Figure skates are a type of ice skate used by figure skaters . The skates consist of a boot and a blade that is attached with screws to the sole of the boot. Inexpensive sets for recreational skaters are available, but most figure skaters purchase boots and blades separately and have the blades mounted by a professional skate technician.
188-520: Figure skating is a sport in which individuals, pairs, or groups perform on figure skates on ice. It was the first winter sport to be included in the Olympic Games , with its introduction occurring at the 1908 Olympics in London. The Olympic disciplines are men's singles, women's singles , pair skating , and ice dance ; the four individual disciplines are also combined into a team event, which
376-454: A flip jump flying spin A jump that lands in a spinning position. Those commonly performed include flying camel spin s and flying sit spin s. FoDs Abbreviation for "forward outside death spiral " forward spin A spin performed on a back inside edge free dance Main article: Free dance (figure skating) Formerly, the third and final segment of an ice dance competition; as of 2010,
564-404: A spin performed by both partners while in hold, similar to a pair spin death drop A type of flying entry into a spin death spiral Main article: Death spiral (figure skating) An element in pair skating in which the lady skates on a deep edge with her body close to the ice, and skates in a circle around the man who is in a low pivot position and holding her by
752-499: A toe pick assist; the three toe jumps that count as jump element s are the toe loop , the flip , and the Lutz toe pick The set of teeth at the front of a skate blade that assists a skater in jump s and spin s. See also Figure skate blades . toe step An ice dance step in which the skater walks from one toe pick to the other transition A movement that connects one skating element to
940-499: A ballroom rhythm that was designated annually; and a free dance to music of the skaters' own choice. Beginning in the 2010–11 season , the compulsory and original dances were merged into the short dance , which itself was renamed the rhythm dance in June 2018, before the 2018–19 season . Source: Medals awarded to the skaters who achieved the highest overall placements in each discipline. Figure skate The bladed skate
1128-471: A deep outside edge while performing a lift. element An identifiable component of a program ; includes spin s, spiral s, jump s, footwork , lift s, etc. eligible A skater who earns money solely from ISU -approved competitions and exhibition s. Only eligible skaters may compete in the Olympic Games. edge May refer either to part of the skate blade, or
1316-524: A rotational jump for this reason). jump combination Also combination jump . Two or more jumps performed one directly after the other, without intervening steps or turns. Jump combinations most commonly involve the toe loop or loop as the final jump, because both of these jumps start from the back outside edge , which is the normal landing edge for all six jumps. jump sequence Two or more jumps connected by turns or hop s junior age-eligible A skater who has reached
1504-636: A "graceful and appreciated" part of figure skating throughout the 19th century. They advanced between World War I and World War II ; by the late 1930s, all three basic spin positions were used. There are two types of spins, the forward spin and the backward spin . There are three basic spin positions: the upright spin , the sit spin , and the camel spin . Skaters also perform flying spins and combination spins . Figure skating lifts are required elements in pair skating and ice dance. There are five groups of lifts in pair skating , categorized in order of increasing level of difficulty. Judges look for
1692-442: A back outside edge ( backspin ) on the other foot (or vice versa), while retaining the same rotational direction chasse An ice dance step that can be a simple chasse , a crossed chasse , or a slide chasse check Stopping the rotation of a jump or a spin by use of arms and shoulder as a counter-rotation cherry-flip Another name for the toe loop jump cheated A jump that
1880-496: A back outside edge and lands on the back outside edge of the opposite foot Lz The scoring abbreviation for the Lutz jump Contents: Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z M [ edit ] [REDACTED] A mohawk turn mirror skating Two or more skaters performing in such
2068-600: A backward inside edge . Named after American skater Nate Walley. waltz jump Also three jump . A 180-degree rotation, one of the first jumps skaters learn warm-up group See flight World Figure Skating Championships Main article: World Figure Skating Championships An ISU Championship at the World-level in which skaters compete for the title of World Champion World Junior Figure Skating Championships Main article: World Junior Figure Skating Championships An ISU Championship at
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#17327803608202256-763: A change of edge that results in a '3' shape traced on the ice 4CC An abbreviation for the Four Continents Figure Skating Championships 6.0 system Main article: 6.0 system The old scoring system used in competitions until 2004, in which skaters were scored relative to each other. The lowest score was a 0.0 and the highest was a 6.0. Contents: Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A [ edit ] A The scoring abbreviation for
2444-650: A change of edge that results in a '}' shape traced on the ice butterfly jump A flying spin with a two-foot takeoff, in which the body goes almost parallel to the ice in the air, with a scissoring leg motion bye Permission to compete in a higher level of competition without having competed in the requisite qualifying competition Contents: Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z C [ edit ] [REDACTED] A cantilever with
2632-421: A change of foot and sometimes also a change of direction (clockwise/counter-clockwise) spiral Main article: Figure skating spirals An edge skated with the free leg extended at, or above, hip level. A required element for ladies ' and pairs competitions. A good spiral depends on edge control and speed across the ice, not necessarily leg position. split A position in which
2820-451: A circle with a radius of 180–220 cm (70–85 in). This curvature is referred to as the rocker of the blade. The sweet spot of the blade is below the ball of the foot. This spot is usually located near the stanchion of the blade, and is the part of the blade where all spins are spun on. The blade is also hollow ground ; a groove on the bottom of the blade that creates two distinct edges, inside and outside. In figure skating it
3008-419: A combination because they take off from the back outside edge of the landing foot, or skating leg. To perform a salchow or flip on the back end of a combination, a half loop (which is actually a full rotation, but lands on a back inside edge of the landing leg) may be used as a connecting jump. In contrast, jump sequences are sets of jumps that may be linked by non-listed jumps or hops. Sequences are worth 80% of
3196-425: A competition, unofficially known as the long program . Historically, a term for the segment of a figure skating competition that was not compulsory figures . Four Continents Figure Skating Championships Main article: Four Continents Figure Skating Championships An ISU Championship for skaters from non-European countries footwork sequence A sequence of edge s, turns, and hop s – often
3384-406: A counter-clockwise direction of rotation, landing backwards on the outside edge of the right foot. (For clockwise rotation, the skater takes off using the alternative foot and always lands backwards on the outside edge of the left foot.) Several other jumps are usually performed only as single jumps and in elite skating are used as transitional movements or highlights in step sequences. These include
3572-434: A fall as a loss of control with the result that the majority of the skater's body weight is not on the blade but supported by hands, knees, or buttocks. Jumps involve the skater leaping into the air and rotating rapidly to land after completing one or more rotations. There are many types of jumps, identified by the way the skater takes off and lands, as well as by the number of rotations that are completed. Each jump receives
3760-420: A figure skating rink for an ISU event "if possible, shall measure sixty (60) meters in one direction and thirty (30) meters in the other, but not larger, and not less than fifty-six (56) meters in one direction and twenty-six (26) meters in the other." The scoring system rewards skaters who have good ice coverage, i.e. those who efficiently cover the entire ice surface during their programs. Olympic-sized rinks make
3948-519: A fixed observer" of the skater, who does this by either moving their body parts around the spinning center or by holding a single position. The skater can also jump higher and further, as well as stay in the air longer, than with any other media and surface. As writer Ellyn Kestnbaum states, "The use of special dance floors and shoes or equipment and media such as bodies of water, skis, trapezes and trampolines can also enable people to achieve many of these effects, but none allows for combining them with quite
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#17327803608204136-576: A forward or backward edge that is either short or long – can be a swing roll or a cross roll rotational lift A pair or dance lift in which the lifter rotates in one direction while traveling across the ice rotational jump Main article: Figure skating jumps A jump in which the skater rotates in the air and typically lands on one foot going backwards. There are seven rotational jumps; Axel , Salchow , loop , toe loop , flip , Lutz , and waltz . Russian split A type of split jump in which
4324-687: A full pivot position and the death spiral must be held for a minimum amount of rotation, depending on the level. The ISU is the governing body for international competitions in figure skating, including the World Championships and the figure skating events at the Winter Olympic Games . Medals are awarded for overall results; the standard medals are gold for first place, silver for second, and bronze for third place. U.S. Figure Skating also awards pewter medals for fourth-place finishers in national events. Additionally, at
4512-469: A groove on the bottom of the blade creates two distinct edges , inside and outside. The inside edge of the blade is on the side closest to the skater; the outside edge of the blade is on the side farthest from the skater. In figure skating, it is always desirable to skate on only one edge of the blade. Skating on both at the same time (which is referred to as a flat ) may result in lower skating skills scores. The apparently effortless power and glide across
4700-402: A harness system installed to help skaters learn new jumps in a controlled manner. A heavy-duty cable is securely attached to two of the walls around the ice, with a set of pulleys riding on the cable. The skater wears a vest or belt, with a cable or rope attached to it, and the cable/rope is threaded through the movable pulley on the cable above. The coach holds the other end of the cable and lifts
4888-611: A jump element that starts with a forward approach. An Axel jump has an extra half rotation (180 degrees), and is landed with the skater gliding backwards (as is the case with all rotational jumps). It was named after Axel Paulsen . Contents: Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z B [ edit ] [REDACTED] A bracket turn [REDACTED] Biellmann spin backflip A reverse somersault in
5076-600: A less stiff boot. Ice dancers may prefer a lower cut boot that is designed to enable more knee bend. Likewise, blades designed for free and pairs skating have a longer tail to assist landing. The blade profile and picks are designed to assist with spinning, jump entry, take-off, landing, and exit. Modern blade technology increasingly uses carbon fibre and materials other than steel to make blades lighter. These materials may also be more flexible and help cushion jump landings and be protective of young athlete's joints. Ice dance blades have short tails to enable close foot work and reduce
5264-573: A position in the air, such as a stag leap and a split jump Preliminary level The competition level below Juvenile , generally used in club/open competitions for younger competitors presentation The second set of scores in the old 6.0 judging system , also known as "Artistic Impression" press lift A type of hand-to-hand pair lift professional Skaters who are ineligible to compete in ISU events program Skating element s set to music performed by
5452-462: A program. In its original form, the rule limited female single skaters to a maximum of four triple jumps in their free program at the Senior level. However, it now applies to both double and triple jumps at any level. The latest amendment, adopted by the ISU in June 2018, states that "of all triple and quadruple jumps only two can be executed twice" and "of the two repetitions only one can be
5640-414: A quadruple jump". The unofficial name of the rule refers to Elaine Zayak , who gained an athletic advantage by performing multiple double Axels and triple loops in place of other less valuable technical elements. The rule was enacted after the 1982 world championships in which Zayak had performed the same jump four times, specifically a triple toe loop. Zagitova rule A colloquial term for
5828-449: A required element Contents: Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z G [ edit ] [REDACTED] Illustration of the ice tracings of various grapevine figures GP An abbreviation for a Grand Prix event GPF An abbreviation for
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6016-415: A required pattern from one of the compulsory pattern dance s (e.g. foxtrot, quickstep) for about half the dance, followed by original choreography with some required element s, to a rhythm and/or theme designated by the ISU annually for the current season. Rippon jump Any rotational jump performed with both hands clasped above the head instead of folded at the chest. This jump variation
6204-562: A rotation hydroblading A move in which a skater glides on a deep edge with the body stretched in a very low position, almost horizontal to the ice. Several variations in position are possible. Contents: Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z I [ edit ] [REDACTED] Ina Bauer [REDACTED] An I-spin position ice coverage Use of
6392-406: A rule stating that a skater may perform each type of triple only once in a program, or twice if one of them is incorporated into a combination or sequence. For a set of jumps to be considered a combination , each jump must take off from the landing edge of the previous jump, with no steps, turns, or change of edge between jumps. Toe loops and loops are commonly performed as the second or third jump in
6580-414: A score according to its base value and grade of execution (GOE). Quality of execution, technique, height, speed, flow and ice coverage are considered by the judges. An under-rotated jump (indicated by < ) is "missing rotation of more than 1 ⁄ 4 , but less than 1 ⁄ 2 revolution" and receives 70% of the base value. A downgraded jump (indicated by << )
6768-419: A series of two edge s across two step s (such as inside and outside ). On the second step, the free foot crosses the skating foot and is placed on the ice beside the skating foot. crossed step behind An ice dance step that is begun with the free foot in the air. It is then crossed below the knee to the opposite side of the skating foot , so that the free foot touches down on
6956-425: A series of two outside edge s across two step s connected by a cross stroke , by which the free foot is crossed over the skating foot before being placed on the ice for the second step cross stroke An ice dance step that begins with the feet crossed, the legs crossing above the knee, so the motion is begun by the outside edge of the free foot crossed chasse In ice dance ,
7144-581: A set of large, jagged teeth called toe picks on the front of the blade. The toe picks are used primarily in jumping, footwork and spins and should not be used for stroking. Toe pick designs have become quite elaborate and sometimes include additional picks on the sides of the blade, often referred to as a k-pick. The skate blades are typically made of tempered carbon steel , coated with a high-quality chrome . Lightweight aluminum and stainless steel blades are becoming more popular with skaters. Blades are about 5 mm ( 3 ⁄ 16 in) thick and may have
7332-487: A shoot-the-duck position [REDACTED] Side-by-side shotgun spins [REDACTED] Parallel spread eagles with the male on an inside edge and the female on an outside edge. S The scoring abbreviation for the Salchow jump SB An abbreviation for " season's best " SD The scoring abbreviation for the short dance in an ice dance competition SSp The scoring abbreviation for
7520-451: A skate blade long lift A group of dance lift s that may last up to ten seconds in competition at the Senior level long program An unofficial, but widely used, name for the second and longer of the two program s performed by singles and pair skaters at a competition. The time limit is 4.5 minutes for men's singles and pairs, and 4 minutes for ladies' singles at
7708-819: A skater in a defined length of time. All senior-level disciplines currently skate two programs in most ISU events. Before the 2010/11 season, ice dance rs performed three or four programs. program components score A part of the ISU Judging System ; equivalent to the "presentation" mark in the old 6.0 system Contents: Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Q [ edit ] quad See quadruple jump quadruple jump Main article: Quad (figure skating) A jump with four full rotations (1440 degrees) in
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7896-497: A skater to glide across an ice rink. As a result of this lack of friction, the skater's body is "simultaneously motionless with respect to itself and in motion with respect to its surroundings and to a fixed visual point of view". The lack of friction also allows a skater to spin continuously in place faster and for a longer time than on any other media and surface by allowing for both linear and sustained rotational motion, which presents "a constantly changing three-dimensional picture to
8084-407: A slightly tapered cross-section. There are different blades for different levels of skaters which often correspond to a skater's age, size and skill level. Blades for advanced skaters often have larger toe picks and different curves than blades for beginner, intermediate and recreational levels. When viewed from the side, the blade of a figure skate is not flat, but curved slightly, forming an arc of
8272-451: A specific edge with the free leg held at hip level or above. Spirals are distinguished by the edge of the blade used (inside or outside), the direction of motion (forward or backward), and the skater's position. A spiral sequence is one or more spiral positions and edges done in sequence. Judges look at the depth, stability, and control of the skating edge, speed and ice coverage, extension, and other factors. Some skaters can change edges during
8460-445: A spin, the toe pick will cause the skater to lose momentum, or move away from the center of the spin. Blades are mounted to the sole and heel of the boot with screws. Typically, high-level figure skaters are professionally fitted for their boots and blades at a reputable skate shop. Professionals are also employed to sharpen blades to individual requirements. Blades are about 4.7 millimetres ( 3 ⁄ 16 inch) thick. When viewed from
8648-399: A spiral, i.e. from inside to outside edge. Spirals performed on a "flat" are generally not considered as true spirals. Spiral sequences were required in women's and pair skating prior to the 2012–13 season, but from the 2012–13 season onward, they were replaced by the choreographic sequence. The choreographic sequence consists of moves in the field, unlisted jumps, spinning movements, etc. and
8836-489: A straight line across the ice; may be performed on one foot or two stroking A way of moving across the ice and gaining speed by using the edge s of the blades Soldatova rule Colloquial name of the rule stating that a skater must wait out a certain amount of time from international competition when changing the country they represent. The informal name refers to Julia Soldatova . swizzle Also fishes, lemons, scissors, sculling . A way of moving across
9024-407: A team. signature move A move that a skater is known for and frequently performs, sometimes in a unique or unusual way similar pair A pair team made up of two men or two women simple chasse In ice dance , a series of two edge s across two step s (such as inside and outside). On the second step, the free foot is placed on the ice beside the skating foot and
9212-602: A technical specialist identifies the elements and assigns each one a level of difficulty, ranging from B (Basic) to Level 4 (most difficult). For each element, a panel of judges determines the GOE, ranging between −5 and +5, according to how well the skater executes the element. The GOE is weighted according to the base value of the element. Through the ISU guidelines skaters must perform a minimum of seven elements in their short program and twelve elements in their long program. The ISU defines
9400-399: A twist lift. The ISU defines dance lifts as "a movement in which one of the partners is elevated with active and/or passive assistance of the other partner to any permitted height, sustained there and set down on the ice". Dance lifts are delineated from pair lifts to ensure that ice dance and pair skating remain separate disciplines. After the judging system changed from the 6.0 system to
9588-400: A variety of off-ice training and conditioning methods due to rinks being closed due to COVID-19. Since 1980, all figure skating competitions must be held in completely covered and enclosed rinks. The rule was expanded to include practice rinks in 1984. According to figure skating historian James R. Hines, the development of indoor ice rinks, other than the development of the bladed skate during
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#17327803608209776-469: A way that they are mirroring each other – the opposite of unison skating mohawk turn A two-footed turn on the same edge , which continues along the same lobe moves in the field Main article: Moves in the field Chiefly used in the US; also field moves (UK), skating skills (Canada) . Elements of figure skating that emphasize basic skating skills such as edge control and turns, for
9964-406: Is "missing rotation of 1 ⁄ 2 revolution or more". A downgraded triple is treated as a double jump, while a downgraded double is treated as a single jump. An edge violation occurs when a skater executes a jump on the incorrect edge. The hollow is a groove on the bottom of the blade which creates two distinct edges, inside and outside. The inside edge of the blade is on the side closest to
10152-425: Is a boot that is hinged at the ankle to provide lateral support while allowing more flexibility. Boots used in ice dance are usually slightly lower in the back to allow for greater bend in the ankle. Some boots also come with a flexible elastic back. The typical colors for boots are black for men and white for women, although other colors are available. Figure skates differ most visibly from hockey skates in having
10340-446: Is a waltz jump, which can only be done in a half-leap and is not classified as a single, double, or triple jump. Triple jumps, other than the triple Axel, are commonly performed by female single skaters. It is rare for a female skater to land a quadruple jump, and very few female single skaters have been credited with quads in competition. Senior-level male single skaters perform mostly triple and quadruple jumps in competition. The final of
10528-444: Is always desirable to skate on only one edge of the blade, never on both at the same time (which is referred to as a flat ). The apparently effortless power and glide across the ice exhibited by elite figure skaters fundamentally derives from efficient use of the edges to generate speed. Ice dancers ' and synchronized skaters ' blades are about an inch shorter in the rear than those used by skaters in other disciplines, to accommodate
10716-552: Is discouraged. edge jump A general term to refer to any rotational jump that takes off from an edge ; the three edge jumps that count as jump element s are the Axel , the loop , and the Salchow edge violation Performing a rotational jump on the wrong edge European Figure Skating Championships Main article: European Figure Skating Championships An ISU Championship for skaters from European countries Europeans An informal name for
10904-560: Is integral to the discipline. The ability to skate well backwards and forwards are considered to be equally important, as is the ability to transition well between the two. Step sequences are a required element in all four Olympic disciplines. The pattern can be straight line, circular, or serpentine. The step sequence consists of a combination of turns, steps, hops and edge changes. Additionally, steps and turns can be used as transitions between elements. The various turns, which skaters can incorporate into step sequences, include: Choctaws are
11092-412: Is necessary to get a correct sharpness. A deeply sharpened "V" cut on the blade should be reserved for professional figure skaters, as stopping on blades this sharp without an adequate amount of skill and strength can easily cause injuries such as sprains if one is not experienced enough. Figure skating blades that are too sharp can also be cause for concern, as the skater may find their feet slipping out to
11280-475: Is not a Grand Prix or ISU Championship event. An example of a Senior B event is the Nebelhorn Trophy . Senior level Olympic-level competition serpentine lift A type of dance lift in which the lifter moves in a serpentine pattern across the ice sheep jump A positional jump in which the skater jumps upwards and bends both legs backwards, reminiscent of a sheep, often with
11468-518: Is on one foot). twizzle Main article: Twizzle A quick multi-rotational turn on one foot while moving forwards or backwards Contents: Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z U [ edit ] [REDACTED] Upright spin USp The scoring abbreviation for
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#173278036082011656-555: Is placed on the ice beside the skating foot and then slides off the ice in the direction the skater is skating. spin Main article: Figure skating spins A rotation upon the ice surface, performed on the round part of the blade just behind the toe pick . The three basic spins are the upright spin , the sit spin , and the camel spin . spin combination Also combination spin . A sequence of two or more spin positions performed in quick succession, often including
11844-462: Is required for the men's, women's and pair free program. A death spiral is a required element of pair skating. There are four varieties distinguished by the lady's edge and direction of motion. The man performs a pivot , one toe anchored in the ice, while holding the hand of his partner, who circles him on a deep edge with her body almost parallel to the ice. As of 2011, the woman's head must at some time reach her skating knee. The man must also be in
12032-721: Is straight. ineligible A skater who receives money from sources not approved by the ISU , i.e. a "professional" skater inside edge The edge of a skate blade facing towards the body I-spin An upright spin position in which the skater pulls the free leg up in a split towards the front of the body, creating an 'I' position Intermediate level The competition level below Novice , generally used in club/open competitions for younger competitors International Skating Union Main article: International Skating Union The international governing body for ice skating sports ISU An abbreviation for
12220-399: Is then lifted parallel to the ice. single (jump) A jump with one full rotation (360 degrees) in the air (one and a half rotations for a single Axel) single skating Main article: Single skating Also singles . The skating discipline where one skater performs alone on the ice. A singles competition consists of two program segments : the short program and
12408-680: Is to protect the blades, guards can be decorated with any number of markings or materials, even being bedazzled or gold plated if the owner desires. Glossary of figure skating terms#E The following is a glossary of figure skating terms, sorted alphabetically. Contents: Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 0–9 [ edit ] [REDACTED] A 3 turn 3 turn Main article: 3 turn Also three turn . A one-foot turn with
12596-789: The Axel jump age-eligible Either "old enough" or "young enough" to compete internationally at a certain level. Skaters who have turned 13 but not yet 19 (21 for the man in pairs and ice dance ) before the July 1 when a new season begins are eligible to compete in Junior-level events for the whole season. Skaters who have turned 15 prior to that date in their place of birth are age-eligible for Senior-level events. The overlap in age eligibility allows for some senior age-eligible skaters to compete at Junior level events, and some junior age-eligible skaters to compete at Senior level events. attitude A leg position in which
12784-743: The ISU Judging System – a measure of how well a skater is judged to have performed individual element s of a program grapevines Figures performed on two feet Grand Prix A series of six international invitational events that build to the Grand Prix Final. See ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating Contents: Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z H [ edit ] [REDACTED] Hydroblading haircutter A catch-foot layback spin where
12972-546: The Junior Grand Prix Jackson Haines spin The original name for the sit spin jump A skating move where a skater pushes off the ice into the air. May be a rotational jump or a positional jump ; all jumps that count as element s under the ISU Judging System are rotational jumps, whereas positional jumps count as transition s (the term jump is most often used to mean
13160-436: The Senior level . loop jump Main article: Loop jump An edge jump that takes off from a back outside edge and lands on the back outside edge of the same foot lunge A skating move in which one leg is bent sharply at the knee, and the other is extended backwards in a straight line with the boot or blade touching the ice Lutz jump Main article: Lutz jump A toe jump that takes off from
13348-519: The flip jump FD The scoring abbreviation for the free dance program in an ice dance competition FS The scoring abbreviation for the free skating program in a singles and pairs competition fan spiral A spiral position in which the free leg is lifted, held upwards in front of the body, and lowered, in the style of an opening and closing Japanese fan FiDs Abbreviation for "forward inside death spiral " field moves See moves in
13536-490: The free dance . IJS An abbreviation for the ISU Judging System Ina Bauer Main article: Ina Bauer (element) A two-footed move, similar to a spread eagle , in which the skater skates on parallel blades, with one foot on a forward edge and the other on a backward opposite edge (i.e. inside or outside); the knee of the forward leg is slightly bent and the trailing leg
13724-442: The free leg is brought up to head level, but not above. In some cases, the head is dropped back and it appears that the skate blade is in a position to cut the hair of the skater performing the spin. This position is often performed as a segue between a layback spin and a Biellmann spin . hollow The groove in the middle of a blade between the inside and outside edge s hop A small jump that does not include
13912-455: The free leg is lifted behind the body, with the knee bent at an angle, and held behind at a 90-degree angle to the skating foot . This is the leg position often used for the layback spin . arabesque A leg position in which the free leg is extended behind the body in a straight line. This is the leg position used for the basic camel spin . Axel jump Main article: Axel jump The only rotational jump counted as
14100-457: The free leg is pulled up into a vertical split towards the side of the body, creating a 'Y' shape Y-spiral A spiral position in which the free leg is held up in a vertical split towards the side of the body, creating a 'Y' shape Yuna spin A camel spin variation in which the body is twisted so it is facing upwards and the free leg is bent. Named after 2010 Olympic champion Yuna Kim who frequently performed
14288-431: The free skate . sit spin Main article: Sit spin A spin position with the spinning leg bent at the knee and the free leg extended forward skating foot Also skating leg . The foot that is on the ice (or the leg that is supporting the body). Compare with free leg and landing leg . skating skills See moves in the field skid spiral A spiral variation in which
14476-446: The long program ladies The official term for female competitors landing leg The leg on which a skater lands a rotational jump – opposite of free leg . For right-handed skaters, it is usually the right leg, and vice versa. lasso lift A type of hand-to-hand pair lift layback spin Main article: Layback spin An upright spin position in which
14664-418: The original dance in an ice dance competition open stroke An ice dance step that is started close to the skating foot that does not cross in front or behind ordinal Under the 6.0 system , the skater's ranking within the group of skaters by a specific judge. Ordinals were more important than the specific marks. original dance Main article: Original dance Formerly,
14852-423: The rhythm dance in an ice dance competition reverse rotational lift A pair or dance lift in which the lifter rotates in one direction, then switches and rotates in the other direction, while traveling across the ice rhythm dance Main article: Rhythm dance The first segment of an ice dance competition (known as the short dance prior to June 2018); each team performs
15040-424: The short program and the free skate . pancake spin A sit spin that has the free leg tucked over the other, with the upper body bent over the leg pattern dance Since 2010, the official name of the compulsory portion of the short dance (now the rhythm dance ) pearl spin A layback spin in which the free foot is pulled over the head as in a Biellmann spin , however
15228-408: The short program . flip jump Main article: Flip jump A toe jump that takes off from a back inside edge and lands on the back outside edge of the opposite foot flood (verb) to resurface the ice flutz A portmanteau of "flip" and "Lutz", for an improperly executed Lutz jump , where the outside take-off edge is mistakenly changed to an inside edge, making it
15416-597: The sit spin Salchow jump Main article: Salchow jump An edge jump that takes off from a back inside edge and lands on the back outside edge of the opposite foot. Named after Ulrich Salchow . sanction Permission to hold a competition or show, granted by the ISU or national governing body. Eligible skaters may only compete in sanctioned events. SBS An abbreviation for " side-by-side " school figures See compulsory figures scratch spin An upright spin in which
15604-452: The skating leg , with the free leg held in a 180 degree vertical split position. Code of Points An informal name for the ISU Judging System combination Two or more element s ( jump s, spin positions) performed in succession. See jump combination , spin combination . combination lift A lift combining two short lifts compulsory dance Main article: Compulsory dance Formerly,
15792-582: The toe loop jump TES Abbreviation for technical elements score tano jump An arm position variation during a rotational jump , where one arm is extended overhead instead of folded at the chest, thus increasing the difficulty of the jump. Made famous by Brian Boitano , hence tano . technical elements score A part of the ISU Judging System ; based on performance of element s three jump See waltz jump three turn See 3 turn throw jump An element in pair skating in which one skater throws
15980-811: The upright spin under-rotated A jump or throw jump that is missing more than a quarter, but less than one-half, of a revolution unison skating Two or more skaters performing the same step s or element s at the same time – the opposite of mirror skating upright spin Main article: Upright spin One of the three basic spin positions Contents: Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z W [ edit ] WS Abbreviation for World Standings Walley jump A single or double rotation jump taken off from
16168-574: The 2022 CS U.S. Classic , 34 years after the first-ever quadruple jump (a quad toe loop) was landed by Canada's Kurt Browning at the World Figure Skating Championships in 1988. Some elite skaters can complete a jump in about one second, with 26 inches of height and 10 feet in distance. The takeoff speed of a jump can reach up to 25 kilometers per hour. Prior to most jumps, a figure skater needs to skate backward to build power and speed. Toe jumps are launched by digging
16356-508: The Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final GOE An abbreviation for Grade Of Execution gold medalist In addition to referring to the winner of a particular figure skating competition , all skaters who have passed the USFSA 's highest-level skill tests are called "gold medalists"; the latter usage is especially common on coaches' resumes. Grade Of Execution A part of
16544-555: The ISU Challenger Series . The sport is also associated with show business. Major competitions generally conclude with exhibition galas, in which the top skaters from each discipline perform non-competitive programs. Many skaters, both during and after their competitive careers, also skate in ice shows, which run during the competitive season and the off-season. The term "professional" in skating refers not to skill level but competitive status. Figure skaters competing at
16732-524: The ISU Judging System (IJS), dance lifts became more "athletic, dramatic and exciting". There are two types of dance lifts: short lifts , which should be done in under seven seconds; and combination lifts , which should be done in under 12 seconds. A well-balanced free dance program in ice dance must include dance lifts. Along with other forms of skating , figure skating is one of the only human powered activities where travelling backwards
16920-1425: The ISU Junior Grand Prix and the World Junior Figure Skating Championships . Junior Olympics A name for various competitions in different countries. In the United States, the Junior Olympics referred to a competition held to determine the national champions at the Intermediate and Juvenile levels. Junior Worlds Also World Juniors . An informal name for the World Junior Figure Skating Championships Juvenile level The competition level between Preliminary and Intermediate , generally used in club/open competitions for younger competitors Contents: Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z K [ edit ] Kilian hold Also Killian position, side position . A dance hold used in ice dance where
17108-692: The International Skating Union ISU Championship A championship-level competition held by the ISU . The four figure skating ISU Championships are the World Figure Skating Championships , the World Junior Figure Skating Championships , the Four Continents Figure Skating Championships , and the European Figure Skating Championships . The senior synchronized skating ISU Championships are
17296-455: The Kiss and Cry area. Since scores are presented soon after the performance has ended, many skaters do not have time to remove the tight laces of their skates before their placement is announced. Skate guards are also a method of personalizing one's skates, and as such, there is a decent market within the skating community for personalized and customized skate guards. Since the purpose of the guards
17484-480: The World Figure Skating Championships . The name "figure" skating arises from the compulsory portion of the competition, dropped in the 1990s, requiring skaters to trace out precise figures on the ice, including perfect figure 8 circles. Figure skates are now manufactured with extreme precision for use in competitive sports. Blades are specifically designed to include various types of toe picks that allow for skaters to reach new heights for jumps and spins, depending on
17672-765: The World Synchronized Skating Championships and the junior-level equivalent is World Junior Synchronized Skating Championships . ISU Judging System Main article: ISU Judging System A judging system that produces a total score from the technical elements score (TES) and the program components score (PCS). The skater with the highest total score wins. Contents: Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z J [ edit ] JGP An abbreviation for
17860-486: The 14th century and the practice of fastening boots permanently to skates in the 19th century, has had the greatest effect on figure skating. It allowed for skating year-round, as well as anywhere in the world, and prevented the cancellation of competitive events due to the lack of ice in outdoor rinks. The first attempts to make artificial ice occurred during the 1870s in England and the U.S. The first notable indoor ice rink
18048-478: The 6.0 system and the ISU Judging System, the judges consider the "complete package" when evaluating performances, i.e. the best jumper is not always placed first if the judges consider the difference in jumping execution to be outweighed by another skater's speed, spins, presentation, etc. Ice dance competitions formerly consisted of three phases: one or more compulsory dances ; an original dance to
18236-875: The European Figure Skating Championships exhibition Non-competition skating or a show, for example, the gala after a competition in which the highest placing skaters perform a show program. Exhibitions often feature element s banned in competition as well as spotlights and show lighting. extension The way in which a part of the body is held in a stretched position Contents: Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z F [ edit ] [REDACTED] A fan spiral (side view) [REDACTED] A flying sit spin in mid-air F The scoring abbreviation for
18424-904: The Olympic level (senior) at local, regional, sectional, national, and international competitions. The International Skating Union (ISU) regulates international figure skating judging and competitions. These include the Winter Olympics , the World Championships , the World Junior Championships , the European Championships , the Four Continents Championships , the Grand Prix series ( senior and junior ), and
18612-619: The Olympics" . The Atlantic . Retrieved 14 January 2021 . ^ Abad-Santos, Alex (14 February 2018). "Winter Olympics 2018: figure skating scoring explained for people who don't follow figure skating" . Vox . Retrieved 14 January 2021 . ^ "ISU Judging System: Handbook for Referees and Judges, Ice Dance" . isu.org . 30 July 2020 . Retrieved 14 January 2021 . ^ "ISU Judging System: Technical Panel Handbook, Single Skating 2020/2021" . isu.org . 20 July 2020. p. 7. Archived from
18800-514: The World, European, Four Continents, and World Junior Championships, the ISU awards small medals for segment results (short and free program) (Since 2009). A medal is generally attributed to only one country, even if a partnership is composed of skaters with different nationalities. A notable exception was the pair skating partnership between Ludowika Eilers and Walter Jakobsson ; their 1910–11 medals were attributed to both Germany and Finland. Beyond
18988-996: The World-level in which skaters who are junior age-eligible compete for the title of World Junior Champion World Juniors Also Junior Worlds . Informal name for the World Junior Figure Skating Championships Worlds Informal name for the World Figure Skating Championships World Standings A ranking based on certain international results over the current and preceding two seasons Contents: Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Y [ edit ] [REDACTED] A Y-spin position Y-spin An upright spin position in which
19176-523: The air. Backflips are banned in competition, but play a role in show skating and exhibition s. See Backflip (acrobatic) . backspin A spin performed on a back outside edge base value A part of the ISU Judging System – a numeric value assigned to each technical element in a skater's program , designed to standardize the elements' potential scores in an attempt to make judging more impartial Besti squat Main article: Besti squat A spread eagle -like move where
19364-612: The air. In a quadruple Axel , the skater would need to complete 4.5 revolutions (1620 degrees). qualifying round A round of competition prior to the short program or compulsory dance to determine which skaters qualify to compete in the main competition Contents: Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z R [ edit ] [REDACTED] A Russian split jump RD The scoring abbreviation for
19552-603: The ankles when they jump. level (judging) The assigned difficulty of an element under the ISU Judging System . The highest difficulty level is Level 4. level (skating) The division by competitive level of skill. International ISU competitions take place at the Novice , Junior , Senior , and Adult levels. lift Main article: Figure skating lifts An element in pair skating and ice dance , in which one skater lifts his/her partner while rotating. Pair lift s, unlike dance lift s, go over
19740-438: The arm. discipline A part of ice skating governed by unique rules. Currently, the four disciplines that compete at the Olympic Games are men's singles , ladies' singles , pair skating , and ice dance . double A jump with two full rotations (720 degrees) in the air; the double Axel requires the skater to complete 2.5 revolutions (900 degrees). downgraded A jump or throw jump where
19928-405: The attack on Nancy Kerrigan at the figure skating national championships 25 years ago" . olympics.nbcsports.com . Retrieved 14 January 2021 . ^ "ISU Special Regulations & Technical Rules, Single & Pair Skating and Ice Dance 2018" . isu.org . June 2018. p. 16. ^ Walker, Elvin (19 September 2018). "New Season New Rules" . IFSmagazine.com . Archived from
20116-449: The back arched shoot-the-duck A skating position in which the skater glides forward on one foot with the skating leg in a bent position and the free leg held forward, parallel to the ice. This is the basic position for a sit spin . short dance Main article: Short dance A program in an ice dance competition combining features of the discontinued compulsory and original dance s. Note: The name of
20304-415: The back is arched and the head is dropped back, with the free leg bent behind, and the arms often stretched to the ceiling or arched overhead leg wrap An air position in rotational jump s where the free leg is held at a right angle to the landing leg , crossing it above the knee, so that it appears to be "wrapped" around the other. Most skaters keep their legs more vertical and crossed at
20492-410: The back outside edge (with counter-clockwise rotation, for single and multi-revolution jumps), but have different takeoffs, by which they may be distinguished. Jumps are divided into two different categories: toe jumps and edge jumps . The number of rotations performed in the air determines whether the jump is a single, double, triple, or quadruple (commonly known as a " quad "). The simplest jump
20680-451: The blades from rust when the skates are not being worn. In competition, skaters are allowed three minutes to make repairs to their skates. There are many different types of boots and blades to suit different disciplines and abilities. For example, athletes who are performing advanced multi-rotational jumps often need a stiffer boot that is higher and gives more support. Athletes working on single or double jumps require less support and may use
20868-402: The blades from rusting over. Typically, blades are composed of a stainless steel frame, but even this durable material is prone to rust if left covered in moisture, such as the water and ice produced by a long day marking up the rink. The best type of skate guard for this scenario is a terry cloth guard, called " soakers , " which absorb any leftover moisture and prevents the appearance of rust on
21056-426: The blades. Another common type of skate guard are made of hard plastic, and they are used by competitors and skaters when walking around in skates when off the ice. These durable covers delay the dulling of the blades by providing a protective barrier between the blade and the ground. Oftentimes, skate guards can be seen being used by competitors after their performances while they wait for their scores to be announced at
21244-485: The body axis SP The scoring abbreviation for the short program in a singles or pairs competition spread eagle Main article: Spread eagle (figure skating) An element performed with both feet on the ice, the blades turned out with the heels pointing towards each other; can be performed on inside edge s (an "inside spread eagle") or outside edge s (an "outside spread eagle") Sotnikova spin A catch-foot camel spin in which
21432-404: The body is twisted and the free leg is pulled up over the side of the body rather than over the back. This variation is colloquially named for Adelina Sotnikova . stag leap A split jump in which the front leg is bent under the body stationary lift A pair or dance lift performed "on the spot", without ice coverage step In ice dance , a one-foot tracing on
21620-405: The body stays laid back. This spin was first performed by Caroline Zhang of the United States. [REDACTED] Pearl spin ( Caroline Zhang ) personal best The highest score a skater has earned in ISU competition. Scores from national championships do not count as personal bests. pivot A two-footed movement in which one foot is flexed and the toe pick s are inserted into
21808-456: The combined value of the same jumps executed in combination. A figure skater only needs to be able to jump in one direction, either clockwise or counter-clockwise. The vast majority of figure skaters prefer to rotate in a counter-clockwise direction when jumping. Thus, for clarity, all jumps will be described for a skater jumping counter-clockwise. There are six jumps in figure skating that count as jump elements. All six are landed on one foot on
21996-402: The competitor the lead. If a competitor is in the unfortunate position of finding their blades to be too dull to support themselves adequately after a jump combination, they could touch down on the ice or fall, which can ruin an otherwise point-grabbing sequence. Skate guards are a cover for the blades of skates. These guards act as a cover to protect the blades from wear and tear, or to keep
22184-497: The development of stroking and gliding, figure skating most basic elements as well as the invention of the Dutch roll, the sport's first figure . During the 19th century, new forms of ice skates were developed to allow for even more control and safer gliding. Specific figure skates were created in response to the rise of figure skating's popularity in the 19th century, coinciding with the beginnings of formalized competitions such as
22372-419: The differences in skill between skaters more apparent but they are not available for all events. If a rink has different dimensions, a skater's jump setup and speed may be hindered as he or she adjusts. Ice quality is judged by smoothness, friction, hardness, and brittleness. Factors affecting ice quality include temperature, water quality, and usage, with toe picks causing more deterioration. For figure skating,
22560-421: The early 20th century, no skaters have been allowed to represent two countries in the same competition. In singles and pairs figure skating competition, competitors perform two programs: the short program , in which they complete a set of required elements consisting of jumps, spins and steps; and the free skate , also known as the long program , in which they have a slightly wider choice of elements. Under both
22748-512: The element is missing a half rotation or more drag Another name for a lunge draw The act of choosing the starting order before an event – may be either open (public) or closed (private). Contents: Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z E [ edit ] [REDACTED] A male ice dancer achieves
22936-2404: The field Besti squat Cantilever Hydroblading Ina Bauer Spiral Spread eagle Professional skating Ice shows Ice theatre World Professional Figure Skating Championships Other Adult figure skating Doping in figure skating Country changes Grand Slam Kiss and cry World Figure Skating Hall of Fame World Figure Sport Society Lists Figure skaters (men) Figure skaters (women) Figure skaters (pairs) Figure skaters (ice dance) Olympic venues Competitions Highest scores Highest historical scores Highest junior scores Highest historical junior scores Film & TV Blades of Glory The Cutting Edge Ice Princess Spinning Out Yuri on Ice Zero Chill [REDACTED] Category [REDACTED] Commons v t e Glossaries of sports Sports terms named after people American football Archery Association football Athletics Australian rules football Baseball derived idioms Basketball Board games Bowling Bowls Canadian football Chess chess problems computer chess Climbing Contract bridge Cricket Cue sports Curling Cycling parts Darts Disc golf Equestrian Australian and New Zealand punting North American horse racing Fencing Italian terms Figure skating Gaelic games Golf Gymnastics Ice hockey Kabaddi Kho kho Motorsport Pickleball Poker Professional wrestling Rowing Rugby league Rugby union Shooting sport Skiing and snowboarding Skiing and snowboarding Sumo Surfing Table tennis Tennis Trampolining Volleyball Water polo Wing Chun Category Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_figure_skating_terms&oldid=1259269626 " Categories : Figure skating Figure skating elements Glossaries of sports Figure skating-related lists Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
23124-412: The field figures See compulsory figures flat Skating on both edge s at the same time; generally less desirable than skating on one edge flight Also warm-up group . A grouping of skaters at a competition who warm up together immediately prior to competing. The final flight of the free skating in single skating is made up of the highest-scoring six skaters from
23312-404: The field is a pre-determined required sequence that demonstrated basic skating skills and edge control. In the context of a competitive program, they include sequences that may include spirals , spread eagles , Ina Bauers , hydroblading , and similar extended edge moves, along with loops, twizzles, and different kinds of turns. A spiral is an element in which the skater moves across the ice on
23500-427: The first of three segment s in an ice dance competition. All teams performed the same dance to the standard music. In 2010, the ISU eliminated the compulsory and original dances and merged them into the short dance . The compulsory portion is now officially known as the pattern dance . compulsory figures Main article: Compulsory figures Also school figures . Specific patterns traced on
23688-437: The fluidity of ice skating". Various specialty blade types exist, including: Blades for figure skates require a certain sharpness level to maintain control on the ice. Blades are typically sold unsharpened, and it is the responsibility of the customer to make sure the blades get sharpened before leaving the shop. Typically, the blades can be expected to be sharpened by the owner of the skate shop, but knowing one's skill level
23876-426: The following when evaluating pair lifts: speed of entry and exit; control of the woman's free leg when she is exiting out of the lift, with the goal of keeping the leg high and sweeping; the position of the woman in the air; the man's footwork; quick and easy changes of position; and the maintenance of flow throughout the lift. Twist lifts are "the most thrilling and exciting component in pair skating". They can also be
24064-457: The foot to flex. Because the stiffness of the boots makes good fit essential, many skaters either order custom boots or have their boots "bumped out" over pressure points by a skate technician. In recent years, boots made of synthetic materials with heat-modifiable linings have become popular with many skaters because they combine strength with lighter weight than leather boots, and are easier to "break in." The latest development in boot technology
24252-470: The half toe loop (ballet jump), half loop, half flip, walley jump , waltz jump , inside Axel, one-foot Axel, stag jump, and split jump . There are two kinds of split jump: Spins are an element in which the skater rotates, centered on a single point on the ice, while holding one or more body positions. They are performed by all disciplines of the sport. As The New York Times says, "While jumps look like sport, spins look more like art. While jumps provide
24440-483: The hands extended CD The scoring abbreviation for the compulsory dance in an ice dance competition COP An abbreviation for Code of Points CSp The scoring abbreviation for the camel spin camel spin Main article: Camel spin A spin position with the free leg extended in the air in an arabesque position parallel to the ice cantilever Main article: Cantilever (figure skating) An element in which
24628-400: The head. Some dancers perform gender bending or "reverse" lifts, in which the woman lifts the man. lip A portmanteau of "Lutz" and "flip", for an improperly executed flip jump , where the inside take-off edge is mistakenly changed to an outside edge, making it a Lutz jump . Lo The scoring abbreviation for the loop jump lobe A semicircle created on the ice by
24816-564: The highest levels of international competition are not "professional" skaters. They are sometimes referred to as amateurs, even though some earn money. Professional skaters include those who have lost their ISU eligibility and those who perform only in shows. They may also include former Olympic and World champions who have ended their competitive career, as well as skaters with little or no international competitive experience. In addition to performing in ice shows, professional skaters often compete in professional competitions, which are held throughout
25004-794: The highest-level competition on the national level, used to decide the national champion. See List of national championships in figure skating . Novice level The ISU competition level below Junior level . Novice-level skaters compete in some international events, but there are no Championship-level events for Novice-level skaters. For national competitions, Novice-level skaters may be further subdivided into Basic Novice, Intermediate Novice, and Advanced Novice sections. Contents: Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z O [ edit ] OD The scoring abbreviation for
25192-417: The ice step-out When a skater either under- or over-rotates a jump so that he/she does not land cleanly and must put the free leg down prematurely step sequence Main article: Step sequence A series of footwork and field moves performed during a program. May be circular, straight line, or serpentine in pattern. straight-line lift A dance lift in which the lifter moves in
25380-409: The ice as a pivot point, while the other foot travels around the pivot point, such as the movement of a drafting compass . pop As in popping a jump , also a popped jump . During a jump , when a skater prematurely abandons their tight rotational position ("opens up") in mid-air, resulting in fewer than the desired rotations. positional jump A jump for the purpose of displaying
25568-459: The ice by a skater's blade. While originally a major part of a skating competition, figures were removed entirely from international competition in 1990. [REDACTED] A counter turn counter turn Main article: Counter turn A one-foot turn with entry and exit on the same edge but which results in a change of lobe with the rotation outside the original lobe. Compare with rocker turn . cross roll In ice dance ,
25756-407: The ice exhibited by elite figure skaters fundamentally derives from efficient use of the edges to generate speed . Skates used in singles and pair skating have a set of large, jagged teeth called a toepick on the front of each blade. The toepicks are mainly used to help launch the skater into the air for the take-off when performing jumps. Ice dance blades have smaller toepicks than blades used for
25944-467: The ice on the outside edge of the skating foot. The leg is crossed behind. crossed step forward An ice dance step that is begun with the free foot in the air. It is then crossed below the knee to the opposite side of the skating foot , so that the free foot touches down on the ice on the outside edge of the skating foot. The leg is crossed in front. crossover Main article: Crossover (figure skating) Crossing one foot over
26132-670: The ice on two feet by pushing the feet outwards from a 90 degree angle and then pulling them together again, forming an oval on the ice synchronized skating Main article: Synchronized skating An ice skating discipline in which groups of figure skaters perform together as one unit Contents: Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z T [ edit ] [REDACTED] A throw jump in mid-air [REDACTED] Twizzles T The scoring abbreviation for
26320-411: The ice surface temperature is normally maintained between −5.5 and −3.5 °C (22.1 and 25.7 °F), with the Olympic disciplines requiring slightly softer ice (−3.5 °C) than synchronized skating (−5.5 °C). Typically after every two warm-up groups, an ice resurfacer cleans and smooths the surface of the ice sheet. Inadequate ice quality may affect skaters' performances. Some rinks have
26508-402: The ice surface; a skater who covers more ice while gliding or executing an element is said to have greater ice coverage. ice dance Main article: Ice dance The skating discipline in which two skaters, typically a male and female, perform a choreographed dance. An ice dance competition consists of two program segments : the rhythm dance (previously the short dance ) and
26696-428: The ice – the opposite of traveling chack Also chacked , chacking . When a medal-winning or otherwise noteworthy program is not shown on television. This term is named after Michael Chack , whose bronze medal winning performance at the U.S. Championships was not aired on television. change-foot spin A spin that changes position from a back inside edge ( forward spin ) on one foot to
26884-447: The intricate footwork and close partnering in dance. Dancers' blades also have a smaller toepick as they do not require the large toepick used for jumping in the other disciplines. Hard plastic skate guards are used when the skater must walk in his or her skates when not on the ice, to protect the blade from dirt or material on the ground that may dull the blade. Soft blade covers called soakers are used to absorb condensation and protect
27072-411: The intricate footwork and close partnering in dance. They also possess a smaller pick near the bottom to allow for better edge-work and less focus on jumping. Skating, when the "physics of steel blades traveling across ice" is exploited, provides for human movement impossible in other media. For example, the minimal friction required between the narrow steel blade and the ice that melts beneath it allows
27260-515: The knees are bent and the back is bent backwards, parallel to the ice. The element can be performed with the hands on the ice or extended in the air. [REDACTED] A camel position carry lift A lift without rotation catch-foot A spin or spiral position in which the free leg is held by one or both hands. The most notable catch-foot position is the Biellmann . centered A spin that stays in one spot on
27448-452: The lady on a back inside edge [REDACTED] Death drop dance See ice dance dance jump In ice dance , a small jump used to change foot or direction, performed by both partners while in hold or while very close together dance lift In ice dance , a type of lift where the lifter may not raise his arms above his shoulders dance spin In ice dance ,
27636-420: The legs are parallel to each other and extended in opposite directions on either the horizontal or vertical axis. See Split (gymnastics) . split jump A jump in the air in which a split is achieved, rather than any specific rotation. See: Split jumps . split twist A twist lift in which, prior to rotating, the lady performs a split with each leg separated by at least a 45 degree angle from
27824-543: The lifter's arms are raised above his shoulders pair spin Type of spin in which two skaters rotate around a single axis while holding onto each other pair skating Main article: Pair skating Also pairs . The skating discipline in which a partnership, typically composed of a male and female skater, performs overhead lift s, twist lift s, throw jump s, side-by-side spin s and jump s. A pairs competition consists of two program segments :
28012-605: The minimum age, and has not exceeded the maximum age, defined by the ISU for junior-level competition Junior Grand Prix Main article: ISU Junior Grand Prix A series of eight international events that build to the Junior Grand Prix Final. This is the junior-level complement to the ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating. Junior level The ISU competition level below Senior level . International competitions for Juniors include
28200-523: The moment the skate passes over the level of the head. Named after Denise Biellmann , who popularized the position but did not invent it. boards The vertical barrier between the ice and the ground at the point where the ice ends. In non-Olympic competitions, the boards are usually covered with advertisements for the sponsors. At the Olympics, they are usually covered by designs or the Olympic logo. BoDs Abbreviation for "backward outside death spiral " bracket turn A one-foot turn with
28388-589: The most difficult movement to perform correctly. They require more strength and coordination than many other pair elements, and are usually the first or second element in a program. According to the International Skating Union (ISU), "the Woman must be caught in the air at the waist by the Man prior to landing and be assisted to a smooth landing on the ice on a backward outside edge on one foot" during
28576-399: The move. Contents: Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Z [ edit ] Zayak rule A colloquial name for the rule that limits the number of times a skater can perform multi-revolution jumps in
28764-402: The next traveling A spin that moves across the ice instead of staying centered in one spot on the ice triple jump A jump with three full rotations (1080 degrees) in the air; the triple Axel requires the skater to complete 3.5 revolutions (1260 degrees). two-footed landing The landing of a rotational jump where both feet touch the ice (a correct landing
28952-671: The original on 17 January 2021 . Retrieved 14 January 2021 . ^ Bondy, Filip (16 May 1993). "FIGURE SKATING; Zayak's Biggest Jump: A Leap Into the Past" . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 January 2021 . ^ "ISU Special Regulations & Technical Rules, Single & Pair Skating and Ice Dance 2018" . isu.org . June 2018. p. 110. ^ Pavitt, Michael (7 June 2018). "Repetition of quad jumps limited as ISU approve package of technical rules" . insidethegames.biz . Retrieved 15 June 2019 . ^ Hersh, Philip (4 January 2019). "Remembering
29140-2680: The original on 24 October 2018 . Retrieved 3 February 2021 . ^ Palar, Sanjeev; Goh, ZK (5 September 2019). "Everything you need to know about 2019/20 figure skating season" . OlympicChannel.com . Retrieved 3 February 2021 . External links [ edit ] Glossary of Terms Archived 2018-02-15 at the Wayback Machine at U.S. Figure Skating International Skating Union v t e Figure skating International Skating Union (ISU) National federations World Standings Records and statistics Competitive skating General Glossary of terms History Figure skate Rink Club Competition Season ISU Judging System 6.0 system Disciplines Single skating Pair skating Ice dance Synchronized skating Four skating Segments Compulsory figures Demise and revival Special figures Short program Free skating Compulsory dance Original dance Rhythm dance Free dance International competitions Singles, pairs and ice dance Olympic Games World Championships European Championships Four Continents Championships Grand Prix ( Final ) Challenger Series World Team Trophy Youth Olympic Games World Junior Championships Junior Grand Prix ( Final ) Synchronized skating World Championships World Junior Championships Junior World Challenge Cup Challenger Series Elements and other moves Required elements Choreographic sequence Death spiral Jumps Lifts Spins Step sequence Twizzle turn Competition elements in ice dance Jumps Axel jump Euler jump Flip jump Loop jump Lutz jump Salchow jump Toe loop jump Quadruple jump Spins Upright spin Layback spin Biellmann spin Sit spin Camel spin Steps, turns and basic strokes Three turn Bracket turn Choctaw turn (S step) Counter turn Crossover Loop turn Mohawk turn (C step) Rocker turn Backflip Moves in
29328-470: The other disciplines. During a spin, skaters use the sweet spot of the blade, which is one of two rockers to be found on a blade and is the roundest portion of the blade. The sweet spot is located just behind the toe pick and near the middle of the blade. The other rocker is the more general curvature of the blade when stroking or gliding. Ice dancers' blades are about an inch shorter in the rear than those used by skaters in other disciplines, to accommodate
29516-424: The other into the air, where she completes a normal jump . Throw jumps usually have increased height and power because of the extra help involved. toe loop jump Main article: Toe loop jump A toe jump that takes off from a back outside edge and lands on the back outside edge of the same foot toe jump Also toe-assisted jump . A general term to refer to any rotational jump that uses
29704-692: The other while skating along a curve, as a way of gaining speed and turning corners; may be performed while skating either forwards or backwards crouch A two-foot skating move in which the skater's legs are both bent by at least 90 degrees curve lift A type of dance lift in which the lifter moves along a curve across the ice; the lift may be performed on one foot or two. Contents: Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z D [ edit ] [REDACTED] A death spiral with
29892-637: The position of the dancers results in a reverse Kilian/Killian. kiss and cry Main article: Kiss and cry The area next to the rink at major competitions where the skaters wait to get their results Contents: Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z L [ edit ] [REDACTED] Layback spin with catchfoot [REDACTED] A leg wrap position in midair [REDACTED] A lunge LP The scoring abbreviation for
30080-576: The purposes of assessing a skater's technical ability on the ice and helping to determine the skater's competitive level . mule kick A takeoff of a toe jump (usually Lutz or flip ) where the toe-picking leg is lifted or bent excessively high Contents: Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z N [ edit ] Nationals A country's national championships,
30268-401: The result of skating on that part. May be either inside (towards the body) or outside (away from the body), and either forward or backward, giving a total of four different edges: forward inside, forward outside, backward inside, backward outside. A "deep edge" is a steep lean on the edge of the skate – deep edges are rewarded, while skating on a " flat " (on both edges at the same time)
30456-435: The risk of blade clash in close complex moves. They may also be thinner to assist with glide and fast changes of edge. Off-ice training is the term for physical conditioning that takes place off the ice. Besides regular physical exercise, skaters do walk-throughs of jumps off the ice to practice sufficient rotation and height of their jumps, and to practice consistency in landing on one foot. In 2020/2021 many athletes relied on
30644-1012: The rule that limits skaters to receiving a 10% bonus for jumps to a maximum of one jump element in the second half of the short program and a maximum of three jump elements in the second half of the free skating program. The rule was adopted by the ISU in 2018 after Olympic champion Alina Zagitova performed all of her jumps in the second half of her free program at the 2018 Winter Olympics to receive maximum bonus points, contributing to her win. Contents: Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z References [ edit ] ^ "ISU Judging System - abbreviations for elements" (PDF) . isuresults.com . June 2014 . Retrieved 13 January 2021 . ^ Abad-Santos, Alexander (5 February 2014). "A GIF Guide to Figure Skaters' Jumps at
30832-813: The second segment of an ice dance competition. In 2010, the ISU eliminated the compulsory and original dances, merging them into the short dance . outside edge The edge of a skate blade facing away from the body over-rotated A jump in which the skater rotates past the position for landing the jump in the air, or fails to check the rotation on landing. Contents: Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z P [ edit ] PB An abbreviation for " personal best " PCS Abbreviation for program components score pair lift Type of lift where
31020-428: The second and final segment of an ice dance competition. The free dance is a creative dance program that expresses the character/rhythm(s) of the music chosen by the couple. free leg Also free foot . The leg (or foot) that is not on the ice free skating Main article: Free skating Also free skate, free program . The second of the two program s performed by singles and pair skaters at
31208-506: The short dance program was changed to " rhythm dance " in June 2018. short lift A series of dance lift s that may last up to six seconds in competition at the Senior level short program Main article: Short program (figure skating) The first and shorter of the two program s performed by singles and pair skaters at a competition. This program has certain required element s that must be completed. shotgun spin An upright spin position in which
31396-426: The side, making falls and sprains much more likely. Skates are sharpened by a grindstone, and the deeper the cut, the quicker the user can stop or turn on the ice. Professional skaters have their skates sharpened to the deepest possible cut in order to pull off complicated spins, jumps, and footwork. The ability to stop on a dime is important in events such as the Grand Prix , where even a single point deducted can cost
31584-409: The side, the blade of a figure skate is not flat, but curved slightly, forming an arc of a circle with a radius of 180–220 centimetres (71–87 inches). This curvature is referred to as the rocker of the blade. The "sweet spot" is the part of the blade on which all spins are rotated; this is usually located near the stanchion of the blade, below the ball of the foot. The blade is also "hollow ground";
31772-440: The six jumps to be landed cleanly as a quad in international competition is the elusive quadruple Axel . A few male skaters made valiant efforts to land the immensely difficult four-and-a-half revolution jump (most notably two-time Olympic Champion from Japan, Yuzuru Hanyu ), but failed to land one cleanly and fully-rotated. The first clean and fully-rotated quad Axel was successfully landed by American men's skater Ilia Malinin at
31960-413: The skater by pulling the cable/rope. The skater can then practice the jump with the coach assisting the completion. This is used when a skater needs more help on a jump. However, if the coaches see fit, they could use another harness usually called "the fishing pole harness." It is named that because it looks similar to a fishing pole. The skater will put on the harness and the coach will adjust it so it fits
32148-399: The skater glides on two outside edge s with knees bent. Named after Natalia Bestemianova . BiDs Abbreviation for "backward inside death spiral " Biellmann spin Main article: Biellmann spin A catch-foot position where the free leg is pulled above the head from behind. Can be either a spin or a spiral position. By regulation, a spin becomes a Biellmann at
32336-533: The skater has the free leg crossed over the ankle of the spinning leg season's best A skater's or team's highest score in ISU competition in a particular season segment A component part of a figure skating competition in which a specific program is performed by each competitor/team senior age-eligible A skater who has reached the minimum age defined by the ISU for senior-level competition Senior B A senior-level international competition held with an ISU sanction that
32524-457: The skater holds a position (usually a Y- or I-spiral) and turns from forwards to backwards, or vice versa, using a skidded three turn . This move was invented by Robin Cousins and was notably performed by Sasha Cohen and Evgenia Medvedeva . slide chasse In ice dance , a series of two edge s across two step s (such as inside and outside). On the second step, the free foot
32712-454: The skater holds the free leg upwards towards the front of the body (but not in a full split position as in the I-spin ). The leg is held by the ankle or the calf, not the blade. side-by-side Pair skating element s, such as spin s and jump s, that are performed with the skaters next to each other, as opposed to pair spin s or throw jump s , which are performed as
32900-425: The skater performs a straddle position , with the legs and the body forming a 'V' shape, in many cases also touching their toes Contents: Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z S [ edit ] [REDACTED] A basic sit spin in
33088-476: The skater's level. Figure skating boots are traditionally made by hand from many layers of leather . The design of figure skating boots changed significantly during the 20th century. Old photographs of skaters such as Sonja Henie from the 1920s and 1930s show them wearing thin, supple boots reaching to mid-calf. Modern skating boots, on the other hand, are extremely rigid to support the foot and ankle in jumps, and are cut much lower—just over ankle height—to allow
33276-449: The skater, the outside edge is on the side farthest from the skater, and a flat refers to skating on both edges at the same time, which is discouraged. An unclear edge or edge violation is indicated with an 'e' and reflected in the GOE according to the severity of the problem. Flutz and lip are the colloquial terms for a Lutz and flip jump with an edge violation. In 1982, the ISU enacted
33464-420: The skater. The skater will go and do the jump with very little help from their coach. They can also do the jump on any pattern they choose, whereas, the other harness, they must do in a straight line. Figure skating consists of the following disciplines: Each element receives a score according to its base value and grade of execution (GOE), resulting in a combined technical elements score (TES). At competitions,
33652-451: The suspense, spins provide the scenery, but there is so much more to the scenery than most viewers have time or means to grasp". According to world champion and figure skating commentator Scott Hamilton , spins are often used "as breathing points or transitions to bigger things" Figure skating spins, along with jumps, spirals, and spread eagles were originally individual compulsory figures , sometimes special figures. Unlike jumps, spins were
33840-520: The toe pick of one skate into the ice, using it to vault into the air with the opposite leg. The main toe jumps are (in order of score value): All of the above descriptions assume a counter-clockwise direction of rotation, landing backwards on the outside edge of the right foot. (For clockwise rotation, the skater takes off using the alternative foot and lands backwards on the outside edge of the left foot.) Edge jumps use no toe assist, and include (in order of score value): Again, these descriptions assume
34028-430: The two skaters are side-by-side, facing the same direction, with the man standing to the left and slightly behind the lady. The lady's left arm is held straight across the man's body to hold his left hand; the man places his right arm behind the lady's back with his right hand resting at her waist over the right hip, and the lady places her right hand on the man's right hand, forming a triangular shape with her arm. Switching
34216-414: The two-foot equivalents of rockers and counters. Other movements that may be incorporated into step sequences or used as connecting elements include lunges and spread eagles . An Ina Bauer is similar to a spread eagle performed with one knee bent and typically an arched back. Hydroblading refers to a deep edge performed with the body as low as possible to the ice in a near-horizontal position. Moves in
34404-552: The world, each with its own format and rules. The term "figure skating" is an English language term; the sport is called Eiskunstlauf in German and patinage artistique in French. The most visible difference from ice hockey skates is that figure skates have a set of large, jagged teeth called toe picks on the front part of the blade . These are used primarily in jumping and should not be used for stroking or spins. If used during
34592-571: Was first included in the Winter Olympics in 2014 . The non-Olympic disciplines include synchronized skating , Theater on Ice , and four skating . From intermediate through senior-level competition, skaters generally perform two programs (the short program and the free skate ), which, depending on the discipline, may include spins , jumps , moves in the field , lifts , throw jumps , death spirals , and other elements or moves. Figure skaters compete at various levels from beginner up to
34780-485: Was invented prior to the 14th century, probably in Holland. Up to this point, skates were not sharpened, made from the legs of large animals, and strapped to the skater's shoes. Skaters used poles, like those used in skiing , to push themselves forward, which were discarded after the invention of the bladed skate because skaters were able to push off from one skate and glide on the other. The use of bladed skates resulted in
34968-854: Was made in 1876, by John Gamgee , in Chelsea along the north bank of the Thames River ; it measured 24 by 40 feet. By the end of the 19th century, many major cities in Europe and North America had indoor rinks. There is significant variation in the dimensions of ice rinks. Olympic-sized rinks have dimensions of 30 m × 60 m (98.4 ft × 197 ft), NHL -sized rinks are 26 m × 61 m (85 ft × 200 ft), while European rinks are sometimes 30 m × 64 m (98 ft × 210 ft). The ISU prefers Olympic-sized rinks for figure skating competitions, particularly for major events. According to ISU rule 342,
35156-496: Was named after Adam Rippon of the USA. Rittberger Another name for the loop jump , named after Werner Rittberger who invented the jump [REDACTED] A rocker turn rocker turn Main article: Rocker turn A one-foot turn with entry and exit on the same edge but which results in a change of lobe with the rotation inside the original lobe. Compare with counter turn . roll In ice dance ,
35344-419: Was not fully rotated in midair, with either the first rotation starting on the ice or the final rotation finishing after the landing choctaw turn Main article: Choctaw turn A two-foot turn with a change of edge that results in a change of lobe Charlotte spiral Main article: Charlotte spiral Also candlestick spiral . A spiral position in which the torso is bent down towards
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