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68-480: Fasanerie palace is located about seven kilometres outside the city of Fulda, on a small hill surrounded by woods. Encompassing an area of about 100 hectares, the palace is surrounded by a English Landscape garden , itself enclosed by a natural stone wall up to six meters high. Between 1708 and 1704, a modest country manor was built by order of the Prince-Abbot of Fulda, Adalbert von Schleifras. The hunting lodge

136-508: A folly , a picturesque recreation of an Ionic temple set in a theatre of trees. Between 1733 and 1736, he redesigned the garden, adding lawns sloping down to the edge of the river and a small cascade. For the first time the form of a garden was inspired not by architecture, but by an idealized version of nature. Rousham House in Oxfordshire is considered by some as the most accomplished and significant of William Kent's work. The patron

204-473: A rotunda (1720–21) designed by Vanbrugh. In the 1730s, William Kent and James Gibbs were appointed to work with Bridgeman, who died in 1738. Kent remade the lake in a more natural shape, and created a new kind of garden, which took visitors on a tour of picturesque landscapes. It eventually included a Palladian bridge (1738); a Temple of Venus (1731) in the form of a Palladian villa; a Temple of Ancient Virtues (1737), with statues of famous Greeks and Romans;

272-639: A Temple of British Worthies (1734–1735), with statues of British heroes; and a Temple of Modern Virtues, which was deliberately left in ruins, which contained a headless statue of Robert Walpole , Cobham's political rival. The garden attracted visitors from all over Europe, including Jean-Jacques Rousseau . It became the inspiration for landscape gardens in Britain and on the Continent. Stourhead , in Wiltshire (1741–1780), created by banker Henry Hoare ,

340-567: A distant view from above of the impressive ruins of Fountains Abbey . At Stowe, Capability Brown followed the new fashion between 1740 and 1753 by adding a new section to the park, called Hawkwelle Hill or the Gothic promenade, with a Gothic revival building. Walpole had decided in 1751 "to go Gothic", as he put it in a letter, and thereafter was a leading propagandist for the style, with his own house, Strawberry Hill in Twickenham , still

408-459: A family foundation of the princely house of Hesse. The palace is open to public as a museum. In the southern wing, visitors can admire the neoclassical state rooms and the art collection. The art collections includes an extensive array of ceramics and small artworks, large sculptures, and portrait busts. The porcelain collection contains pieces from all early European porcelain factories. Particularly notable are eleven (mostly posthumous) portraits of

476-483: A number of Romantic elements. Always present is a pond or small lake with a pier or bridge. Overlooking the pond is a round or hexagonal pavilion , often in the shape of a monopteros , a Roman temple. Sometimes the park also has a "Chinese" pavilion . Other elements include a grotto and imitation ruins . A second style of English garden, which became popular during the 20th century in France and northern Europe,

544-476: A parenthesis; there I end it with a period and start on another theme." Brown designed 170 gardens. The most important were: Humphry Repton (21 April 1752 – 24 March 1818) was the last great English landscape designer of the eighteenth century, often regarded as the successor to Capability Brown. Repton hit upon the idea of becoming a "landscape gardener" (a term he himself coined) after failing at various ventures and, sensing an opportunity after Brown's death,

612-732: A residence of the Electors of Hesse-Kassel . It was located on the Schöne Aussicht (English: Beautiful view ), with view of the Karlsaue park. The building complex consisted of various 18th century palaces, which were combined at the start of the 19th century. In the 1930s, it housed the Landgrafenmuseum. For the most part, it was destroyed during the Second World War and not restored afterwards. With exception of

680-731: A revolt against the architectural garden and drew inspiration from landscape paintings by Salvator Rosa , Claude Lorrain , and Nicolas Poussin , as well as from the classic Chinese gardens of the East, which had recently been described by European travellers and were realized in the Anglo-Chinese garden. The English garden usually included a lake, sweeps of gently rolling lawns set against groves of trees, and recreations of classical temples, Gothic ruins , bridges, and other picturesque architecture, designed to recreate an idyllic pastoral landscape. The work of Lancelot "Capability" Brown

748-419: A series of views and tableaux decorated with allegorical statues of Apollo, a wounded gladiator, a lion attacking a horse, and other subjects. He placed eyecatchers , pieces of classical architecture, to decorate the landscape, and made use of the ha-ha , a concealed ditch that kept grazing animals out of the garden while giving an uninterrupted vista from within. Finally, he added cascades modelled on those of

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816-576: A sloping "Alpine Valley" of conifers , as one of the best of the new style of "forest or savage gardens". This was a style of woodland aiming at the sublime , a newly-fashionable concept in literature and the arts, or at the least to be picturesque , another new term. It really required steep slopes, even if not very high, along which paths could be made revealing dramatic views, by which contemporary viewers who had read Gothic novels like Walpole's The Castle of Otranto (1764) were very ready to be impressed. The appropriate style of garden buildings

884-469: Is a style of " landscape " garden which emerged in England in the early 18th century, and spread across Europe , replacing the more formal, symmetrical French formal garden which had emerged in the 17th century as the principal gardening style of Europe. The English garden presented an idealized view of nature. Created and pioneered by William Kent and others, the "informal" garden style originated as

952-463: Is annexed, a Description of their Temples, Houses, Gardens, &c. published in 1757. In 1761 he built the Great Pagoda , London, as part of Kew Gardens , a park with gardens and architecture symbolizing all parts of the world and all architectural styles. Thereafter Chinese pagodas began to appear in other English gardens, then in France and elsewhere on the continent. French observers coined

1020-460: Is based on the style of the late 19th-century English cottage garden , with abundant mixed planting of flowers, intended to appear largely unplanned. Schloss Bellevue (Kassel) 51°18′35″N 9°29′38″E  /  51.309839°N 9.493933°E  / 51.309839; 9.493933 The Bellevueschloss or Schloss Bellevue was a palace complex in Kassel , Germany , which served as

1088-579: Is characteristically on a smaller scale; many are in or on the edge of cities, rather than in the middle of the countryside. Such gardens usually lack the sweeping vistas of gently rolling ground and water, which in England tend to be set against a woodland background with clumps of trees and outlier groves. Instead, they are often more densely studded with "eye-catchers", such as grottoes , temples , tea-houses , belvederes , pavilions , sham ruins , bridges, and statues. The name English garden – not used in

1156-533: Is enclosed by a natural stone wall up to six meters high. The Palace and Museum The palace gardens Exhibition catalogues (in chronological order) English Landscape garden The English landscape garden , also called English landscape park or simply the English garden ( French : Jardin à l'anglaise , Italian : Giardino all'inglese , German : Englischer Landschaftsgarten , Portuguese : Jardim inglês , Spanish : Jardín inglés ),

1224-624: The Bellevue Palace , nothing is left. Currently, the district court of Kassel stands on its location. The Bellevueschloss palace complex was located between the Schöne Aussicht, the Frankfurter Strasse, and the Fünffensterstraße. The building complex consisted of several 18th century palaces and private houses, including: At the start of the 19th century, the various buildings were combined in one complex, which

1292-604: The English country house , and many examples in the United Kingdom are popular visitor attractions today. The predecessors of the landscape garden in England were the great parks created by Sir John Vanbrugh (1664–1726) and Nicholas Hawksmoor at Castle Howard (1699–1712), Blenheim Palace (1705–1722), and the Claremont Landscape Garden at Claremont House (1715–1727). These parks featured vast lawns, woods, and pieces of architecture, such as

1360-634: The Essonne department, (1784–1786). Even at Versailles, the home of the most classical of all French gardens, a small English landscape park with a Roman temple was built and a mock village, the Hameau de la Reine (1783–1789), was created for Marie Antoinette . The new style also spread to Germany. The central English Grounds of Wörlitz , in the Principality of Anhalt , was laid out between 1769 and 1773 by Leopold III, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau , based on

1428-595: The Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda , which was handed over to William Frederick , the son and heir of William V, Prince of Orange , the ousted stadtholder of the abolished Dutch Republic after the Batavian Revolution of 1795. The principality was only short-lived as it was annexed by Napoleon in 1806. It became part of the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt in1810. Following the Congress of Vienna ,

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1496-680: The Prussia annexed the Electorate and the palace was expropriated. After decade long negotiations with Prussia , in 1878, the palace was returned to prince Frederick William of Hesse-Rumpenheim as his private property together with the Prince-Bishop's city palace in Fulda and other estates. The prince was member of a cadet branch of the House of Hesse-Kassel and was the presumptive heir to

1564-616: The United Kingdom , where "landscape garden" serves – differentiates it from the formal Baroque design of the garden à la française . One of the best-known English gardens in Europe is the Englischer Garten in Munich . The dominant style was revised in the early 19th century to include more " gardenesque " features, including shrubberies with gravelled walks, tree plantations to satisfy botanical curiosity, and, most notably,

1632-495: The 'meagre genius of the bare and bald', criticizing Brown's smooth, serpentine curves as bland and unnatural and championing rugged and intricate designs, composed according to ' picturesque theory' that designed landscapes should be composed like landscape paintings, with a foreground, a middle ground and a background. Early in his career, Repton defended Brown's reputation during the 'picturesque controversy'. However, as his career progressed Repton came to apply picturesque theory to

1700-550: The English garden was invented by landscape designers William Kent and Charles Bridgeman , working for wealthy patrons, including Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham ; Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington ; and banker Henry Hoare . These men had large country estates, were members of the anti-royalist Whig Party, had classical educations, were patrons of the arts, and had taken the Grand Tour to Italy, where they had seen

1768-583: The Great adapted the new style in the park of her palace at Tsarskoe Selo , complete with a mock Chinese village and a Palladian bridge , modeled after that at Wilton House . A much larger park was created for her son Paul in the neighbouring estate of Pavlovsk . The Monrepos Park is sited on the rocky island of Linnasaari in the Vyborg Bay and is noted for its glacially deposited boulders and granite rocks. The continental European "English garden"

1836-595: The Italian royalty. Most of the palace complex was destroyed during Allied bombing raids in October 1943, with exception of the ‘Bellevue Palace’ building, which suffered little damage (although the north-eastern wing has been demolished). The Landgrafenmuseum exhibited both pieces from the state art collection as well as from the princely collections ( Kurhessische Hausstiftung ). After the Second World War,

1904-467: The Japanese tea house still testify to the splendour of the late Baroque era. The baroque garden design was made by Benedictus Zick. During the renovations of Elector William II, the garden was transformed into an English landscape garden by William Hentze. The estate includes a large park with a wide variety of tree species, designed in part with the involvement of the naturalist Carl Linnaeus. This park

1972-552: The Palladian architecture of the houses he built. Charles Bridgeman (1690–1738) was the son of a gardener and an experienced horticulturist, who became the Royal Gardener for Queen Anne and Prince George of Denmark , responsible for tending and redesigning the royal gardens at Windsor , Kensington Palace , Hampton Court , St. James's Park and Hyde Park . He collaborated with Kent on several major gardens, providing

2040-621: The Roman ruins and Italian landscapes they reproduced in their gardens. William Kent (1685–1748) was an architect, painter and furniture designer who introduced Palladian -style architecture to England. Kent's inspiration came from Palladio 's buildings in the Veneto and the landscapes and ruins around Rome – he lived in Italy from 1709 to 1719, and brought back many drawings of antique architecture and landscapes. His gardens were designed to complement

2108-527: The Second World War, the Rumpenhheim palace was severely damaged and in ruins, and the paintings moved to the Fasanerie palace. The palace is a complex of several buildings arranged around a succession of courtyards. The original structure is the old country manor (known as the little palace ( German : Schlösschen ) built by Fulda’s cathedral architect Johann Dientzenhofer), centrally located within

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2176-462: The basis. William II (1777–1847) also used Schloss Bellevue, although his main city residence was the Residenzpalais . Electress Augusta (1780–1841), who was estranged from William II, used the palace as her town house and summer residence. In 1866 Hesse was annexed to Prussia. The building was recovered by a branch of the princely family in 1880. From 1933 until the Second World War it

2244-399: The botanical expertise which allowed Kent to realize his architectural visions. Kent created one of the first true English landscape gardens at Chiswick House for Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington . The first gardens that he laid out between 1724 and 1733 had many formal elements of a garden à la française , including alleys forming a patte d'oie and canals, but they also featured

2312-525: The castle suffered severe damage. After the war, prince Philipp of Hesse restored the palace and moved the princely art collections here. Before the war, the collections were exhibited together with pieces of the Hessian state art collection in the Landgrafenmuseum in Schloss Bellevue in Kassel . But after the destruction of this palace, the collections were split. The first rooms were opened to

2380-465: The classical mausoleum designed by Hawksmoor at Castle Howard. At the centre of the composition was the house, behind which were formal and symmetrical gardens in the style of the garden à la française , with ornate carpets of floral designs and walls of hedges, decorated with statues and fountains. These gardens, modelled after the gardens of Versailles , were designed to impress visitors with their size and grandeur. The new style that became known as

2448-515: The collections were split. The princely collections moved to Schloss Fasanerie near Fulda , where they were exhibited in a similar way to the Bellevueschloss, and still can be admired. After the Second World War, the palace complex was not restored. The princely family sold the grounds and the remaining ‘Bellevue Palace’ building to the city of Kassel in 1956. The local district court stands on its location. The ‘Bellevue Palace’ building

2516-474: The complex and flanked by two towers to the north and south. To the east are two service courtyards with a stud farm that remains in operation to this day, while to the west lies the nearly square inner courtyard and the court of honour, bordered at the centre by the main hall, both of which date back to the expansions by Gallasini. The castle was once surrounded by a baroque-style garden, which can now only be recognized in its basic layout. However, features like

2584-471: The construction of the first Chinese-style building in an English garden, in the garden of Stowe House , at a time when chinoiserie was popular in most forms of the decorative arts across Europe. The style became even more popular thanks to William Chambers (1723–1796), who lived in China from 1745 to 1747, and wrote a book, Designs of Chinese Buildings, Furniture, Dresses, Machines, and Utensils. To which

2652-569: The end of the Seven Years' War in 1763, French noblemen were able to voyage to England and see the gardens for themselves, and the style began to be adapted in French gardens. The new style also had the advantage of requiring fewer gardeners, and was easier to maintain, than the French garden. One of the first English gardens on the continent was at Ermenonville , in France, built by marquis René Louis de Girardin from 1763 to 1776 and based on

2720-631: The eye and create beautiful compositions, with an understatement criticizing the formal compositions of the gardens at the Palace of Versailles of Louis XIV of France . His observations on the Chinese garden were cited by the essayist Joseph Addison in an essay in 1712, who used them to attack the English gardeners who, instead of imitating nature, tried to make their gardens in the French style, as far from nature as possible. The novelty and exoticism of Chinese art and architecture in Europe led in 1738 to

2788-556: The first Prince-Bishop of Fulda, Amand von Buseck, engaged court architect Andreas Gallasini to further magnify and extended the palace. Construction continued until 1757 when the palace reached its current dimensions surrounding two courtyards. For the remainder of the 18th century, the palace served as the main summer residence of the Prince-Bishops. In 1803, the Prince-Bishopric of Fulda was secularized and became

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2856-510: The garden of Villa Aldobrandini and Villa di Pratolino in Italy, to add movement and drama. Stowe Gardens , in Buckinghamshire , (1730–1738), was an even more radical departure from the formal French garden. In the early 18th century, Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham , had commissioned Charles Bridgeman to design a formal garden, with architectural decorations by John Vanbrugh . Bridgeman's design included an octagonal lake and

2924-684: The ideals of Jean Jacques Rousseau , who was buried within the park. Rousseau and the garden's founder had visited Stowe a few years earlier. Other early examples were the Désert de Retz , Yvelines (1774–1782); the Gardens of the Château de Bagatelle in the Bois de Boulogne , west of Paris (1777–1784); The Folie Saint James , in Neuilly-sur-Seine , (1777–1780); and the Château de Méréville , in

2992-637: The interior in a neoclassical style between 1825 and 1827 (although the main staircase still remained its old baroque splendour). Also, the gardens were redesigned by Wilhelm Hentze in a English landscape garden style. The palace served as an Electoral summer residence until the mid-19th century. During the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, the Electorate like the Duchy of Nassau and the Kingdom of Hannover sided with Austria , and lost. Soon after,

3060-400: The landscape seem even larger. "He sought to create an ideal landscape out of the English countryside." He created artificial lakes and used dams and canals to transform streams or springs into the illusion that a river flowed through the garden. He compared his own role as a garden designer to that of a poet or composer. "Here I put a comma, there, when it's necessary to cut the view, I put

3128-406: The last Elector as his sons were excluded from succession, because of his morganatic marriage . It served him and his wife, Anna of Prussia , as a summer residence for many years. After the prince died in 1884, princess Anna continued to use the palace during the summer until she died in 1918, and was buried in the Fulda cathedral (the only woman to have this honour). During the Second World War ,

3196-450: The later development of the English landscape garden was Lancelot "Capability" Brown (1716–1783), who began his career in 1740 as a gardener at Stowe Gardens under Charles Bridgeman , then succeeded William Kent in 1748. Brown's contribution was to simplify the garden by eliminating geometric structures, alleys, and parterres near the house and replacing them with rolling lawns and extensive views out to isolated groups of trees, making

3264-751: The main example of this style is Łazienki Park in Warsaw . The garden scheme owes its shape and appearance mainly to the last king of the country Stanisław August Poniatowski . In another part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth the Sofiyivka Park (Zofiówka), now Ukraine , was designed by Count Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki so as to illustrate the Odyssey and the Iliad . The style also spread rapidly to Russia , where in 1774 Catherine

3332-641: The military governors of Maastricht . Nine of these larger-than-life oil paintings were commissioned by Baron Hobbe Esaias van Aylva and painted by Johann Valentin Tischbein . They originally hung in the Government Palace in Maastricht until 1798, after which the last governor, prince Frederick of Hesse-Kassel , had them transferred to Schloss Rumpenheim in Offenbach am Main , Hesse . After

3400-524: The models of Claremont , Stourhead and Stowe Landscape Gardens . Another notable example was The Englischer Garten in Munich , Germany , created in 1789 by Sir Benjamin Thompson (1753–1814). In the Netherlands the landscape-architect Lucas Pieters Roodbaard (1782–1851) designed several gardens and parks in this style. The style was introduced to Sweden by Fredrik Magnus Piper . In Poland

3468-559: The most extreme example of 18th-century "Gothick" style. According to some writers, especially French ones, the Far East inspired the origins of the English landscape garden, via Holland. In 1685, the English writer, formerly a diplomat at The Hague , Sir William Temple wrote an essay Upon the garden of Epicurus (published in 1690), including a passage which contrasted European symmetrical and formal gardens with asymmetrical compositions from China, for which he introduced (as Chinese)

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3536-454: The new style was making woodland more interesting and ornamental, leading to the establishment of the woodland garden as a distinct type. This took several forms, one of which was helped by the developing Gothic revival . Horace Walpole , a great promoter of the English landscape garden style, praised Painshill in Surrey, whose varied features included a shrubbery with American plants, and

3604-867: The nineteenth century. Repton published four major books on garden design: Sketches and Hints on Landscape Gardening (1795), Observations on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening (1803), An Inquiry into the Changes of Taste in Landscape Gardening (1806) and Fragments on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening (1816). These drew on material and techniques used in the Red Books. These works greatly influenced other landscape-designers including John Claudius Loudon , John Nash , Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand , Hermann Ludwig Heinrich Pückler-Muskau and Frederick Law Olmsted . One aspect of

3672-435: The practice of landscape design. He believed that the foreground should be the realm of art (with formal geometry and ornamental planting), that the middle ground should have a parkland character of the type created by Brown and that the background should have a wild and 'natural' character. Repton re-introduced formal terraces, balustrades , trellis work and flower gardens around the house in a way that became common practice in

3740-524: The province of Fulda was transferred to the Electorate of Hesse in 1816. During these turbulent times, the palace was used amongst others as a military hospital by Russian troops during the Napoleonic Wars . Elector William I showed no interest in the palace, but his son, Elector William II , did. With help of the architect Johann Conrad Bromeis, the palace was reconstructed and refurbished

3808-507: The public in 1951, but the palace is only since 1972 officially a museum. Prince Philipp also renamed the palace back to Fasanerie . Extensive renovation works for several million euros started in 2010. As part of this, the palace regained its original white colour, after having been painted ochre yellow in the 1970s. Today, Fasanerie palace is owned by the Hessian House Foundation ( German : Hessische Hausstiftung ),

3876-406: The return of flowers, in skirts of sweeping planted beds. This is the version of the landscape garden most imitated in Europe in the 19th century. The outer areas of the "home park" of English country houses retain their naturalistic shaping. English gardening since the 1840s has been on a more restricted scale, closer and more allied to the residence. The canonical European English park contains

3944-513: The state rooms. After Jérôme was expelled in 1813 and William IX, later Elector William I of Hesse (1743–1821), returned, he continued to use Schloss Bellevue as his main residence in Kassel, while at the same time he started the construction of a new residential palace as replacement for the old city palace, the Chattenburg , a large neoclassical palace, which was never completed except for

4012-606: The term sharawadgi , in fact probably a mangled Japanese word for "irregularity". Temple had never visited the Far East, but he was in contact with the Dutch and their discourse on irregularity in design, had spoken to a merchant who had been in the Far East for a long time, and read the works of European travellers there. He noted that Chinese gardens avoided formal rows of trees and flower beds, and instead placed trees, plants, and other garden features in irregular ways to strike

4080-551: The term Jardin Anglo-Chinois (Anglo-Chinese garden) for this style of garden. Descriptions of English gardens were first brought to France by Jean-Bernard, abbé Le Blanc , who published accounts of his voyage in 1745 and 1751. A treatise, and tour guide, on the English garden, Observations on Modern Gardening , written by Thomas Whately and published in London in 1770, was translated into French and German in 1771. After

4148-406: Was Gothic rather than Neoclassical , and exotic planting was more likely to be evergreen conifers rather than flowering plants, replacing "the charm of bright, pleasant scenery in favour of the dark and rugged, gloomy and dramatic". A leading example of the style was Studley Royal in North Yorkshire , which had the great advantage, at what was known as "The Surprise View", of suddenly revealing

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4216-415: Was General James Dormer , who commissioned Bridgeman to begin the garden in 1727, then brought in Kent to recreate it in 1737. Bridgeman had built a series of garden features including a grotto of Venus on the slope along the River Cherwell , connected by straight alleys. Kent turned the alleys into winding paths, built a gently turning stream, used the natural landscape features and slopes, and created

4284-410: Was ambitious to fill the gap and sent circulars round his contacts in the upper classes advertising his services. To help clients visualize his designs, Repton produced 'Red Books' (so called for their binding) with explanatory text and watercolors with a system of overlays to show 'before' and 'after' views. In 1794 Richard Payne Knight and Uvedale Price simultaneously published vicious attacks on

4352-506: Was named Bellevue in 1815, French for beautiful view. During the Napoleonic area, the Electorate of Hesse became part of the Kingdom of Westphalia with Napoleon's brother, Jérôme Bonaparte as its king. Kassel was the capital. When the Kassel City Palace ( German : Stadtschloss Kassel or German : Landgrafenschloss ) burned down in 1811, Jérôme moved into the Bellevue palace and made it his main residence in Kassel. He engaged his court architect Grandjean de Montigny to modernize

4420-489: Was named Fasanerie , German for Pheasantry , meaning an enclosed area for pheasants and other game. The design was likely made by the architect Johann Dientzenhofer , who also designed Fulda Cathedral and Schloss Weißenstein . The manor is still the nucleus of the palace complex. From 1730, Prince-Abbot Adolph van Dalberg started expanding the manor, and also renamed the palace into Adolphseck ( German : Schloss Adolphseck ). Another few years later, Dalberg's successor,

4488-448: Was one of the first 'picturesque' gardens, inspired to resemble the paintings of Claude Lorrain . Hoare had travelled to Italy on the Grand Tour and had returned with a painting by Claude Lorrain. Hoare dammed a stream on his estate, created a lake, and surrounded the lake with landscapes and architectural constructions representing the different steps of the journey of Aeneas in the Aeneid by Virgil . The most influential figure in

4556-411: Was particularly influential. By the end of the 18th century the English garden was being imitated by the French landscape garden , and as far away as St. Petersburg, Russia, in Pavlovsk , the gardens of the future Emperor Paul . It also had a major influence on the forms of public parks and gardens which appeared around the world in the 19th century. The English landscape garden was usually centred on

4624-404: Was the residence of Philipp, Landgrave of Hesse (1896–1980), during his tenure as President of the province of Hesse-Nassau . In the mid-1930s Philipp made parts of the palace into a public art gallery, the Landgrafenmuseum . When Philipp was arrested in September 1943 on suspicion of plotting with the Italian royal family to overthrow Mussolini, the palace was plastered with posters denouncing

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