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71-597: Fengyang County is divided into 14 towns and 1 township . The county seat is in Fucheng Town. The county is home to the following 14 towns: The county's sole township is: The county's northern border is formed by the Huai River and neighboring Wuhe County . The county is also home to the Huayuan Lake, which totals about 30 square kilometers in size. The average annual temperature for Fengyang County

142-665: A fire it came out unmarked. "Amiantos" is the source for the word for asbestos in many languages, such as the Portuguese amianto and the French amiante . It had also been called "amiant" in English in the early 15th century, but this usage was superseded by "asbestos". The word is pronounced / æ s ˈ b ɛ s t ə s / or / æ s ˈ b ɛ s t ɒ s / . Asbestos has been used for thousands of years to create flexible objects that resist fire, including napkins, but, in

213-554: A 13-year timeframe, and that the EPA did not provide adequate evidence for the safety of alternative products. Until the mid-1980s, small amounts of white asbestos were used in the manufacture of Artex , a decorative stipple finish, however, some of the lesser-known suppliers of Artex-type materials were still adding white asbestos until 1999. Before the ban, asbestos was widely used in the construction industry in thousands of materials. Some are judged to be more dangerous than others due to

284-774: A certified asbestos-testing laboratory found the tremolite form of amphibole asbestos used to be found in three out of eight popular brands of children's crayons that were made partly from talc: Crayola , Prang, and RoseArt. In Crayola crayons, the tests found asbestos levels around 0.05% in Carnation Pink and 2.86% in Orchid ; in Prang crayons, the range was from 0.3% in Periwinkle to 0.54% in Yellow ; in Rose Art crayons, it

355-401: A higher-level administrative units, the borders of a town would typically include an urban core (a small town with the population on the order of 10,000 people), as well as rural area with some villages ( 村 ; cūn , or 庄 ; zhuāng ). A typical provincial map would merely show a town as a circle centered at its urban area and labeled with its name, while a more detailed one (e.g., a map of

426-633: A large number of early deaths and lung problems in asbestos-mining towns. The first such study was conducted by Murray at the Charing Cross Hospital , London , in 1900, in which a postmortem investigation discovered asbestos traces in the lungs of a young man who had died from pulmonary fibrosis after having worked for 14 years in an asbestos textile factory. Adelaide Anderson , the Inspector of Factories in Britain, included asbestos in

497-621: A list of harmful industrial substances in 1902. Similar investigations were conducted in France in 1906 and Italy in 1908. The first diagnosis of asbestosis was made in the UK in 1924. Nellie Kershaw was employed at Turner Brothers Asbestos in Rochdale , Greater Manchester , England , from 1917, spinning raw asbestos fibre into yarn. Her death in 1924 led to a formal inquest. Pathologist William Edmund Cooke testified that his examination of

568-561: A materials analyst whose testimony on behalf of the asbestos industry has been accepted in lawsuits over 250 times, found its crayons tested negative for asbestos. In spite of that, in June 2000 Binney & Smith, the maker of Crayola, and the other makers agreed to stop using talc in their products, and changed their product formulations in the United States. The mining company R T Vanderbilt Co of Gouverneur, New York , which supplied

639-464: A potential health hazard and is no longer used at all. Amphiboles including amosite (brown asbestos) and crocidolite (blue asbestos) were formerly used in many products until the early 1980s. Tremolite asbestos constituted a contaminant of many if not all naturally occurring chrysotile deposits. The use of all types of asbestos in the amphibole group was banned in much of the Western world by

710-427: A provincial atlas - would label the county seat location with both the name of the county (e.g., 通山县 ; Tōngshān xiàn ) and, below, and in a smaller font, with the name of the township (e.g., 通羊镇 ; Tōngyáng zhèn ). Intercity buses, trains, or riverboats destined to, or stopping at a county seat may designate its destination either by the name of the county or the name of the county-seat township. In contrast to

781-519: A reasonable doubt, the primary cause of the fibrosis of the lungs and therefore of death." As a result of Cooke's paper, Parliament commissioned an inquiry into the effects of asbestos dust by E. R. A. Merewether, Medical Inspector of Factories, and C. W. Price , a factory inspector and pioneer of dust monitoring and control. Their subsequent report, Occurrence of Pulmonary Fibrosis & Other Pulmonary Affections in Asbestos Workers ,

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852-502: A result of these health effects, asbestos is considered a serious health and safety hazard . Archaeological studies have found evidence of asbestos being used as far back as the Stone Age to strengthen ceramic pots, but large-scale mining began at the end of the 19th century when manufacturers and builders began using asbestos for its desirable physical properties. Asbestos is an excellent thermal and electrical insulator , and

923-419: A single county-level division) would also show the borders dividing the county or county-level city into towns ( 镇 ) and/or township ( 乡 ) and subdistrict (街道) units. The town in which the county level government, and usually the division's main urban area), are located is often not marked on less-detailed maps, because its location is usually labeled with the name of the county level division rather than

994-521: Is amiantos ("undefiled", "pure"), which was adapted into the French as amiante and into Spanish and Portuguese as amianto . In modern Greek , the word ἀσβεστος or ασβέστης stands consistently and solely for lime . The term asbestos is traceable to Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder 's first-century manuscript Natural History and his use of the term asbestinon , meaning "unquenchable"; he described

1065-682: Is 14.9 °C, and the average annual precipitation is 904.4 mm. During the Xia, Shang and early Zhou dynasties, the Dongyi peoples inhabited this area and were collectively known as the Huaiyi after the Huai River. During the late Western Zhou Period and the early Spring and Autumn period , the Dongyi became increasingly sinicized and formed their own states. During the late Spring and Autumn period,

1136-510: Is a group of naturally occurring, toxic , carcinogenic and fibrous silicate minerals . There are six types, all of which are composed of long and thin fibrous crystals , each fibre ( particulate with length substantially greater than width) being composed of many microscopic "fibrils" that can be released into the atmosphere by abrasion and other processes. Inhalation of asbestos fibres can lead to various dangerous lung conditions, including mesothelioma , asbestosis , and lung cancer . As

1207-448: Is because many older buildings still contain asbestos; in addition, the consequences of exposure can take decades to arise. The latency period (from exposure until the diagnosis of negative health effects) is typically 20 years. The most common diseases associated with chronic asbestos exposure are asbestosis (scarring of the lungs due to asbestos inhalation) and mesothelioma (a type of cancer). Many developing countries still support

1278-403: Is corrugated asbestos-cement sheets or "A/C sheets" for roofing and sidewalls. Millions of homes, factories, schools or sheds, and shelters continue to use asbestos. Cutting these sheets to size and drilling holes to receive 'J' bolts to help secure the sheets to roof framing is done on-site. There has been no significant change in production and use of A/C sheets in developing countries following

1349-566: Is highly fire resistant, so for much of the 20th century, it was very commonly used around the world as a building material (particularly for its fire-retardant properties), until its adverse effects on human health were more widely recognized and acknowledged in the 1970s. Many buildings constructed before the 1980s contain asbestos. The use of asbestos for construction and fireproofing has been made illegal in many countries. Despite this, around 255,000 people are thought to die each year from diseases related to asbestos exposure. In part, this

1420-491: Is not a material covered under CERCLA 's innocent purchaser defense. In the UK, the removal and disposal of asbestos and substances containing it are covered by the Control of Asbestos Regulations 2006 . U.S. asbestos consumption hit a peak of 804,000 tons in 1973; world asbestos demand peaked around 1977, with 25 countries producing nearly 4.8 million metric tons annually. In older buildings (e.g. those built before 1999 in

1491-436: Is said to be, which had no fear of being burnt, but rather displayed the impotence of the fire by proving itself unburnable. If anyone doubted the truth of this, all he need do would be to wrap himself up in the substance in question and then touch the fire." Wealthy Persians amazed guests by cleaning a cloth by exposing it to fire . For example, according to Tabari , one of the curious items belonging to Khosrow II Parviz,

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1562-539: Is the golden lamp asbestos lychnis , which the sculptor Callimachus made for the Erechtheion . In more recent centuries, asbestos was indeed used for this purpose. A once-purported first description of asbestos occurs in Theophrastus , On Stones , from around 300 BC, but this identification has been refuted. In both modern and ancient Greek , the usual name for the material known in English as "asbestos"

1633-521: Is the standard English translation of the Chinese 镇 (traditional: 鎮 ; pinyin : zhèn ; Wade–Giles : chen ). The Constitution of the People's Republic of China classifies towns as third-level administrative units, along with, for example, townships ( Chinese : 乡 ; pinyin : xiāng ). A township is typically smaller in population and more remote than a town. Similarly to

1704-571: Is thrown into the fire, is made ..." The large-scale asbestos industry began in the mid-19th century. Early attempts at producing asbestos paper and cloth in Italy began in the 1850s but were unsuccessful in creating a market for such products. Canadian samples of asbestos were displayed in London in 1862, and the first companies were formed in England and Scotland to exploit this resource. Asbestos

1775-460: The samandar ( Persian : سمندر ), which lived in fire and died when exposed to water; this was where the former belief originated that the salamander could tolerate fire. Charlemagne , the first Holy Roman Emperor (800–814), is also said to have possessed such a tablecloth. Marco Polo recounts having been shown, in a place he calls Ghinghin talas , "a good vein from which the cloth which we call of salamander, which cannot be burnt if it

1846-546: The Great Leap Forward , 60,245 people of the county died, occupying 17.7 percent to its total population of 335,698. 8,404 complete households were wiped out. In 1974, future Chinese Premier Li Keqiang was sent to Damiao , Fengyang County as part of Mao Zedong 's Down to the Countryside Program . Here, he did manual labour throughout the day and studied for university, Li recounts his days in

1917-505: The Zhou dynasty , though not substantiated except in writings thought to date much later (see huoshu or "fire rat"). Athanasius of Alexandria , a Christian bishop living in 4th-century Egypt, references asbestos in one of his writings. Around the year 318, he wrote as follows: The natural property of fire is to burn. Suppose, then, that there was a substance such as the Indian asbestos

1988-630: The 1950s that talc products could be contaminated with asbestos. In 2020, laboratory tests of 21 talc-based cosmetics products found that 15 percent were contaminated with asbestos. In July 2024, the World Health Organization (WHO) heightened its health warning about talc exposure. In a study published in The Lancet, the WHO changed its classification of talc from "possibly carcinogenic" to "probably carcinogenic." In 2000, tests in

2059-542: The Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops in the United Kingdom noted the negative health effects of asbestos, the contribution having been made by Lucy Deane Streatfeild , one of the first women factory inspectors . In 1899, H. Montague Murray noted the negative health effects of asbestos. The first documented death related to asbestos was in 1906. In the early 1900s, researchers began to notice

2130-463: The European Union, the United Kingdom, Australia, Hong Kong, Japan, and New Zealand. A notable exception is the United States, where asbestos continues to be used in construction such as cement asbestos pipes. The 5th Circuit Court prevented the EPA from banning asbestos in 1991 because EPA research showed the ban would cost between US$ 450 and 800 million while only saving around 200 lives in

2201-733: The Huaiyi peoples were either pushed south or assimilated. Fengyang's best known historical site is linked with the name of the county's most famous native, Zhu Yuanzhang (1328-1398). Although coming from a poor family, he became an important rebel leader and, later, the founder of China's Ming Dynasty . Once entrenched as the Hongwu Emperor in the nearby Nanjing , he honored the memory of his father, Zhu Wusi (d. 1344), and his mother, Lady Chen, by posthumously raising them to imperial dignity, and building for them an imperial-style mausoleum, known as Ming Huangling ( 明皇陵 , literally, "Ming Imperial Mausoleum"). The emperor even started building

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2272-792: The Johns Company, a predecessor to the current Johns Manville , at a quarry at Ward's Hill on Staten Island, New York . US production began in earnest in 1899 with the discovery of large deposits in Belvidere Mountain in Vermont. The use of asbestos became increasingly widespread toward the end of the 19th century when its diverse applications included fire-retardant coatings, concrete, bricks, pipes and fireplace cement, heat-, fire-, and acid-resistant gaskets, pipe insulation, ceiling insulation, fireproof drywall, flooring, roofing, lawn furniture, and drywall joint compound. In 2011, it

2343-465: The Libby mine was used as insulation in residential and commercial buildings through Canada and the United States. W. R. Grace and Company's loose-fill vermiculite was marketed as Zonolite but was also used in sprayed-on products such as Monokote . In 1999, the EPA began cleanup efforts in Libby and now the area is a Superfund cleanup area. The EPA has determined that harmful asbestos is released from

2414-505: The PRC, in the official translation adopted in the ROC , both the characters " 鄉 " (pinyin: xiāng ) and " 鎮 " ( zhèn ) are translated as "townships", with zhèn specifically being "urban" township, 'with xiāng specifically translated as "rural" township Asbestos Asbestos ( / æ s ˈ b ɛ s t ə s , æ z -, - t ɒ s / ass- BES -təs, az-, -⁠toss )

2485-497: The UK, before white asbestos was banned), asbestos may still be present in some areas. Being aware of asbestos locations reduces the risk of disturbing asbestos. Removal of asbestos building components can also remove the fire protection they provide, therefore fire protection substitutes are required for proper fire protection that the asbestos originally provided. Some countries, such as India , Indonesia, China and Russia, have continued widespread use of asbestos. The most common

2556-607: The UK, the Health and Safety Executive have issued guidance called HSG264 describing how surveys should be completed although other methods can be used if they can demonstrate they have met the regulations by other means. The EPA includes some, but not all, asbestos-contaminated facilities on the Superfund National Priorities List (NPL). Renovation and demolition of asbestos-contaminated buildings are subject to EPA NESHAP and OSHA Regulations. Asbestos

2627-539: The air following the buildings' destruction. Inhalation of a mixture of asbestos and other toxicants is thought to be linked to the unusually high death rate from cancer of emergency service workers since the disaster. Thousands more are now thought to be at risk of developing cancer due to this exposure with those who have died so far being only the "tip of the iceberg". In May 2002, after numerous cleanup, dust collection, and air monitoring activities were conducted outdoors by EPA, other federal agencies, New York City, and

2698-409: The amount of asbestos and the material's friable nature. Sprayed coatings, pipe insulation, and Asbestos Insulating Board (AIB) are thought to be the most dangerous due to their high content of asbestos and friable nature. Many older buildings built before the late 1990s contain asbestos. In the United States, there is a minimum standard for asbestos surveys as described by ASTM standard E 2356–18. In

2769-498: The asbestos mineral anthophyllite ; archaeologists call this style of pottery " asbestos-ceramic ". Some archaeologists believe that ancient peoples made shrouds of asbestos, wherein they burned the bodies of their kings to preserve only their ashes and to prevent the ashes being mixed with those of wood or other combustible materials commonly used in funeral pyres . Others assert that these peoples used asbestos to make perpetual wicks for sepulchral or other lamps. A famous example

2840-569: The county as "hard times". He rose up to the rank of Damiao's Communist Party branch secretary in 1976, before leaving for Peking University in 1978. Fengyang County's natural resources include limestone , quartz , marble , vermiculite , and asbestos . Key highways in the county include the G36 Expressway , Anhui Provincial Highway 101, Anhui Provincial Highway 207, Anhui Provincial Highway 307, and Anhui Provincial Highway 310. The Beijing-Shanghai High Speed Rail also passes through

2911-1046: The county. Towns of China Provinces Autonomous regions Sub-provincial autonomous prefectures Autonomous prefectures Leagues (Aimag) (abolishing) Prefectures Provincial-controlled cities Provincial-controlled counties Autonomous counties County-level cities Districts Ethnic districts Banners (Hoxu) Autonomous banners Shennongjia Forestry District Liuzhi Special District Wolong Special Administrative Region Workers and peasants districts Ethnic townships Towns Subdistricts Subdistrict bureaux Sum Ethnic sum County-controlled districts County-controlled district bureaux (obsolete) Management committees Town-level city Areas Villages · Gaqa · Ranches Village Committees Communities Capital cities New areas Autonomous administrative divisions National Central Cities History: before 1912 , 1912–49 , 1949–present When referring to political divisions of China , town

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2982-484: The great Sassanian king (r. 590–628), was a napkin ( Persian : منديل ) that he cleaned simply by throwing it into fire. Such cloth is believed to have been made of asbestos imported over the Hindu Kush . According to Biruni in his book Gems , any cloths made of asbestos ( Persian : آذرشست , āzarshost ) were called shostakeh ( Persian : شستكه ). Some Persians believed the fiber was the fur of an animal called

3053-442: The lungs indicated old scarring indicative of a previous, healed tuberculosis infection, and extensive fibrosis , in which were visible "particles of mineral matter ... of various shapes, but the large majority have sharp angles." Having compared these particles with samples of asbestos dust provided by S. A. Henry, His Majesty's Medical Inspector of Factories, Cooke concluded that they "originated from asbestos and were, beyond

3124-483: The mid-1980s, and in Japan by 1995. Some products that included amphibole types of asbestos included the following: Cigarette manufacturer Lorillard ( Kent's filtered cigarette ) used crocidolite asbestos in its "Micronite" filter from 1952 to 1956. While mostly chrysotile asbestos fibers were once used in automobile brake pads , shoes, and clutch discs , contaminants of amphiboles were present. Since approximately

3195-407: The mid-1990s, brake pads, new or replacement, have been manufactured instead with linings made of ceramic, carbon, metallic, and aramid fiber ( Twaron or Kevlar —the same material used in bulletproof vests ). Artificial Christmas snow, known as flocking, was previously made with asbestos. It was used as an effect in films including The Wizard of Oz and department store window displays and it

3266-530: The mine as well as through other activities that disturb soil in the area. Talc can sometimes be contaminated with asbestos due to the proximity of asbestos ore (usually tremolite ) in underground talc deposits. By 1973, US federal law required all talc products to be asbestos-free. Separating cosmetic-grade talc (e.g. talcum powder) from industrial-grade talc (often used in friction products) has largely eliminated this issue for consumers. Cosmetics companies, including Johnson & Johnson, have known since

3337-542: The mineral as being more expensive than pearls . While Pliny or his nephew Pliny the Younger is popularly credited with recognising the detrimental effects of asbestos on human beings, examination of the primary sources reveals no support for either claim. In China, accounts of obtaining huo huan bu ( 火浣布 ) or "fire-laundered cloth" certainly dates to the Wei dynasty, and there are claims they were known as early as in

3408-820: The mines in 1878 rose to over 10,000 tonnes in the 1890s with the adoption of machine technologies and expanded production. For a long time, the world's largest asbestos mine was the Jeffrey mine in the town of Asbestos, Quebec . Asbestos production began in the Urals of the Russian Empire in the 1880s, and the Alpine regions of Northern Italy with the formation in Turin of the Italo-English Pure Asbestos Company in 1876, although this

3479-545: The modern era, companies began producing consumer goods containing asbestos on an industrial scale. Today, the risk of asbestos has been recognized; the use of asbestos is completely banned in 66 countries and strictly regulated in many others. Asbestos use dates back at least 4,500 years, when the inhabitants of the Lake Juojärvi region in East Finland strengthened earthenware pots and cooking utensils with

3550-529: The name of the actual town into which this urban area falls. For example, the county government of Tongshan County is located in Tongyang Town ( 通羊镇 ; Tōngyáng zhèn ), but the maps would normally show it with a circle labeled "Tongshan County" ( 通山县 ) or simply "Tongshan" ( 通山 ). Road signs would also normally show distance to "Tongshan" rather than "Tongyang". On the other hand, more detailed maps - e.g., maps of individual prefecture-level cities in

3621-513: The national rate. Thousands of tons of asbestos were used in World War II ships to insulate piping, boilers, steam engines, and steam turbines. There were approximately 4.3 million shipyard workers in the United States during the war; for every 1,000 workers, about 14 died of mesothelioma and an unknown number died of asbestosis. The United States government and the asbestos industry have been criticized for not acting quickly enough to inform

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3692-533: The new imperial capital, named Zhongdu ( 中都 ; 'The Central Capital') near his childhood hometown, but the project was eventually abandoned. The stone figures of the Huangling Mausoleum have survived, and have been re-erected at the original location, some 7 km (4.3 mi)south of the county seat (( 32°48′50″N 117°31′10″E  /  32.81389°N 117.51944°E  / 32.81389; 117.51944 )). The mausoleum statuary and

3763-728: The once-powerful Dongyi state of Xu was pressured from all directions and destroyed through a series of wars with its neighbors, such as the Chu State and the Wu State. Another Dongyi State was the small Zhongli State, which was a part of the Huaiyi Confederation led by the State of Xu. Tombs belonging to the royalty of the Zhongli State were discovered in excavations between 2005 and 2008 near Fengyang . Eventually,

3834-629: The potential as well, but asbestos may have the greatest potential and is the subject of research now in progress in an emerging field of scientific study to examine it. The most common type of asbestos, chrysotile, chemically reacts with CO 2 to produce ecologically stable magnesium carbonate . Chrysotile , like all types of asbestos, has a large surface area that provides more places for chemical reactions to occur, compared to most other naturally occurring materials. The use of asbestos in new construction projects has been banned for health and safety reasons in many developed countries or regions, including

3905-441: The public of dangers and to reduce public exposure. In the late 1970s, court documents proved that asbestos industry officials knew of asbestos dangers since the 1930s and had concealed them from the public. In Australia, asbestos was widely used in construction and other industries between 1946 and 1980. From the 1970s, there was increasing concern about the dangers of asbestos, and following community and union campaigning, its use

3976-668: The remains of the capital-building project are protected as a national historic site known as "Zhongdu Imperial City of the Ming and the Imperial Mausoleum's Statuary" ( 明中都皇故城及皇陵石刻 ). In 1370, existing counties in the area were merged into a new county, named Linhuai County. In 1754, Linhuai County was restructured into a new county called Fengyang County, which serves as the descendant of the modern Fengyang County. The county's borders are jurisdiction has changed numerous times since its Qing-era formation. From 1959 to 1960, during

4047-444: The serpentine group. In the United States, chrysotile has been the most commonly used type of asbestos. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Asbestos Building Inspectors Manual, chrysotile accounts for approximately 95% of asbestos found in buildings in the United States. Chrysotile is often present in a wide variety of products and materials, including: In the European Union and Australia, it has been banned as

4118-837: The state of New York, New York City formally requested federal assistance to clean and test residences in the vicinity of the World Trade Center site for airborne asbestos. Vermiculite is a hydrated laminar magnesium-aluminum-iron silicate that resembles mica . It can be used for many industrial applications and has been used as insulation. Some deposits of vermiculite are contaminated with small amounts of asbestos. One vermiculite mine operated by W. R. Grace and Company in Libby, Montana exposed workers and community residents to danger by mining vermiculite contaminated with asbestos, typically richterite , winchite, actinolite or tremolite . Vermiculite contaminated with asbestos from

4189-512: The talc to the crayon makers, states that "to the best of our knowledge and belief" there had never been any asbestos-related disease among the company's workers. However media reports claim that the United States Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) had found asbestos in four talc samples tested in 2000. The Assistant Secretary for Mine Safety and Health subsequently wrote to the news reporter, stating that "In fact,

4260-472: The use of asbestos as a building material , and mining of asbestos is ongoing, with the top producer, Russia , having an estimated production of 790,000 tonnes in 2020. The word "asbestos", first used in the 1600s, ultimately derives from the Ancient Greek : ἄσβεστος , meaning "unquenchable" or "inextinguishable". The name reflects use of the substance for wicks that would never burn up. It

4331-578: The widespread restrictions in developed nations. As New York City 's World Trade Center collapsed following the September 11 attacks , Lower Manhattan was blanketed in a mixture of building debris and combustible materials. This complex mixture gave rise to the concern that thousands of residents and workers in the area would be exposed to known hazards in the air and dust, such as asbestos, lead, glass fibers, and pulverized concrete. More than 1,000 tons of asbestos are thought to have been released into

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4402-625: Was adopted into English via the Old French abestos , which got the word from Greek via Latin , but in the original Greek, "asbestos" actually referred to quicklime . It is said by the Oxford English Dictionary that the word was wrongly used by Pliny for what we now call asbestos, and that he popularized the misnomer . Asbestos was originally referred to in Greek as amiantos , meaning "undefiled", because when thrown into

4473-466: Was first used in medical literature in 1931; its association with asbestos was first noted sometime in the 1940s. Similar legislation followed in the U.S. about ten years later. Approximately 100,000 people in the United States have died, or are terminally ill, from asbestos exposure related to shipbuilding. In the Hampton Roads area, a shipbuilding center, mesothelioma occurrence is seven times

4544-735: Was first used in the manufacture of yarn, and German industrialist Louis Wertheim adopted this process in his factories in Germany. In 1871, the Patent Asbestos Manufacturing Company was established in Glasgow , and during the following decades, the Clydebank area became a centre for the nascent industry. Industrial-scale mining began in the Thetford hills , Quebec , from the 1870s. Sir William Edmond Logan

4615-595: Was from 0.03% in Brown to 1.20% in Orange . Overall, 32 different types of crayons from these brands used to contain more than trace amounts of asbestos, and eight others contained trace amounts. The Art and Creative Materials Institute , a trade association which tested the safety of crayons on behalf of the makers, initially insisted the test results must have been incorrect, although they later said they do not test for asbestos. In May 2000, Crayola said tests by Richard Lee,

4686-483: Was marketed for use in private homes under brand names that included "Pure White", "Snow Drift" and "White Magic". The potential for use of asbestos to mitigate climate change has been raised. Although the adverse aspects of mining of minerals, including health effects, must be taken into account, exploration of the use of mineral wastes to sequester carbon is being studied. The use of mining waste materials from nickel , copper , diamond , and platinum mines have

4757-525: Was phased out, with mining having ceased in 1983. The use of asbestos was phased out in 1989 and banned entirely in December 2003. The dangers of asbestos are now well known in Australia, and there is help and support for those suffering from asbestosis or mesothelioma. Serpentine minerals have a sheet or layered structure. Chrysotile (commonly known as white asbestos) is the only asbestos mineral in

4828-547: Was presented to Parliament on 24 March 1930. It concluded that the development of asbestosis was irrefutably linked to the prolonged inhalation of asbestos dust, and included the first health study of asbestos workers, which found that 66% of those employed for 20 years or more suffered from asbestosis. The report led to the publication of the first asbestos industry regulations in 1931, which came into effect on 1 March 1932. These rules regulated ventilation and made asbestosis an excusable work-related disease. The term mesothelioma

4899-580: Was reported that over 50% of UK houses still contained asbestos, despite a ban on asbestos products some years earlier. In Japan, particularly after World War II , asbestos was used in the manufacture of ammonium sulfate for purposes of rice production, sprayed upon the ceilings, iron skeletons, and walls of railroad cars and buildings (during the 1960s), and used for energy efficiency reasons as well. Production of asbestos in Japan peaked in 1974 and went through ups and downs until about 1990 when production began to drop dramatically. The 1898 Annual Report of

4970-703: Was soon swamped by the greater production levels from the Canadian mines. Mining also took off in South Africa from 1893 under the aegis of the British businessman Francis Oates, the director of the De Beers company. It was in South Africa that the production of amosite began in 1910. The U.S. asbestos industry had an early start in 1858 when fibrous anthophyllite was mined for use as asbestos insulation by

5041-402: Was the first to notice the large deposits of chrysotile in the hills in his capacity as head of Geological Survey of Canada . Samples of the minerals from there were displayed in London and elicited much interest. With the opening of the Quebec Central Railway in 1876, mining entrepreneurs such as Andrew Stuart Johnson established the asbestos industry in the province. The 50-ton output of

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