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57-418: In 1592 (the 25th year of King Seonjo's reign), when a Japanese army of about 200,000 invaded Joseon, the central military system ranked fifth in the early Joseon period and the regional defense system of jingwan (鎭管) and jeseungbangnyak (制勝方略) failed to fulfill their roles. Therefore, the royal court raised the need for a new military organization and expedited the reorganization of the military system to overcome

114-481: A celestial hat (천익), a straw hat (초립), and a tiger beard (호수) without question when seated in the palace or on duty. On occasions other than guarding the gates, they shall wear a hood (두건) and a celestial hat (천익)." Furthermore, the military manuscript called "Man-gi Yoram" from 1808 provides a more detailed description of the attire of the Martial Arts Special Guards. "There are 46 members in

171-452: A three-sided cudgel used for striking offenders, while standing guard at the palace gates, and one-third of the members carried bows (삼릉장). The four superior heads (상두) carried a halberd (탁달, 脫鐸) and stood at the left, right, and rear gates without having swords. They were identifiable by their distinctive attire, which included red iron helmets, yellow chest plates, and swords known as yodo. The Martial Arts Special Guards were proficient in

228-621: Is said that the title of Martial Arts Special Guards was bestowed upon the ten training officers who accompanied King Seonjo during the Imjin War and returned with him to Hanyang, acknowledging their efforts. Then it was given to the 30 soldiers from the Military Training Division who guarded King Seonjo, and this title continued with the establishment of the Martial Arts Department in 1630. They guarded

285-678: The Pyŏlgigun and revived the Five-Army Camps. In December 1882, after Daewongun's arrest, the government disbanded the Five-Army Camps once more. The Chinese lines under Yuan Shikai reorganized and trained into a new Joseon military formation, the Capital Guards Command ( Chingunyeong , Korean : 친군영). Later, the Command of Northern Approaches was restored after the disbandment of Jangyongyeong during King Sunjo's reign but

342-610: The Seoaejip (The Anthology of Seoae, 서애집, 西厓集), Jingbirok (The Book of Corrections, 징비록, 懲毖錄), and minor writings as Hwanghwajip ( 황화집 ; 皇華集 ), Jeongchungrok ( 정충록 ; 精忠錄 ). Ryu Seong-ryong was enshrined in the Byeongsan Seowon and Hogye Seowon in Andong , North Gyeongsang Province . Martial Arts Department The Martial Arts Department ( Korean :  무예청 ; Hanja :  武藝廳 )

399-534: The "18 Martial Arts Acres" (십팔기터). The Martial Arts Special Guards military personnel trained at Bipajeong (currently Dongguk University ) in spring, summer, and autumn, and at Hadogam (currently Dongdaemun History & Culture Park ) during winter. They ensured the continuity of their lineage by enlisting their own sons in the Dae-nyeon-gun from an early age, allowing them to learn the Muyesinbo . Learning

456-780: The Battle of Pyongyang Castle, Joseon made efforts in the production and operation of firearms and sought suitable military tactics accordingly. On September 1593 as a single military camp when King Seonjo and Ryu Seong-Ryong established the Military Training Agency ( Hunlyeondogam , 훈련도감 , alternately translated as Military Training Command). The agency carefully divided the army into units and companies. The companies had archers, arquebusiers, sworders, and spear infantry squads. The agency set up army divisions in each region of Korea and garrisoned battalions at castles. The upper-class citizens and enslaved people were subject to

513-659: The Chief Martial Arts Office (Muyecheong Daeryeong Mugam (무예청 대령 무감 (武藝廳待令武監) consisted of 46 members, while the Deputy chief martial arts office (Muyecheong Gadaeryeong Mugam (무예청 가대령 무감 (武藝廳假待令武監) had 40 members serving as guards (Siwi (시위, 侍衛). The remaining 87 members of the Gate Martial Arts Office (Munmu Muyecheong Mugam (문무무예청 무감 (門武藝廳武監) stood guard at various palace gates. The Men and women martial arts office (남여무예청) had 19 personnel,

570-782: The Daeryeong Muyecheong (Commanders of the Large Martial Arts), and 40 members in the Gadaeryeong Muyecheong (Commanders of the Great Martial Arts), all wearing red military uniforms. They carry swords only during guard duty. There are 87 members in the Mun Muyecheong (Civil Martial Arts Commanders), wearing red celestial hats (홍천익) and yellow straw hats (황초립), with tiger beards (호수) attached." The Chief Martial Arts Office and

627-642: The Deputy Chief Martial Arts Office wore red military uniforms and carried swords while serving as guards. The remaining 87 members of the Gate Martial Arts Office (문무예청 ( Munmu Muyecheong Mugam (門武藝廳武監)) wore red-colored Hongcheolik and yellow Hwangchorip hats (黃草笠), with tiger beards attached to their caps, and the red cheollik (철릭, a type of traditional Korean garment). The Men and women martial arts office, Old and new martial arts office, and Firearm martial arts office wore black-colored military uniforms. During guard duties, they wore

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684-409: The Imjin War. It was an organization composed of skilled martial artists who were responsible for guarding the five grand palaces and providing close protection to the king. The officers belonging to the office were specially referred to as Martial Arts Special Guards (무예별감) or simply Martial Guards ("무감", 武監). It was also known as the military officials (mugwan (무관 (武官)). The establishment process of

741-815: The Korean-Chinese allied forces side in the Siege of Pyongyang . He suggested of establishment the Hunnyeon Dogam (훈련도감, 訓鍊都監, Military Training Agency ). In 1598, he was ousted by the Northerners faction. But King Seonjo rehabilitated him. However, he refused to take office as a minister in 1600. Nevertheless, in 1602, he was honored with the second rank of Hoseong Gongsin ( 호성공신 ; 扈聖功臣 ), and appointed again as Pungwon Buwongun . After which he spent his time on political writing until his death in 1607. Ryu's major writings are preserved in

798-640: The Martial Arts Department is detailed in King Sunjo of Joseon 's work called Pure Study Records (순제고). The Martial Arts Department selected exceptional individuals with outstanding martial arts skills from the military training center (훈련도감). During the reign of King Injo, the Royal Guard Command (Eoyeongcheong, 어영청) was established. Injo, who ascended to the throne in 1623 through the Injo Restoration, had to devise measures against

855-520: The Military Training Institute to discuss and train methods of archery, artillery, and martial arts. The training methods of the Military Training Institute were based on the three techniques (san-su gihap, 三手技法) of artillery (po-beop, 砲法), archery (sa-beop, 射法), and swordsmanship (gam-beop, 砍法) described in the military manual "Gihyo Sinseo" (紀效新書) by Cheok Gye-gwang (戚繼光). Recognizing the effectiveness of firearms (hwagi, 火器) during

912-704: The Muyesinbo was considered impossible without starting martial arts training at a young age. (Currently, the Muyesinbo are designated as a separate category known as "Traditional Military Training" (전통군영무예) and have been designated as the 51st Seoul Intangible Cultural Property. The textbook, " Muyedobotongji ," was inscribed on the UNESCO Memory of the World Register by North Korea in 2017.) Martial Arts Department soldiers wore green iron helmets and purple hoods, but their attire changed to red following

969-713: The Northerners. Ryu Seong-ryong was a Southerner (claiming exile, instead of death, for Jeong Cheol , the leader of the Westerners rival faction). He was in the rank of provincial Dochechalsa ( 도체찰사 ; 都體察使 ) when the Imjin War broke out. In 1592 he was appointed Yeonguijeong , the Chief State Councillor. Ryu Seongryong accompanied the royal family from Hanseong to Uiju . In this capacity, he oversaw all military units and called leaders like Yi Sun-sin and Gwon Yul to battle. He also fought on

1026-694: The Old and New martial arts office (구후무예청) had four personnel, and the Firearm martial arts office (화병무예청) had two personnel. During the Joseon era, the area of Namsan 's Bokrok (present-day Yejang-dong and Jangchung-dong) was entirely military camps. The current Hanok Village was the headquarters of the Eoyeongcheong (어영청), and Jangchungdan Park was the headquarters of the Geumwiyeong (금위영), known as

1083-590: The Royal Guard Command and the Capital Garrison were organized as Regional Armies (hyanggun, (향군)), receiving salaries from the state and serving for an extended period as long-term soldiers (jangbeongun, (장번군)). They came from various regions and stationed in Seoul to guard the capital. The Three Military Garrisons ( Samgunyeong , 삼군영 ; 三軍營 ) was a central military camp formed during

1140-685: The Royal Guards Command ( Eoyeongcheong ), Command of the Northern Approaches ( Chongyungcheong ), and the Royal Defense Command ( Sueocheong ). Command of the Northern Approaches and Royal Defense Command were responsible for defending the outskirts of the capital, with Bukhansanseong and Namhansanseong as their central strongholds. The Capital Garrison, also known as Shinyeong , had its main camp located outside Changdeokgung Palace 's Geumho Gate (金虎門) in

1197-577: The army discharged more than 1,000 soldiers in overhauling the military; most were old or disabled. The army did not pay them in rice for thirteen months leading up to the Imo Incident , which claimed the lives of some Japanese military advisors and their legislation and some Joseon officials. Daewongun returned to power momentarily to restore order. Daewongun dismantled the Muwiyŏng , the Changŏyŏng , and

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1254-418: The cavalry, infantry, and their affiliated personnel. They were constantly engaged in learning martial skills. At times, they were also dispatched as martial arts instructors to the Military Training Agency, Capital Garrison ( 금위영 ; 禁衛營 ), Royal Guards Command ( 어영청 ; 御營廳 ), and the Command of the Northern Approaches ( 총융청 ; 摠戎廳 ). The composition of the Martial Arts Department consisted of

1311-525: The central Jungseonbang. On August 1593 (the 26th year of King Seonjo's reign), the establishment of the Military Training Agency was solidified. Initially, the Military Training Agency was established as a temporary facility rather than an official military camp. The artillery unit, which mainly used cannons, was the first to be formed, followed by the inclusion of swordsmen (salsu, 殺手) and skilled archers (sasu, 射手). King Seonjo installed

1368-603: The central Jungseonbang. The camp was also referred to as "Shinyeong" (新營). As for its subordinate camps, the Nambyeol Camp (South Separate Camp) was established in Naksanbang, southern Nakseondong, along with Namchang (South Warehouse) and Hanamchang (Lower South Warehouse) in the vicinity. The Seoyeong Camp (West Camp) was located across from Changdeokgung Palace's Gyeongchumun, while the Namyong Camp (South Camp)

1425-405: The command structure. These soldiers of the Military Training Institute, known as "gyepryobyeong" (給料兵), were employed and served not only as the king's guards but also as defenders of the capital and the frontiers, thus becoming the core of the five military camps. The Martial Arts Department (무예청 (武藝廳)) was a division of the Military Training Agency, who served as guards for King Seonjo during

1482-462: The defense of the fortress. Suocheong established its headquarters, Gyeongcheong (Capital Office), in Jinjangbang, the northern part of Hansungbu. The commander, Suosa (Defender), concurrently held the position of Hansungbuyun (Governor of Hansungbu). However, in 1795 (the 19th year of King Jeongjo's reign), King Jeongjo reorganized the organization of Suocheong. The Gyeongcheong was abolished, and

1539-547: The defense of the northern outskirts of the capital in Gyeonggi Province. The Royal Defence Command was established in 1626 (the 4th year of King Injo's reign) for the defense of Namhansanseong. The Royal Defense Command defended the south of Hanseong through Namhanseong Fortress with 16,500 troops. The military camp system was established in 1656 (the 7th year of King Hyojong's reign) when the Soyeong system, which

1596-701: The development of the capital defense system in the late Joseon Dynasty . It consists of the Military Training Agency, the Royal Guards Command, and the Capital Garrison. The soldiers of the Three Military Garrisons lived in Hanyang and played a key role in guarding the king, guarding the palace, defending the capital, and maintaining public order. After King Jeongjo's reign, both Royal Defense Command and Command of Northern Approaches did not function properly. The Royal Defense Command, in reality, existed in name only, while Command of Northern Approaches

1653-414: The draft. All males had to enter military service to be trained and familiarized with weapons. It was also around this time that the military scholar Han Gyo (한교) wrote the martial arts manual Muyejebo , based on the book Jixiao Xinshu by the famous Chinese General Qi Jiguang . The agency initially had less than 80 troops and soon grew to about 10,000. After 1594 (the 27th year of King Seonjo's reign),

1710-649: The fortifications and other defensive structures in and around the capital city. During times of war, the Capital Defense Standing Army played a key role in defending the capital city and its surrounding areas. It was often supplemented by other military units from throughout the kingdom, including the Escort Office, Royal Guards Command, the Command of the Northern Approaches, and the Military Training Command. Both

1767-506: The headquarters was moved to Namhansanseong, elevating the position of Gwangjubuyun (Governor of Gwangju) to Gwangjuyusu (Resident of Gwangju) and concurrently holding the position of Suosa. Sukjeong established the Capital Garrison ( Geumwiyeong ) to defend Hanyang and escort the king with 85,000 soldiers. Among them are 30,000 professional soldiers based on the military elements from the other four military camps. The Geumwi Camp

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1824-620: The military training center ( 훈련도감 ) and served as the king's bodyguards. In 1894, the Martial Arts Department disbanded after the Gabo Reforms and the Eulmi Incident as part of the military reforms leading to the establishment of the Imperial Korean Armed Forces . In 1630 (the 8th year of King Injo 's reign), the Martial Arts Department was established with a staff of 30 people and was placed under

1881-566: The mission), returning to Korea the following year. Thereafter he held posts including Inspector of Classics ( 경연검토관 ; 經筵檢討官 ) and devoted himself to editing, being granted a royal sabbatical ( 사가독서 ; 賜暇讀書 ). Subsequently, he held posts including Gyori (교리, ranked 5a) and Eunggyo (응교, 應敎, ranked 4a). He was appointed Jikjehak ( 직제학 ; 直提學 ) in 1575 and Bujehak ( 부제학 ; 副提學 ) in 1576. Continually he held posts including Doseongji (都承旨), Daesaheon ( 대사헌 ; 大司憲 ) and Daejehak ( 대제학 ; 大提學 ). In 1590, he

1938-563: The outskirts of the capital following the rebellion led by Yi Gwal during the Injo Restoration. When Chongyungcheong was initially established, a military camp was set up in Bukiyeong (North Second Camp) in Sajik-dong. However, in 1669 (the 10th year of King Hyunjong's reign), it was relocated to Samcheong-dong and in 1747 (the 23rd year of King Yeongjo's reign), it was further moved to Yeonyungdae to manage Bukhansanseong , taking charge of

1995-573: The palace gates and the king's residence, surrounding the king's carriage during royal processions. When guarding the palaces, one person stood at each of the left and right gates, and two people stood at the rear gate. The Martial Arts Special Guards were selected from the Special Core Army ( 별기군 ) of the Military Training Command ( 훈련도감 ; Hullyeoldogam ). The Martial Arts Special Guards consisted of skilled individuals with strong physical abilities and proficiency in techniques among

2052-615: The pressure from the Later Jin Dynasty (Houjin, 후금). Therefore, in 1624 (the 2nd year of Injo's reign), Yi Gwi (이귀) was appointed as the Royal Guard Commander (Eoyeongsa, 어영사) to protect the king, marking the beginning of the Royal Guard Army (Eoyeonggun, 어영군). After the rebellion led by Yi Gwal (이괄), the Royal Guard Army began to settle as the central army responsible for both the capital's defense and

2109-557: The protection of the king, along with the Training Command. The Royal Guards Command had 260 artillery troops to defend the city walls of Hanseong and suppress rebellions. It grew to 7,000 troops after the Qing invasion, and during Hyojong's reign, 21,000 troops. The Royal Guard Office was organized into five divisions (부, bu), separate three bureaus (별삼사, byeolsamsa), and separate central outposts (별중초, byeoljungcho). However, during

2166-544: The reign of King Sukjong, it was restructured into five divisions (부, bu), 25 bureaus (사, sa), and 125 outposts (초, cho) along with the Geumwi Camp. The Command of the Northern Approaches defended the northern outskirts of Hanseong through the Bukhansanseong Fortress with 23,500 soldiers. First, Chongyungcheong was established in 1624 (the 2nd year of King Injo's reign) due to the need for defense in

2223-492: The same uniforms as the gate martial arts office which were multicolored. After the prohibition on wearing civilian clothing in 1883, all Martial Arts Special Guards were required to wear standard traditional military uniforms. The Gate martial arts office stood guard at various palace gates, wielding spears and swords. According to the Man-gi Yoram, 58 members wielded muskets (조총), 29 members wielded Samreungjang (三稜杖),

2280-482: The simplification of clothing on April 4, 1778. The 문무예청 (gate martial arts office) wore red-colored clothing with yellow straw hats (황초립) and tiger beards attached to their caps. An excerpt from the first article of the Joseon Dynasty Annals for the second year of King Jeongjo, April 4 describes the uniform requirements for the Martial Arts Special Guards. "The Martial Arts Special Guards shall wear

2337-565: The supervision of the Military Training Command ( 훈련도감 ; 訓鍊都監 ). Personnel were selected from the equestrian training ( 훈국마 ), infantry ( 보군 ), and specialized troops ( 별기군 ). In 1781 (5th year of King Jeongjo 's reign), the 102 members of Martial Arts Department were divided into two units to guard the royal palaces: left ( 좌 ) and right ( 우 ), with each section consisting of 1 leader ( 총 ) and five subordinates ( 영 ). Each subordinate had ten people, so one subordinate had nine people, and one leader commanded five subordinate. When there

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2394-513: The teachings of Confucius and Mencius at the age of 8. In 1564 the 19th year of Myeongjong , he passed the Samasi examination, and in 1566 he passed the Mun-gwa at a special examination, and then took the post of Gwonji bujeongja ( 권지부정사 ; 權知副正字 ). He held various other positions and in 1569 he joined the imperial birthday mission to Ming as a Seojanggwan (서장관, 書狀官, the third of

2451-648: The three-technique soldier (samsu byeong, 三手兵) system could be established. The organization of the Military Training Institute consisted of the Dojejo (都提調), who concurrently held the position of Uijeong (議政), the Chief Military Administrator (byeongjopanseo, 兵曹判書), and Hojopanseo (戶曹判書), as the central figures. It also included one Chief General, one Middle General, two Star Generals, two Chonchong (천총), three Gukbyuljang (국별장), six Pachong (파총), six Jongsagwan (종사관), and thirty-four Chogwan (초관) to form

2508-475: The use of weapons such as gongbang (棍棒), deungpae (籐牌), nangseon (狼筅), jangchang (長鎗), dangpa (鐺鈀), and ssangsudo (雙手刀). The Five Army Camps ( ogunyeong ) defended Hanseong and the surrounding fortresses primarily in Gyeonggi Province. Each king established one or more camps during their reign. In 1622–1624, Injo established three more camps to counter the Qing invasions after Yi Gwal's Rebellion ,

2565-417: The various military units throughout the kingdom and were trained in the latest military tactics and equipment. It was responsible for maintaining law and order in the capital city and protecting it from external threats, including invasions from foreign forces. It was tasked with enforcing the king's laws and regulations, as well as protecting the royal family and the officials. The Capital Defense Standing Army

2622-489: The war. The organization of the new military institution played a significant role in the Ming Dynasty's military tactics. During the Imjin War, when 40,000 Ming soldiers came to assist Joseon, General Nak Sang-ji (駱尙志) of the Ming Dynasty mentioned the importance of military training to Ryu Seong-ryong (柳成龍). Upon receiving the permission of King Seonjo, Liu Sung-ryong trained Nak Sang-ji in military tactics, including

2679-423: Was a division of the Military Training Command, who served as guards for King Seonjo during the Imjin War. It was an organization composed of skilled martial artists who were responsible for guarding the five grand palaces and providing close protection to the king. The officers belonging to the office were specially referred to as Martial Arts Special Guards ( 무예별감 ) or simply Martial Guards ( 무감 ; 武監 ). It

2736-538: Was a scholar-official of the Joseon period of Korea. He held many responsibilities, including the Chief State Councillor position in 1592. He was a member of the "Eastern faction" and a follower of Yi Hwang . Ryu was born in Hahoe Maeul , Andong , Gyeongsang Province (today a UNESCO World Heritage Site ), to a yangban family of the P'ungsan Ryu clan. Ryu is said to have been so precocious that he absorbed

2793-399: Was abolished again in 1884 (the 21st year of King Gojong's reign). In 1894, the Martial Arts Department disbanded after the Gabo Reforms and the Eulmi Incident as part of the military reforms leading to the establishment of the Imperial Korean Armed Forces . Ryu Seong-ryong Ryu Seong-ryong ( Korean :  류성룡 ; Hanja :  柳成龍 ; 7 November 1542 – May 1607),

2850-613: Was also known as the military officials ( 무관 ; 武官 ; mugwan ). The establishment process of the Martial Arts Department is detailed in King Sunjo of Joseon 's work called Pure Study Records ( 순제고 ). After the end of the Japanese invasion of Korea , a specialized organization called the Martial Arts Office was established to provide exclusive protection to the king. The Martial Arts Office selected exceptional individuals with outstanding martial arts skills from

2907-525: Was appointed Uuijeong (Third State Councillor), honored with the third rank of Gwanguk Gongsin ( 광국공신 ; 光國功臣 ), and appointed as Pungwon Buwongun ( 풍원부원군 ; 豊原府院君 ). In 1591, he was promoted to Jwauijeong (Second State Councillor) and Ijo Panseo (이조판서, Minister of Personnel, the first ranked of the six Ministries). However, the Easterners faction split into the Southerners and

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2964-576: Was equipped with a variety of weapons and equipment, including firearms, artillery, and fortifications. It was also responsible for maintaining an effective system of communication and intelligence gathering, which allowed it to respond quickly and effectively to potential threats. One of the key functions of the Capital Defense Standing Army was to maintain a state of readiness at all times. The soldiers were required to undergo regular training and drills to ensure that they were prepared to respond to any potential threats. They were also responsible for maintaining

3021-692: Was established in March 1682 (the 8th year of King Sukjong's reign). Kim Seok-ju (김석주), who concurrently served as the Chief Training Command Officer (Hunryeondojang, 훈련도감 대장), proposed the reorganization of the military system, combining separate units (훈련별대, Hunryeongbyeoldae) and elite troops (정초군, Jeongchogun) to create an independent military camp called Geumwi Camp. It was reassigned as an independent army by King Yeongjo. The Geumwi Camp, also known as "Shinyeong," had its main camp located outside Changdeokgung Palace's Geumho Gate (金虎門) in

3078-504: Was incorporated into Jangyongwaiyeong (Brave and Vigorous External Camp) when it was established in 1793. These five military camps were integrated into Palace Guards Garrison ( Korean : 무위영, (武衛營) and Capital Guards Garrison ( Changŏyŏng , Korean : 창어영, (壯禦營)) in 1881 (the 18th year of King Gojong's reign). However, these units were resentful towards the Special Skills Force for better treatment and equipment. Additionally,

3135-405: Was responsible for the defense and management of the fortress, was introduced for the first time. The defense of Namhansanseong against external invasions from both the north and the south was not limited to the military forces around Gyeonggi Province, but also included the military forces of the local districts along the enemy's invasion routes, incorporating them into the Soyeong system to focus on

3192-408: Was situated above Gyeonghuigung Palace's Gaeyangmun. The Capital Defense Standing Army was a highly trained and well-equipped military force responsible for the defense of the capital city of Hanyang (modern-day Seoul) and its surrounding areas. The Capital Defense Standing Army was established in the late 16th century, during the reign of King Seonjo, and was made up of soldiers who were selected from

3249-466: Was training, a chief of training ( 행수별감 ) was appointed by the head ( 통장 ) to lead the training. By 1802 (2nd year of King Sunjo 's reign), the department had a total of 198 personnel selected from the Hun'gukma ( 訓局馬 ), Bogun ( 步軍 ), and Byeolgigun ( 別技軍 ) units. The military personnel of the Martial Arts Department were called the Martial Arts Special Guards ( 무예별감; 무감 ; Muyebyeolgam ). It

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