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112-532: During the Hoover Administration, the federal government gave loans to the states to operate relief programs. One of these, the New York state program TERA (Temporary Emergency Relief Administration), was set up in 1931 and headed by Harry Hopkins , a close adviser to then-Governor Roosevelt. A few years later, as president, Roosevelt asked Congress to set up FERA—which gave grants to the states for

224-472: A stroke and pneumonia . He is buried in Tishomingo. In June 2020, Murray Hall and North Murray Hall at Oklahoma State University were "un-named" and a search for new names began. In the 21st century, Murray's legacy has drawn criticism from historians, such as William Savage Jr, because he supported racist and antisemitic policies, and because he published segregationist books. He supported

336-814: A "natural leader of men" with "a flaming soul." Hopkins attended the major conferences of the Allied powers , including the Casablanca Conference (January 1943), the Cairo Conference (November 1943), the Tehran Conference (November–December 1943), and the Yalta Conference (February 1945). His health continued to decline, and he died in 1946 at the age of 55. Hopkins was born at 512 Tenth Street in Sioux City, Iowa ,

448-600: A bricklayer before attending public school in Keeter. Murray attended College Hill Institute in Springtown, Texas , and started selling books to pay for school. He graduated from College Hill with a teaching degree in 1889 and began teaching in a public school in Parker County, Texas . During this time he attended a Campbellite church, but was not particularly religious. Murray became politically active and joined

560-742: A constitution, which in a referendum was overwhelmingly approved by the voters of the Five Tribes. Trying to avoid another state that might be dominated by Democrats (because of the Five Civilized Tribes' origin in the Southeast and their histories of slave-holding and alliance with the Confederacy in the Civil War), President Theodore Roosevelt , a Republican, opposed separate statehood for Sequoyah. Roosevelt insisted that

672-462: A few months after the operation, doctors stated that he had only four weeks to live. At this point, Roosevelt brought in experts, who transfused Hopkins with blood plasma that halted his deterioration. When the " Phoney War " phase of World War II ended in May 1940, the situation galvanized Hopkins; as Doris Kearns Goodwin wrote, "the curative impact of Hopkins' increasingly crucial role in the war effort

784-480: A form of adult education, emphasized the study of economic and social problems from the workers' perspective. When the FERA created its adult education program in 1933, workers' education classes were included. Between 1933 and 1943, 36 experiment programs in workers' education were launched, 17 of them lasting over ten years. With as many as two thousand teachers employed at one time, officials conservatively estimated that

896-662: A long-running battle with stomach cancer . As Roosevelt's closest confidant, Hopkins assumed a leading foreign policy role after the outset of World War II . From 1940 until 1943, Hopkins lived in the White House and assisted the president in the management of American foreign policy, particularly toward the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union . He traveled frequently to the United Kingdom, whose prime minister, Winston Churchill , recalled Hopkins in his memoirs as

1008-594: A national leader for the victims of the Depression, and called for a national council for relief to be held at Memphis, Tennessee in June 1931. During his tenure, he clashed with Oklahoma Superintendent of Public Instruction John Vaughn over his proposed education reforms. He ordered an investigation into William Bizzell alleging the University of Oklahoma suffered from "flagrant immorality and corruption. Bizzell

1120-612: A political operative for Palmer S. Moseley, gubernatorial candidate for the Oklahoma Territory . Murray frequently toured to give talks to local farmers about politics and farming. He often referred to a large tract of alfalfa which he cultivated. Arthur Sinclair, who heard one of his speeches, reported to the editor of the Tishomingo Capital-Democrat that he had just seen "Alfalfa Bill" deliver one of his finest speeches. The name stuck with Murray for

1232-465: A public figure, the two kept up an intimate correspondence until 1945. In 1931, Hopkins married Barbara Duncan, who died of cancer six years later. They had one daughter, Diana (1932–2020). In 1942, Hopkins married Louise Gill Macy (1906–1963) in the Yellow Oval Room at the White House . Macy was a divorced, gregarious former editor for Harper's Bazaar . The two continued to live at

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1344-583: A race for the Texas Senate to Colquitt. After reading the law and passing the Texas bar exam in 1897, he moved to Fort Worth, Texas and began practicing law. He later worked as a writer for the Fort Worth Gazette . He was a skilled orator and campaigned for James Stephen Hogg when the latter ran for Governor of Texas. On March 28, 1898, Murray moved to Tishomingo , the capital of

1456-506: A requirement to build a poultry shed within two years, a law that Murray owned all agriculture equipment, and a requirement he must personally approve all land transfers. Any change to the laws required a majority vote and Murray's consent. He barred colonists who were members of labor unions , socialists , Republicans , or born outside the United States. 41 families signed up with 15 leaving on May 4, 1924. About 80 colonists boarded

1568-566: A road provide access to the land. However, the road was never built and Murray abandoned the colony. In 1922, he negotiated with Bautista Saavedra 's government for a colony in Bolivia, this time in the Tarija Department twelve miles north of Yacuiba . He received 42,000 acres under a 99-year lease for $ 1,800. He agreed to settle 25 families by December 31, 1925, and the colony had its export taxes waived. While Saavedra supported

1680-487: A runoff (the first after the state approved a runoff election law) alongside Frank Buttram. During the runoff campaign, The Daily Oklahoman , the Altus Times-Democrat , and Farmer-Stockman all opposed Murray's campaign with The Daily Oklahoman' s Edith Cherry Johnson writing especially harsh columns accusing him of demagoguery . At the state Democratic convention, Murray tightened his control over

1792-489: A separate division for professional and nonconstruction projects. Project designers in the division for professional projects faced an enormous challenge in creating effective and meaningful work for unskilled women. In 1935 she became assistant administrator of the Works Progress Administration, where she directed the income-earning projects of some 500,000 women. Poor people lacked enough food in

1904-711: A time of the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl , railed against "The Three C's – Corporations , Carpetbaggers , and Coons ". Murray was inaugurated as the ninth Governor of Oklahoma on January 12, 1931, and filled state jobs with many of his political allies and members of the Oklahoma Constitutional Convention . He faced the harsh problems of the Great Depression. Under the previous Governor, William J. Holloway ,

2016-751: Is no power in Europe to oppose her tremendous military forces." Hopkins continued to be a target of attacks even after his death. George Racey Jordan testified to the House Un-American Activities Committee in December 1949 that Hopkins passed nuclear secrets to the Soviets. Historians do not cite Jordan as credible since at the time Jordan claimed to have met with Hopkins in Washington regarding uranium shipments, Hopkins

2128-677: The Atlantic Conference . Hopkins promoted an aggressive war against Germany and successfully urged Roosevelt to use the Navy to protect convoys headed for Britain before the US had entered the war in December 1941. Roosevelt brought him along as advisor to his meetings with Churchill and Stalin at Cairo , Tehran , Casablanca in 1942–43, and Yalta in 1945. He was a firm supporter of China , which received Lend-Lease aid for its military and air force. Hopkins wielded more diplomatic power than

2240-756: The Chickasaw Nation in the Indian Territory (now eastern Oklahoma), where quickly became a political and legal advisor to Douglas H. Johnston , the Governor of the Chickasaw Nation . After he married Johnston's niece Mary Alice Hearrell Murray on July 19, 1899, he was allowed to practice in Chickasaw courts and started a law practice with Chickasaw Senator M. V. Cheadle. The couple had five children, including Johnston Murray . He acquired his nickname "Alfalfa" around 1902 while working as

2352-663: The Civil Works Administration (CWA) as a $ 400 million short-term measure to get people to work. FERA was shut down in 1935 and its work taken over by two completely new federal agencies, the WPA and the Social Security Administration . FERA operated a wide variety of work-relief projects, including construction, projects for professionals (e.g., writers, artists, actors, and musicians), and production of consumer goods. Workers' education,

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2464-568: The Governor of Texas blocked traffic from entering his state on the new bridge. The Red River Bridge Company of Texas owned the original toll bridge and had a dispute over its purchase deal. Murray sent the Guard to reopen the bridge in July 1931. Texas had to retreat when lawyers determined that Oklahoma had jurisdiction over both banks of the river. Murray used the Guard to reduce oil production in

2576-495: The National Guard to perform duties in the state and for declaring martial law at a time of unrest. In his later life, Murray published a three-volume memoir and several books which contained racist and antisemitic claims. Historian Reinhard H. Luthin described his populist campaign tactics and rhetoric as demagoguery . His son, Johnston Murray , was later elected Governor of Oklahoma. William Henry Davis Murray

2688-759: The New York Temporary Emergency Relief Administration, the Federal Emergency Relief Administration , the Civil Works Administration , and the Works Progress Administration , which he built into the largest employer in the United States. He later oversaw the $ 50 billion Lend-Lease program of military aid to the Allies and, as Roosevelt's personal envoy, played a pivotal role in shaping the alliance between

2800-682: The Oroya in New Orleans before sailing through Havana , the Panama Canal , to Antofagasta, Chile . The caravan then traveled by rail to Tartagal and then on foot to the Tarija Department through the Andes Mountains . The group arrived at Aguairenda , the colony site, on June 18, 1924. The colonists immediately discovered much of the best land in the area was already leased by local Indigenous people. Colonists, mostly living in

2912-600: The 1970s, long after opinions about Soviet espionage had hardened into dogma. These files are now open, and they confirm the veracity of nearly all of Jordan’s claims, except for his allegation that Hopkins’s actions were illegal”. It is likely that any Soviets who spoke to Hopkins would have been routinely required to report the contact to the NKVD , the Soviet national security agency. Eduard Mark (1998) says that some Soviets, such as spymaster Iskhak Akhmerov , thought that Hopkins

3024-691: The Bolivian Legislature led President Hernando Siles to demand he create a profitable cotton colony or relinquish his concession. His lease was cancelled on August 6, 1928, and Murray transitioned to raising cattle before finally leaving Aguairenda on July 24, 1929. He returned to Oklahoma on August 24, 1929. After attending a "Constitutional Convention Reunion" in 1929, Murray announced another campaign for governor on his wife's birthday: January 9, 1930. The primary election included candidates such as A. S. J. Shaw , Martin E. Trapp , Everette B. Howard , and Frank M. Bailey . He advanced to

3136-552: The Bronx Park Employment program, which was one of the first public employment programs in the US. In 1915, New York City Mayor John Purroy Mitchel appointed Hopkins executive secretary of the Bureau of Child Welfare which administered pensions to mothers with dependent children. Hopkins at first opposed America's entrance into World War I , but, when war was declared in 1917, he supported it enthusiastically. He

3248-770: The CWA, employed 8.5 million people in its seven-year history, working on 1.4 million projects, including the building or repair of 103 golf courses, 1,000 airports, 2,500 hospitals, 2,500 sports stadiums, 3,900 schools, 8,192 parks, 12,800 playgrounds, 124,031 bridges, 125,110 public buildings, and 651,087 miles (1,047,823 km) of highways and roads. The WPA operated on its own on selected projects in co-operation with local and state governments, but always with its own staff and budget. Hopkins started programs for youth ( National Youth Administration ) and for artists and writers ( Federal One Programs ). Hopkins and Eleanor Roosevelt worked together to publicize and defend New Deal relief programs. He

3360-550: The Depression, and farmers had too much. The mismatch was solved by the Federal Surplus Relief Corporation (FSRC), FERA, and WPA programs which aimed to reduce farm surpluses by government purchase and then redistribution of food to the needy. Three methods of distribution were employed with varying success: direct distribution, Food Stamps , and school lunches . Mullins (1999) examines the hesitant relief efforts of Oklahoma City residents during

3472-793: The Farmers' Alliance and the Democratic Party , and was a vocal critic of the People's Party . In 1890, he was a delegate to Texas State Democratic Convention. In 1891, he wrote for The Farmer's World , a Dallas newspaper. In 1892, he ran the Texas Senate against Oscar Branch Colquitt and George Taylor Jester , coming in third in the Democratic primary. In late 1893, he launched The Corsicana Daily News and The Navarro County News with his brother George. In 1894, he again lost

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3584-582: The German experimental U-boat station at Gdynia captured on March 28, 1945, and thus to help the protection of the very convoys that carried Lend-Lease aid. In turn, Hopkins passed on Stalin's stated goals and needs to Roosevelt. As the top American decision maker in Lend-Lease, he gave priority to supplying the Soviet Union, despite repeated objections from Republicans. As Soviet soldiers were bearing

3696-625: The Indian and Oklahoma territories had to be admitted as one state – Oklahoma. In response to Congress's passage of the Enabling Act in 1906 , the people of the two territories held a joint convention. Murray was elected as the delegate for District 104, which included Tishomingo. At the convention in Guthrie , Murray worked closely with Robert L. Williams and again with Charles N. Haskell. They became lifelong friends and political allies. He

3808-564: The Legislature created the Oklahoma Tax Commission. This three-member commission was responsible for the collection and administration of taxes, licenses and fees from all citizens. The new agency established safeguards against tax evasion and helped to stem the drain on the state's tax revenue. In 1933, he supported the abolition of Oklahoma's state property tax , leaving that tax revenue for local governments. Due to

3920-490: The Legislature power to separate them in waiting rooms and on passenger coaches, and all other institutions in the State … As a rule they are failures as lawyers, doctors and in other professions…I appreciate the old-time ex-slave, the old darky – and they are the salt of their race – who comes to me talking softly in that humble spirit which should characterize their actions and dealings with the white man". Murray also supported

4032-608: The Oklahoma delegation. In 1938, Murray ran for governor, and lost in the Democratic primary. Later that year, he tried to run for the United States Senate as an Independent , but his nominating petitions were rejected. In 1940, he ran again for the United States House of Representatives against William C. Rogers on isolationism and a new old age pension without tax increases. In 1942, he ran for

4144-533: The Pacific theater and to arrange concessions on the Soviet sphere of influence in postwar Poland . Hopkins had three sons who served in the armed forces during the war: Robert, David and Stephen. Stephen was killed in action while he was serving in the Marine Corps. Hopkins was the top American official assigned to dealing with Soviet officials during World War II. He liaised with Soviet officials from

4256-682: The Senate again and lost in the Democratic primary. His wife, Mary Alice Hearrell Murray , died in Oklahoma City on August 28, 1938. Her body lay in state in the Oklahoma Capitol on the afternoon of August 29, 1938; she was the first woman to receive the honor. She was buried in Tishomingo the following day. After his retirement, Murray became widely known for his radical racist , antisemitic , and conspiracy views. Murray supported Strom Thurmond 's insurgent Dixiecrat bid for

4368-493: The State Auditor pointed out that 1,050 new employees had been added to the state payroll, Murray simply said, "Just damned lies". For each abuse of power, Murray claimed a mandate from "the sovereign will of the people". The government of Oklahoma faced failure, not only because of the massive deficit, but because many of Oklahoma's citizens could not pay their debts. To speed the collection of funds, at Murray's urging

4480-479: The State House, to appoint no family members, to reduce the number of state-owned cars from 800 to 200, never to use convict labor to compete with commercial labor, and not to abuse the power of pardon. Once in office, he appointed wealthy patrons and 20 of his relatives to high office, purchased more cars, used prisoners to make ice for sale and clean the capitol building, and violated all the other promises. When

4592-753: The Temporary Emergency Relief Administration. He supervised the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), the Civil Works Administration (CWA), and the Works Progress Administration (WPA). Over 90% of the people employed by the Hopkins programs were unemployed or on relief. He feuded with Harold Ickes , who ran a rival program, the Public Works Administration , which also created jobs by contracting private construction firms, which did not require applicants to be unemployed or on relief. FERA,

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4704-430: The United Kingdom. Before he returned, at a small dinner party in the North British Hotel, Glasgow , Hopkins rose to propose a toast: "I suppose you wish to know what I am going to say to President Roosevelt on my return. Well I am going to quote to you one verse from the Book of Ruth ... 'Whither thou goest, I will go and where thou lodgest I will lodge, thy people shall be my people, and thy God my God.'" Hopkins became

4816-462: The United States and the United Kingdom . Born in Iowa, Hopkins settled in New York City after he graduated from Grinnell College . He accepted a position in New York City's Bureau of Child Welfare and worked for various social work and public health organizations. He was elected president of the National Association of Social Workers in 1923. In 1931, New York Temporary Emergency Relief Administration chairman Jesse I. Straus hired Hopkins as

4928-431: The White House at Roosevelt's request, though Louise eventually demanded a home of their own. Hopkins ended his long White House stay on December 21, 1943, moving with his wife to a Georgetown townhouse. In mid-1939, Hopkins was told that he had stomach cancer , and doctors performed an extensive operation that removed 75% of his stomach . What remained of Hopkins's stomach struggled to digest proteins and fat , and

5040-426: The administrator of the Lend-Lease program, under which the United States gave to Britain and Soviet Union, China , and other Allied nations food, oil, and materiel including warships, warplanes and weaponry. Repayment was primarily in the form of Allied military action against the enemy, as well as leases on army and naval bases in Allied territory used by American forces. Hopkins had a major voice in policy for

5152-446: The age of 55. His body was cremated and his ashes interred in his former college town at the Hazelwood Cemetery in Grinnell, Iowa . There is a house on the Grinnell College campus named after him and his childhood home, with a plaque, is located at Sixth Avenue and Elm Street. West, Diana. "American Betrayal" =(2014) William H. Murray William Henry Davis " Alfalfa Bill " Murray (November 21, 1869 – October 15, 1956)

5264-462: The agency gained Roosevelt's attention, and in 1932, he promoted Hopkins to the presidency of the agency. Hopkins and Eleanor Roosevelt began a long friendship, which strengthened his role in relief programs. In March 1933, Roosevelt summoned Hopkins to Washington as federal relief administrator. Convinced that paid work was psychologically more valuable than cash handouts, Hopkins sought to continue and expand New York State's work relief programs,

5376-414: The agency grew enormously and absorbed the New York Heart Association . In 1931, New York Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt named R. H. Macy's department store president Jesse Straus as president of the Temporary Emergency Relief Administration (TERA). Straus named Hopkins, then unknown to Roosevelt, as TERA's executive director. His efficient administration of the initial $ 20 million outlay to

5488-449: The agency's executive director. His successful leadership of the program earned the attention of then- New York Governor Roosevelt, who brought Hopkins into his federal administration after he won the 1932 presidential election . Hopkins enjoyed close relationships with President Roosevelt and First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt , and was considered a potential successor to the president until the late 1930s, when his health began to decline due to

5600-416: The auspices of the Socialist Party and the Communist Party. The unions agitated for welfare assistance, and their events and campaigns drew national publicity. While tenant farmers remained terribly disadvantaged politically, their collective efforts improved matters substantially in areas where their organizations were strongest. Julius Stone Jr., changed the economic direction of Key West, Florida , when he

5712-471: The border dispute between Bolivia and Paraguay made the area he was settling particularly dangerous, but Murray continued his plan until Paraguay built a fort across the river from his claim. Murray returned $ 50,000 to colonists who had signed up and lost about $ 5,000 of his own money. In July 1921, he met with President Augusto Leguia of Peru and negotiated a 240,000 acre colony where he planned to settle 160 families. The Peruvian government promised to build

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5824-417: The brunt of the war, Hopkins felt that American aid to the Soviets would hasten the war's conclusion. On August 10, 1943, he spoke about the USSR's decisive role in the war , saying that "Without Russia in the war, the Axis cannot be defeated in Europe, and the position of the United Nations becomes precarious. Similarly, Russia's post-war position in Europe will be a dominant one. With Germany crushed, there

5936-530: The cause of death was hemosiderosis due to hepatic iron accumulation from his many blood transfusions and iron supplements . James A. Halsted, a medical doctor, noted nutrition researcher, and the third husband of Franklin D. Roosevelt 's daughter Anna Roosevelt Halsted , concluded that "in light of all the available facts up to his death in 1946, it seems justifiable to speculate that he had non-tropical sprue or adult celiac disease (gluten enteropathy)." Hopkins died in New York City on January 29, 1946, at

6048-425: The colony, Aguairenda , was largely unsuccessful. President Hernando Siles eventually cancelled the colony's lease in 1928 after it failed to become profitable and Murray returned to Oklahoma. After returning to Oklahoma, he was elected the ninth governor of Oklahoma , serving from 1931 to 1935. During his tenure as governor in years of the Great Depression , he established a record for the number of times he used

6160-422: The colony, Flores Adolfo from the Tarija Department argued against the colony being built on traditional Indian lands in his district. Proponents of the colony advocated it as a buffer between Paraguay and was approved by the Bolivian Congress in 1923. Colonists were required to follow the laws of Bolivia and a code of laws personally written by Murray. Amongst Murray's laws were a ban on brothels and saloons,

6272-414: The constitution was submitted to Congress. The US Congress admitted Oklahoma to the Union as the 46th state on November 16, 1907. With the state constitution in place, elections were held in 1907 for offices of the new state government. Murray was elected as a state representative and, after being admitted to office, as the first Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives . His ally Charles Haskell

6384-490: The creation of five agricultural high schools that later became junior colleges. Four were named after his friends and the fifth was named after himself. Murray left the state legislature after one term and did not seek re-election in 1908. In 1910, Murray ran for governor but lost in the Democratic primary, but lost to Lee Cruce . In 1912, Murray lead the Oklahoma delegation to the 1912 Democratic National Convention , where he supported Woodrow Wilson . Also that year, he

6496-431: The distribution of money across states and counties was strongly influenced by state governments and the influential planter class. Their interests rested mainly in not allowing federal welfare to undermine their authority and the economic structure that favored landowners. Tenant farmers, however, exerted significant counterpressure by organizing the Southern Tenant Farmers Union and the Alabama Sharecroppers' Union under

6608-405: The early years of the Depression, 1930–35, under Governor William H. Murray , emphasizing the community's reluctance to comply with FERA rules. Fearing that aid recipients would become dependent on their assistance, Oklahoma City administrators sparingly doled out federal and local relief funds; city leaders initiated a campaign to discourage migration into the city; local newspapers failed to print

6720-598: The entire State Department . Hopkins helped identify and sponsor numerous potential leaders, including Dwight D. Eisenhower . He continued to live in the White House and saw the President more often than any other advisor. In mid-1943, Hopkins faced a barrage of criticism from Republicans and the press that he had abused his position for personal profit. One Representative asserted that British media tycoon Lord Beaverbrook had given Hopkins's wife, Louise, $ 500,000 worth of emeralds, which Louise denied. Newspapers ran stories detailing sumptuous dinners that Hopkins attended while he

6832-445: The first American states to adopt a social security law. The enduring impact of FERA and social security in Nebraska was to shift responsibility for social welfare from counties to the state, which henceforth accepted federal funding and guidelines. The change in state and national relations may have been the most important legacy of these New Deal programs in Nebraska. FERA made welfare payments to Southern tenant farmers 1933–35, with

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6944-419: The former governor of Louisiana and U.S. senator , recalled visiting Murray in his hotel room at the 1932 Democratic National Convention in Chicago : "Alfalfa Bill" was very gracious … While we talked at length, he dwelt upon the virtue in the possible candidacies of everybody except Franklin Roosevelt and himself, even suggesting me as a candidate. He understood the favorite son game. I soon saw that I

7056-457: The fourth child of four sons and one daughter of David Aldona and Anna ( née Pickett) Hopkins. His father, born in Bangor, Maine , ran a harness shop (after an erratic career as a salesman, prospector, storekeeper, and bowling-alley operator), but his real passion was bowling, and he eventually returned to it as a business. Anna Hopkins, born in Hamilton, Ontario , had moved at an early age to Vermillion, South Dakota , where she married David. She

7168-423: The hopes of raising prices. Because of the vast quantity of newly opened wells in Texas and Oklahoma, oil prices had sunk below the costs of production. Murray and three other governors met in Fort Worth, Texas to demand lower production. When the Oklahoma producers did not comply, on August 4, 1931, Murray called out the Guard, declared martial law, and ordered that some 3,000 oil wells be shut down. By 1934, he

7280-450: The labor movement. For example, in Indiana this program was particularly popular among the new, more radical CIO unions. Federal workers' education activities also encouraged union-university cooperation and laid the foundation for labor education at Indiana University. New Dealers designed the WPA Workers' Service Program as the model for a Federal Labor Extension Service, similar to the existing federal agricultural extension program, but it

7392-525: The largest program from 1933 to 1935, involved giving money to localities to operate work relief projects to employ those on direct relief. CWA was similar but did not require workers to be on relief to receive a government-sponsored job. In less than four months, the CWA hired four million people, and during its five months of operation, the CWA built and repaired 200 swimming pools, 3,700 playgrounds, 40,000 schools, 250,000 miles (400,000 km) of road, and 12 million feet of sewer pipe. The WPA, which followed

7504-431: The late 1930s, Roosevelt appeared to be training him as a possible successor. With the advent of World War II in Europe, however, Roosevelt ran again in 1940 and won an unprecedented third term. On May 10, 1940, after a long night and day spent discussing the German invasion of the Netherlands , Belgium, and Luxembourg that had ended the so-called " Phoney War ," Roosevelt urged a tired Hopkins to stay for dinner and then

7616-561: The latter was the "power behind the throne". Together, the two men controlled the convention, gradually shifting power away from the president and vice-president of the convention, Pleasant Porter (Creek) and Green McCurtain (Choctaw). The Oklahoma Constitution produced under their guidance was substantially based on elements of the Sequoyah Constitution. The proposed constitution included white-supremacist and segregationist causes strongly supported by Murray. President Roosevelt objected to these clauses and obtained their deletion before

7728-432: The location of soup lines; voters rejected a bond issue to bolster relief funds; and the city council declined to increase taxes to boost its depression relief budget. At issue was the control over FERA distribution imposed by Governor Murray, and lawmakers' reluctance to meet federal funding match assessments, despite a budget surplus in Oklahoma City and sufficient state funds to reduce property taxes. Although he criticized

7840-412: The middle ranks to the very highest, including Stalin. Anastas Mikoyan was Hopkins' counterpart with responsibility for Lend-Lease . He often explained Roosevelt's plans to Stalin and other top Soviet officials to enlist Soviet support for American objectives, an endeavor that met with limited success. A particularly striking example of bad faith was Moscow's refusal to allow American naval experts to see

7952-410: The niece of Chickasaw Nation Governor Douglas H. Johnston . Although not American Indian , he was appointed by Johnston as the Chickasaw delegate to the 1905 Convention for the proposed State of Sequoyah and later he was elected as a delegate to the 1906 Oklahoma Constitutional Convention for the proposed state of Oklahoma . He served as the president of both constitutional conventions . Murray

8064-525: The night in a second-floor White House bedroom. Hopkins would live out of the bedroom for the next three-and-a-half years. On December 7, 1941, at 1:40 pm, Hopkins was in the Oval Study, in the White House , having lunch with President Roosevelt, when Roosevelt received the first report that Pearl Harbor had been attacked via phone from Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox . Initially, Hopkins

8176-462: The oil fields. He also used the national guard to enforce segregation and prevent Black families from moving into predominantly white neighborhoods. Murray also used the Guard during the "Toll Bridge War" between Oklahoma and Texas. A joint project to build a free bridge across the Red River on U.S. Highway 75 between Durant, Oklahoma and Denison, Texas turned into a major dispute when

8288-635: The party and secured a party resolution encouraging a boycott of the The Daily Oklahoman and the Times-Democrat . The Tulsa Tribune criticized the Democratic Party 's boycott as "un-Democratic and un-American." Murray won the Democratic nomination, defeating Buttram, the son of a tenant farmer and oil millionaire. He easily defeated Republican Ira Hill, a former Rough Rider , in the November election. His campaign slogan, at

8400-495: The party's vice president nominee in 1924) was at first unwilling to request aid from the Hoover administration. When Roosevelt's FERA became law in 1933 Nebraska took part. Rowland Haynes, the state's emergency relief director, was the major force in implementing such national programs as the FERA and CWA. Robert L. Cochran, who became governor in 1935, was a "cautious progressive" who sought federal assistance and placed Nebraska among

8512-567: The presidency against Harry S. Truman and Thomas E. Dewey in 1948 . In 1948, he chaired a Dixiecrat state convention in Oklahoma. Murray's son, Johnston Murray , had followed his father into Democratic Party politics. The senior Murray administered the oath of office to his son in 1951 after he was elected as the state's fourteenth governor. He was inducted into the Oklahoma Hall of Fame in 1951. Murray did not live long past his son's governorship. He died on October 15, 1956, of

8624-475: The program reached at least one million workers nationwide until it was ended in World War II. Three distinct phases of a federal workers' education program existed: FERA (1933–1935), Works Progress Administration (WPA—prior to separation from the other adult education programs, 1935–1939), and WPA Workers' Service Program (1939–1943). FERA and WPA workers' education stimulated educational activities within

8736-572: The readily available evidence, or to seek the judgement of the knowledgeable. He conducted policy vis-a-vis Stalin with mere dogmatic confidence in his own (and his circle's) unshakeable sentiments." In 1913, Hopkins married Ethel Gross (1886–1976), a Hungarian-Jewish immigrant active in New York City's Progressive movement . They had three sons: David, Robert, and Stephen, (they had lost an infant daughter to whooping cough) and though Gross divorced Hopkins in 1930 shortly before Hopkins became

8848-546: The rest of his life. In 1905, tribal governments in Indian Territory organized a convention to create a constitution for the proposed State of Sequoyah . Governor Johnston appointed Murray to represent the Chickasaw at the convention in Muskogee . Of the six delegates at the convention, four were Native Americans ; Murray and Charles N. Haskell were the only non-tribal, European Americans. The delegates drafted

8960-547: The same purpose—in May 1933, and appointed Hopkins to head it. Along with the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), it was the first relief operation under the New Deal . FERA's main goal was to alleviate household unemployment by creating new unskilled jobs in local and state government. Jobs were more expensive than direct cash payments (called "the dole"), but were psychologically more beneficial to

9072-411: The school run by the local Catholic mission, were dissatisfied with the colony's poor living conditions. Most colonists left by the end of 1924 and Murray returned home in June 1925 to recruit more colonists. Later that year he shifted to trying to recruit Indians from their village at El Palmer. With the shift in strategy, the colony grew to nearly 400 and ran Bolivia's first cotton gin . Conflict in

9184-538: The severity of the depression, Murray relied on the Oklahoma National Guard to enforce the state's laws through the use of martial law . Murray did this in spite of impeachment threats from the Oklahoma Senate . During his tenure as governor, Murray called out the Guard and charged them with duties ranging from policing ticket sales at University of Oklahoma football games to patrolling

9296-707: The spring of 1913, he accepted a position from John A. Kingsbury of the New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor (AICP) as a "friendly visitor" and superintendent of the Employment Bureau within the AICP's Department of Family Welfare. During the 1915 recession, Hopkins and the AICP's William Matthews, with $ 5,000 from Elizabeth Milbank Anderson 's Milbank Memorial Fund , organized

9408-492: The state government had accumulated a deficit of over $ 5,000,000 in its effort to encourage jobs and provide welfare. Mass unemployment, mortgage foreclosures, the deficit, and bank failures haunted Murray's administration. In 1931, the legislature appropriated $ 600,000 for emergency necessities. Through money collected from state employees, businessmen, and his own salary, Murray financed programs to feed Oklahoma's poor. No federal relief program had yet been instituted. Murray became

9520-676: The time, any actions were taken specifically to help the American war effort and to prevent the Soviets from making a deal with Hitler. It is currently considered likely that Laurence Duggan was the titular agent "19" mentioned in the Venona Project decryptions of Soviet cables. Hopkins may simply have been naïve in his estimation of Soviet intentions. The historian Robert Conquest wrote that "Hopkins seems just to have accepted an absurdly fallacious stereotype of Soviet motivation, without making any attempt whatever to think, or to study

9632-428: The unemployed, who wanted any sort of job for self-esteem. From May 1933 until it closed in December 1935, FERA gave states and localities $ 3.1 billion (the equivalent of $ 70.8 billion in 2023). FERA provided work for over 20 million people and developed facilities on public lands across the country. Faced with continued high unemployment and concerns for public welfare during the coming winter of 1933–34, FERA instituted

9744-538: The vast $ 50 billion Lend-Lease program, especially regarding supplies, first for Britain and then, upon the German invasion, the Soviets. He went to Moscow in July 1941 to make personal contact with Joseph Stalin . Hopkins recommended and Roosevelt accepted the inclusion of the Soviets in Lend Lease. Hopkins made Lend Lease decisions in terms of Roosevelt's broad foreign policy goals. He accompanied Churchill to

9856-450: The welfare bureaucracy, Murray championed the state's yeoman farmers and took credit for the food, seed, and books that they received from federal funds. New Deal administrators ultimately removed Murray from his oversight role, charging corruption in aid distribution, failure to meet employment quotas, and the inability to determine local funding needs. In Nebraska, Democratic Governor Charles W. Bryan (brother of William Jennings Bryan and

9968-754: Was "Bread, butter, bacon, and beans". He testified in front of the United States Congress in January 1932 on the effects of the Great Depression in Oklahoma and dominated the 1932 Oklahoma Democratic State Convention, earning the Oklahoma Democratic Party 's support for his campaign. He railed against Wall Street and demanded cash bonuses for veterans. He campaigned against Franklin Delano Roosevelt claiming he suffered from syphilis . Huey Pierce Long, Jr. ,

10080-592: Was an American educator , lawyer , and politician who served as the first Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives , a U.S. Congressman from Oklahoma, and as the 9th Governor of Oklahoma . He was a Southern Democratic member of the Democratic Party who opposed the New Deal and supported racial segregation . Murray started his political career with several failed runs for political office in his home state of Texas before moving to Indian Territory where he married Mary Alice Hearrell Murray ,

10192-403: Was an American statesman, public administrator, and presidential advisor. A trusted deputy to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt , Hopkins directed New Deal relief programs before serving as the eighth United States secretary of commerce from 1938 to 1940 and as Roosevelt's chief foreign policy advisor and liaison to Allied leaders during World War II . During his career, Hopkins supervised

10304-576: Was an anti- New Dealer . By the end of his administration in 1935, Murray had used the National Guard on 47 occasions and declared martial law more than 30 times. As the state constitution prevented governors from succeeding themselves in office, Murray could not run for reelection and left office on January 15, 1935. In August 1931, Murray launched a campaign for the 1932 United States presidential election in Okmulgee, Oklahoma . His slogan

10416-535: Was born on November 21, 1869, in Collinsville, Texas . He was born to Uriah Dow Thomas Murray, a grist mill worker, and Bertha Elizabeth (Jones). Uriah Murray was born in Tennessee in 1839, moved to Texas in 1852, and was descended from Scottish immigrants. He had two older brothers: John Shade Murray and George Thomas Murray. He had a younger sister and brother who died in infancy. His mother died when he

10528-409: Was charged, but charges were later dropped. He fired the presidents for Central State College , Langston University , Southeastern State College , Northwestern State College , Northeastern Oklahoma Junior College , and Murray State College . During "Alfalfa Bill" Murray's campaign for governor, he promised to crack down on corruption and favoritism for the rich, to abolish half the clerk jobs at

10640-601: Was concerned with rural areas but increasingly focused on cities in the Great Depression . In the years after he resigned, Hopkins expressed pride in the WPA's key role in building internment camps for Japanese Americans. On March 19, 1942, for example, he lauded the then WPA head WPA, Howard O. Hunter , for the "building of those camps for War Department for the Japanese evacuees on the West Coast." Before Hopkins began to decline from his struggle with stomach cancer in

10752-433: Was considering starting a colony of Americans decided on the sparsely settled Gran Chaco . Murray believed "Anglo-Saxon and Germanic races" should settle the area. Murray purchased 500,000 acres at 10 cents per acre with the requirement he settle 200 American families on the land. Between December 1919 and March 1920, he signed up 271 families for his colony. United States Secretary of State Robert Lansing warned Murray that

10864-693: Was deeply religious and active in the affairs of the Methodist church. Shortly after Harry was born, the family moved successively to Council Bluffs, Iowa , and Kearney and Hastings, Nebraska . They spent two years in Chicago and finally settled in Grinnell, Iowa . Hopkins attended Grinnell College and soon after his graduation in 1912 took a job with Christodora House, a social settlement house in New York City 's Lower East Side ghetto . In

10976-458: Was elected as a representative and the first Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives after statehood. He also was elected as U.S. Representative (D-Oklahoma), serving between 1913 and 1917. In the 1920s, he traveled South America attempting to start a colony. He eventually negotiated a contract for a colony with the Bolivian government under President Bautista Saavedra in 1922, but

11088-462: Was elected as the state's first governor. As a speaker, Murray often opposed the progressive work of Kate Barnard , Commissioner of Charities and Corrections, supported anti-corporate legislation, and pushed for Jim Crow laws similar to those in southern states to limit the rights of African Americans . "We should adopt a provision prohibiting the mixed marriages of negroes with other races in this State, and provide for separate schools and give

11200-825: Was elected its president in 1923. In 1922, Hopkins returned to New York City, where the AICP was involved with the Milbank Memorial Fund and the State Charities Aid Association in running three health demonstrations in New York State. Hopkins became manager of the Bellevue-Yorkville health project and assistant director of the AICP. In mid-1924 he became executive director of the New York Tuberculosis Association. During his tenure,

11312-619: Was elected to the United States House of Representatives representing Oklahoma's at-large congressional seat . During his first term he opposed the Federal Reserve Act . He won re-election in 1914, but lost in 1916. He ran in the 1918 Oklahoma gubernatorial election and lost the Democratic primary. Murray first visited South America in early 1919, seeing Panama, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, and Paraguay. He

11424-421: Was fencing with a past master in politics. Had I listened to him very long, he would have been at work to make a favorite son candidate out of me. I was then moving Heaven and earth to keep down other favorite son candidates. … Favorite son moves were the most dangerous things we had to fight. … He was introduced at the 1932 Democratic National Convention by Henry S. Johnston and received little support outside

11536-568: Was in intensive care at the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota. In 1963, the FBI concluded that Jordan "either lied for publicity and profit or was delusional." According to historian Sean McMeekin , in his recent book Stalin’s War (2021), “Many US lend-lease records, including the correspondence of Hopkins and Edward Stettinius Jr and the minutes of the Soviet protocol committee, were declassified in

11648-738: Was making public calls for sacrifice. Hopkins briefly considered suing the Chicago Tribune for libel after a story that compared him to Grigory Rasputin , the famous courtier of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia , but he was dissuaded by Roosevelt. Although Hopkins's health was steadily declining, Roosevelt sent him on additional trips to Europe in 1945. Hopkins attended the Yalta Conference in February 1945. He tried to resign after Roosevelt died, but President Harry S. Truman sent Hopkins on one more mission to Moscow. Hopkins met with Stalin in late May to secure reassurances on Soviet involvement in

11760-405: Was never implemented. Ellen Sullivan Woodward was director of women's work for FERA and CWA. During the short lifespan of the CWA, Woodward placed women in such civil works projects as sanitation surveys, highway and park beautification, public building renovation, public records surveys, and museum development. Most were unemployed white collar clerical workers. In July 1934, the FERA established

11872-501: Was pro-Soviet, but others thought that he was not. Verne W. Newton, the author of FDR and the Holocaust , said that no writer discussing Hopkins has identified any secrets disclosed or any decision in which he distorted American priorities to help communism. As Mark demonstrated, Hopkins was not pro-Soviet in his recommendations to Roosevelt; he was anti-German and pro-American. Any "secrets" disclosed were authorized. Mark says that at

11984-818: Was rejected for the draft because of a bad eye. Hopkins moved to New Orleans where he worked for the American Red Cross as director of Civilian Relief, Gulf Division. Eventually, the Gulf Division of the Red Cross merged with the Southwestern Division and Hopkins, headquartered now in Atlanta , was appointed general manager in 1921. Hopkins helped draft a charter for the American Association of Social Workers (AASW) and

12096-425: Was skeptical of the news until Chief of Naval Operations Adm. Harold Rainsford Stark called a few minutes later to confirm Pearl Harbor had in fact been attacked. During the war years, Hopkins acted as Roosevelt's chief emissary to British Prime Minister Winston Churchill . In January 1941, Roosevelt dispatched Hopkins to assess Britain's determination and situation. Churchill escorted the important visitor all over

12208-519: Was the director of the southeast region of FERA. In 1934, Key West went bankrupt and state turned the city over to the FERA in a dubious constitutional move. Within two years, Stone had reversed the economic disaster and successfully moved the city into tourism, which is still a massive success today. Inventor and educator Blake R. Van Leer also assisted with these efforts and consulted for the state of Florida. Harry Hopkins Harold Lloyd " Harry " Hopkins (August 17, 1890 – January 29, 1946)

12320-677: Was the president of the Guthrie Convention. Murray was elected by the delegates in 1906 as the President of the Constitutional Convention. During the Oklahoma Constitutional Convention . Murray fired all African American clerks and white janitors and rehired them with the white workers as clerks and the African American workers as janitors. He kept Haskell close to him; one newspaper reported

12432-456: Was to postpone the sentence of death the doctors had given him for five more years". Though his death has been attributed to his stomach cancer, some historians have suggested that it was the cumulative malnutrition related to his post-cancer digestive problems. Another suggestion is that Hopkins died from liver failure due to hepatitis or cirrhosis , but Robert Sherwood authoritatively reported that Hopkins' postmortem examination showed

12544-404: Was two years old and in 1873 his father remarried to Mollie Green, a widow from Montague, Texas . After the marriage, Murray moved with his father and brothers to Montague, Texas . Uriah opened a grocery store and butcher shop and had seven more children with Mollie Green. On September 18, 1881, he ran away from home with his two older brothers. He worked picking cotton , chopping wood, and as

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