy's failure, its management remained confident in Satellaview's success and would help calm any consumer concerns; company president Hiroshi Yamauchi expected to sell roughly 2 million Satellaview units each year. Pre-orders were available beginning February 25, 1995. Broadcasting services for Satellaview launched on April 1, and

2108-476: The UK is small compared to fixed odds wagering, accounting for only about 5% of the total betting turnover. Between April 2017 and March 2018, off-course horse racing betting turnover in Great Britain amounted to £4.3 billion. The majority of the money wagered on horse racing in the UK is with bookmakers, either in betting shops or online. In 2018, there were 8,500 betting shops in Great Britain. This figure

2170-519: The United States only generated $ 250,000. Betting on horse racing is ingrained in local culture and is seen as an investment. During the 2014–2015 racing season the Hong Kong Jockey Club gained per race about HK$ 138.8 million (US$ 17.86 million), which is more than any other track worldwide. The revenue the club generate from various wagers makes it the largest taxpayer for the government. Hong Kong Jockey Club broke its own record during

2232-399: The bet is a winner. In a bet to place , you are betting on your horse to finish either first or second. A bet to show wins if the horse finishes first, second or third. Since it is much easier to select a horse to finish first, second, or third than it is to select a horse just for first, the show payoffs will be much lower on average than win payoffs. If there are a small number of horses in

2294-457: The company's central leaderboards via fax, enter nationwide achievement contests, and download new games cheaper than on cartridge. By 1987, Nintendo president Hiroshi Yamauchi foresaw the impending Information Age , developing a vision for transforming Nintendo beyond a toy company and into a communications company. He wanted to leverage Famicom's established and totally unique presence in one third of all of Japan's homes, to bring Nintendo into

2356-456: The country but those opposed to gambling caused the banning of bookmakers and horse racing at the beginning of the next century. In 1908 pari-mutuel (tote) betting was introduced, helping the industry to prosper and that has continued to be the case to the present day. Pari-mutuel betting is currently legal in 32 US states. Due to new legislation horse race betting in the US could change significantly in

2418-406: The demand for its music; Nintendo initiated a "rescue" plan by purchasing a stake in the company. Satellaview was produced by Nintendo Research & Development 2 , the same team that designed the Super Famicom, and was made for a more adult-oriented market. By 1998, Nintendo's relationship with St.GIGA was beginning to collapse due to St.GIGA's refusal of a debt-management plan and failure to secure

2480-436: The difficult nature of early adoption by the technologically unsavvy financial customer. Many found it just as easy to do transactions by traditional means, and the total home networking market was very small because people didn't want to rewire their house for their television or to have their telephone line occupied. Uemura stated that the system's most popular application was ultimately home-based betting on horse racing , with

2542-592: The first six) for a place on the Grand National . This additional concession is offered because of the large number of runners in the race (maximum 40). Occasionally other handicap races with large fields (numbers of runners) receive the same treatment from various bookmakers, especially if they are sponsoring the race. The rough equivalent of the each-way in North America is the across the board ( win/place/show ) or win/place bet, where equal bets on

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2604-420: The first two finishers to come in any order and still win), is the basic box, but boxing can be applied to the trifecta and superfecta as well. A wheel is a bet on a single horse is to finish in a specific position, with multiple horses finishing ahead and/or behind it. In a sense, a win bet can be thought of as a specific type of wheel bet. Vertical bets are spread over different races. A daily double

2666-495: The lottery illegally and anonymously, regardless of assurances from Nintendo to the contrary. Internet-based gambling was banned in Minnesota. Online content would later be delivered to Nintendo's customers via the Super Famicom 's Satellaview peripheral. Masayuki Uemura, lead designer of the Famicom Modem at Nintendo Research & Development 2 , said: "Our experiences with the Famicom Modem triggered Nintendo's entrance into

2728-448: The most basic horizontal wager, an exacta , the bettor selects the first and second place horses in the exact order. Picking the first three finishers in exact order is called a trifecta and a superfecta refers to the specific finishing order of the top four horses. Boxing is a tactic that increases the odds of winning an exotic wager by removing the need to choose the exact order. A quinella , which boxes an exacta (allowing

2790-538: The most crucial early experiments in combining games with storytelling", specifically the Soundlink games and voice acting. They were disappointed at the loss of the entire Soundlink live content library upon discontinuation. Video Games Chronicle called it "an impressive and ingenious idea for the time, and an innovation that we see to a lesser degree now in terms of interactive television and episodic game installments from modern studios". In 1999, Nintendo released

2852-550: The much larger and virtually limitless communications industry and thus presumptively on par with Japan's largest company and national telephone service provider, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT). He believed the Famicom should become an appliance of the future, as pervasive as the telephone itself. Beginning in mid-1987, he requested the exploration of a partnership with the Nomura Securities financial company, to create an information network service in Japan based on

2914-532: The near future. The legal market handle on horse racing in the United States in 2018 was $ 11.26 billion while experts predict the illegal sports betting market could be anywhere from $ 100 billion to $ 150 billion annually. Run on the first Saturday in May the most famous horse race in the United States, the Kentucky Derby , takes place at Churchill Downs and is known as ‘The Run For The Roses.’ The one mile two furlong contest dates back to 1875. $ 149.9 million

2976-602: The peripheral for its technological achievements, providing an early form of online gaming years before the advent of services such as Xbox Live . It commended the overall quality of the game library, citing the definitive BS Legend of Zelda series. Nintendo World Report liked its uniqueness which will likely never be replicated on modern video game consoles, and its library of games and services. Shacknews listed it among Nintendo's most innovative products for its technological accomplishments and pioneering of online gaming. Kill Screen labeled Satellaview as "perhaps one of

3038-460: The peripheral was released on April 23. It was only sold via mail order, instead of being released into stores. Satellaview was never released outside Japan, which some publications cited as being due to expensive costs of digital satellite broadcasting, and due to a supposed lack of appeal to American consumers. When the service first launched, St.GIGA had a number of issues regarding broadcasting video games and video game-related services through

3100-429: The place. Bettors receive a payout if the horse either wins, and/or is placed based on the place criteria as stated above. The full odds are paid if the horse wins, (plus the place portion), with a quarter or a fifth of the odds (depending on the race-type and the number of runners) if only the place section of the bet is successful. In the UK some bookmakers will pay for the first five (some independent firms have even paid

3162-552: The postal service, betting on horse racing , the Super Mario Club for game reviews, and the Bridgestone Tire Company using a Famicom online fitness program for its employees. By 1991, all these Famicom Network System online services had shut down, except for the Super Mario Club as the sole final application of the Famicom Modem and Network System. Super Mario Club had been formed for toy shops, where

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3224-543: The prospect of launching an information network service in America in 1990. The plans never materialized. A modem for NES was tested in the United States by the Minnesota State Lottery . It would have allowed players to buy scratchcards and play the lottery with their NES at home. It was not released in the United States because some parents and legislators voiced concern that minors might learn to play

3286-516: The race, show or place bets may not be offered (or if bets have already been made, they are cancelled and the wagered amounts refunded). In Europe, Australia, and Asia, betting to place is different since the number of "payout places" varies depending on the size of the field that takes part in the race. For example, in a race with seven or less runners in the UK, only the first two finishers would be considered winning bets with most bookmakers. Three places are paid for eight or more runners, whilst

3348-554: The reign of King James I . Gamblers can stake money on the final placement of the horses taking part in a race. Gambling on horses is, however, prohibited at some racetracks. For example, because of a law passed in 1951, betting is illegal in Springdale Race Course, home of the nationally renowned Toronto-Dominion Bank (TD Bank) Carolina Cup and Colonial Cup Steeplechase in Camden, South Carolina . Where gambling

3410-594: The satellite data broadcasting market in April, 1995". Satellaview The Satellaview is a satellite modem peripheral produced by Nintendo for the Super Famicom in 1995. Containing 1 megabyte of ROM space and an additional 512 kB of RAM, Satellaview allowed players to download games, magazines, and other media through satellite broadcasts provided by Japanese company St.GIGA . Its heavy third-party support included Squaresoft , Taito , Konami , Capcom , and Seta . To use Satellaview, players purchased

3472-403: The service only for video games. Satellaview was fully discontinued on June 30, 2000, due to a severe lack of outside support and a dwindling player base, dropping by nearly 60% from its peak in 1997 to about 46,000 active subscribers. One year later, St.GIGA declared bankruptcy and merged with Japanese media company WireBee, Inc. A Satellaview device attaches to the expansion port on bottom of

3534-400: The service. Nintendo's popular franchises include Kirby , F-Zero , Fire Emblem , The Legend of Zelda , and Super Mario Bros. Nintendo's original games include Sutte Hakkun . EarthBound creator Shigesato Itoi designed a fishing game called Itoi Shigesato no Bass Tsuri No. 1 . The previously unreleased Special Tee Shot , later reworked into Kirby's Dream Course ,

3596-693: The top of a special application cartridge. These memory packs can be rewritten with new content, including by certain Super Famicom games, such as RPG Maker 2 . A vintage user purchased (or rented for six months at ¥5,400 ) a BS tuner from St.GIGA, paid monthly fees to St.GIGA and Nintendo, and bought a satellite dish. The requisite system cartridge, titled BS-X: Sore wa Namae o Nusumareta Machi no Monogatari (commonly translated as BS-X: The Town Whose Name Was Stolen ), serves as both an interactive menu system and as its own game. The game features an EarthBound -like hub world, based on buildings representing each of Satellaview's services. Players can create

3658-648: The world's first digital satellite radio station, it was maintained by Hiroshi Yokoi and best known for its "Tide of Sound" broadcasts, which were high-quality digital recordings of nature sounds accompanied by a spoken word narrator known as the "Voice". The company was initially a success, and is recognized for its innovative concept and nonstandard methodology. It later began releasing albums featuring its own music as well as foreign music such as Hearts of Space and various compositions by Deep Forest , and various pieces of merchandise such as program guides and "sound calendars". By 1994, St.GIGA struggled financially due to

3720-437: Was a commercial failure. Satellaview has a large cult following since the late 2000s due to most of its content having been lost after the service was closed. Many video game preservationists and Nintendo fans have searched for memory packs to recover game data and preserve it online. Fans have created custom private servers that work with the official BS-X application cartridge, and translated certain games such as those from

3782-471: Was released. Third-party games include Squaresoft's Radical Dreamers and Treasure Conflix , Pack-In-Video's Harvest Moon , Chunsoft 's Shiren the Wanderer , Jaleco's Super Earth Defense Force , and ASCII's Derby Stallion '96 . Soundlink games were broadcast with live voice acting by radio personalities and commentators. Unlike other Satellaview games, SoundLink games could only be played on

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3844-560: Was wagered on the race in 2019, beating the previous record amount of $ 139.2 set 12 months earlier. $ 24.6 million of that total was gambled online. Hong Kong generates the largest horse racing revenue in the world and is home to some of the largest horse betting circles including the Hong Kong Jockey Club founded in 1884. In 2009, Hong Kong generated an average US$ 12.7 million in gambling turnover per race 6 times larger than its closest rival France at US$ 2 million while

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