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51-529: Stalemate The First Sudanese Civil War (also known as the Anyanya Rebellion or Anyanya I , after the name of the rebels, a term in the Madi language which means 'snake venom') was fought from 1955 to 1972 between the northern part of Sudan and the southern Sudan region which demanded representation and more regional autonomy. The war was divided into four major stages: initial guerrilla warfare,
102-682: A southern Sudanese separatist rebel army formed during the First Sudanese Civil War (1955–1972). A separate movement that rose during the Second Sudanese Civil War were, in turn, called Anyanya II. Anyanya means "snake venom" in the Ma'di language . The Anyanya was founded in 1963, as the Pojulu , Moru , Nuer , Lotuko , Madi , Bari , Acholi , Zande , Dinka , and other tribes from southern Sudan waged
153-670: A derogatory term in Uganda and was used as negative catch-all word for northern Ugandans as well as foreigners. In 1975, many discontented former Anyanya who had stayed in Sudan, took up arms in eastern Upper Nile and Equatoria . They were labeled Anyanya II . When the Addis Abeba Agreement fell apart in 1983, marking the beginning of the Second Sudanese Civil War , the Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A)
204-414: A general strike. In October 1964 Abboud resigned over the massive scale of civil disobedience creating an interim government . These events became widely known as the " October Revolution ". These protests included the first appearance of Islamist politician Hassan al-Turabi , who was then a student leader. Between 1966 and 1969, a series of Islamist-dominated administrations proved unable to deal with
255-680: A hospital, it does have well-served clinics, some of which are funded by international aid. Yei is also home to the Yei Teacher Training College, one of only a few such institutions in South Sudan. The institution, which was founded in 2001 by the Episcopal Diocese of Yei , has drawn students from all over the country (Yei TTC, 2020). The Lantoto National Park is located in the county's west, but its precise boundaries are unknown, and illegal poaching has been
306-442: A majority of political power during the transition to independence. After becoming independent from colonial rule in 1956, the ethnic and domestic tensions against the southern Sudanese further escalated during the post colonial reconstruction. There were national concerns of political inequalities, economic development and insufficient institutions that remained hidden to the international community but ravaged Sudan internally. Also,
357-464: A persistent problem exacerbated by insecurity. The region has historically been an SPLA stronghold, and Yei River County was relatively unscathed after the conflict began in December 2013. However, due to its infrastructure and proximity to the border, it became a site for IDP hosting as hundreds of Nuer IDPs sought refuge in counties such as Yei River, where they were protected by the government in
408-434: A result, the area's future security remains uncertain. In addition to the civil war, land disputes caused by migration to the area have strained relations between the host community and those who have settled in the county. 1-Twins hotel 2-New Tokyo hotel 3-Green valley hotel 4-Youths garden 5- Yei resort hotel 6- Seja guest house hotel Yei rive county is a good place with various meals ranging om different time of
459-559: A significant impact on all of these, and insecurity along the Juba-Yei road has impacted trade routes that support the economy. Due to this, access to the county has been greatly reduced. Humanitarian organizations and residents enter the area from the Ugandan side of the border. Prior to the outbreak of conflict, Yei's infrastructure was gradually being developed, but the conflict has hampered further investment. Although Yei does not have
510-444: A successful coup d'état against Gordon Muortat with help from Israel , which pledged him their support. In doing so, the defected Equatorian commander was able to unify these troops of guerrilla fighters under his Southern Sudan Liberation Movement (SSLM). This was the first time in the history of the warfare that a separatist movement had a unified command structure with the mutual objective to secede and build an independent state. It
561-641: A war against the Sudanese government. The foundation took place after a meeting between southern politicians and military at the residence of Joseph Oduho in Kampala on August 19. Those present included Joseph Lagu , George Akumbek, Julius Moroga, and Severino Fuli. The Anyanya launched their first organized military offensive against the Sudanese army on September 19, 1963, in Eastern Equatoria . The Anyanya movement, although relatively strong,
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#1732764972097612-542: Is also known as Anyanya 1 in comparison to Anyanya 2 , which began with the 1974 mutiny of the military garrison in Akobo .) Starting from Equatoria , between 1963 and 1969, Anyanya spread throughout the other two southern provinces: Upper Nile and Bahr al Ghazal and provided heavy pressure on the Northern army's ability to properly maneuver. However, the separatist movement was crippled by internal ethnic divisions between
663-616: Is in Yei Town Payam. Yei River County is on South Sudan's southern border, connecting it to trade routes through Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo . Following independence, Yei River County was regarded as a stable area with significant development in terms of government institutions, educational facilities, and healthcare. However, sustained insecurity in the area, as well as in neighboring counties, has had
714-637: Is limited due to extended periods of insecurity in the area. According to IPC projections, the county had Minimal (IPC Phase 1) levels of food insecurity in 2016. However, due to the second outbreak of conflict in South Sudan, IPC projects classified the country as being in Crisis (IPC Phase 3) for the first half of the year. Insecurity in the county limited farmers' access to land and also hampered trade routes, which were critical for small businesses to survive. According to OCHA 's (2019) Humanitarian Needs Overview for 2020, there are approximately 224,000 people in
765-476: Is located in the state of Central Equatoria . It is bordered to the east by Lainya County , to the south by Morobo County , and to the north by Western Equatoria State ( Maridi and Mundri West Counties ). It shares a long western border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo . The county is distinguished by hills and dense forest cover. Several rivers , including the River Yei , flow north through
816-417: Is the current commissioner for Yei River County. He was appointed by President Salva Kiir Mayardit as recommended by former Central Equatoria State Governor, Emmanuel Adil Anthony . Yei is not a Normans land but it belongs to the kakwa communities, Welcoming businessmen and investors as it grows. Yei River County is divided into smaller sub-regions (payams). As of January 2023, there are five payams:
867-454: The county in the western and eastern parts. The county is located in the equatorial maize and cassava livelihoods zone, according to FEWSNET (2018). According to an FAO and WFP report from 2018, 30% of the county's households depended on small scale agriculture (p. 19). Furthermore, Yei County's soil and climate due to climatic changes, is not as an ideal location for agricultural activities as before. Following
918-541: The "Nilotic" and "Equatorian" groups. O'Ballance writes that one of the Sudanese army 's four infantry brigades had been stationed in Equatoria Province since 1955, being periodically reinforced as required. The government was unable to take advantage of the rebels' weaknesses because of their own factionalism and instability. The first independent government of Sudan, led by Prime Minister Ismail al-Azhari ,
969-484: The 'period from 1955 to 1963 was simply one of guerilla survival, scarcely removed from banditry, and that it was successful due to a score or so of former southern SDF officers and warrant officers, and a small number of non-commissioned officers.' The insurgents gradually developed into a secessionist movement composed of the 1955 mutineers and southern students. These groups formed the Anyanya guerrilla army. (Anyanya
1020-585: The Anyanya Insurgency The south was first led by leader Aggrey Jaden ; he left the movement in 1969 due to internal political disputes. In the same year Gordon Muortat Mayen was elected unanimously as the new leader of the south. Southern Sudan resumed warfare against Khartoum, however some of the former leader Jaden's troops would not accept a Dinka leader and fought against the Anyanya. In 1971, former army lieutenant Joseph Lagu carried out
1071-562: The Congo. Due to the continued presence of armed rebel groups in the area and neighboring counties, the situation in Yei County changed significantly following the escalation of conflict in 2016. This resulted in significant internal displacement as well as migration across international borders , primarily to Uganda . While there is no official Protection of Civilians (PoC) site in Yei, there are ad hoc displacement sites and IDPs living among
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#17327649720971122-543: The Southern Regional Government and would have institutions such as a Regional Assembly and Executive Counsel serving as their legislative and executive branches. The brief interlude of peace become a relative calm and thriving period for Sudan. The agreement was able to address some of the critical grievances held by southern Sudan to that of the Khartoum government. The immediate recognition of
1173-615: The Uganda Army. After Amin had overthrown Obote and assumed the Ugandan presidency in 1971, he recruited even more ex-Anyanya into the Uganda Army , as he regarded them as loyal to his government. Most of the Sudanese ex-insurgents actually acted as mercenaries. Ali Towelli and Godwin Sule were notable former Anyanya in the Ugandan military. As result of their association with Amin's unpopular regime, "Anyanya" eventually became
1224-1010: The Yei Town payam, the Otogo payam, the Mugwo payam, the Tore payam, and the Lasu payam.The county was divided into four counties in April 2016, however, in 2020 the divided counties were all reverted back and merged into Greater Yei River County as follows below: Mountains in mugwo payaam 1-Mugwo mountain 2. Longamere Mountain 1 Tokori boma 2 Asole boma 3 Lasu boma 4 Jabara boma newly established 1 Oyisa stream 2 Kogbo stream 3 Lakiriji stream 4 Obuyi stream 5 Ko'dope stream 6 'u'u stream 1 Kulujame Mountain. 2 Yago Mountain. 3 'Biya Mountain. 4 Nyangiriba Mountain. 5 Ambujo Mountain. 6 Nguti Mountain. 7 Riri Mountain. 8 Adabada Mountain. Yei River County
1275-474: The beginning of the war to the Addis Ababa Agreement, over 500,000 to 1 million people, of whom only one in five was considered an armed combatant, were killed while hundreds of thousands more were forced to leave their homes. The Addis Ababa Agreement was observed by Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia and led to the establishment of regional autonomy for southern Sudan. It would be known as
1326-667: The coercion by the northern government and the cultural restriction in achieving progress were critical factors towards the start of the war. On 18 August 1955, members of the No. 2 Company, Equatoria Corps, of the British-administered Sudan Defence Force (SDF) mutinied in Torit , and in the following days in Juba , Yei , and Maridi . The immediate causes of the mutiny were a trial of a southern member of
1377-464: The country who have significant humanitarian needs, including IDPs. This corresponds to approximately 83% of the HNO's estimated population. Because of access issues, humanitarian organizations were unable to provide critical services to many vulnerable populations in Yei County in 2019, exacerbating the population's humanitarian needs. The county's protection needs were described as "catastrophic," with one of
1428-618: The creation of the Anyanya insurgency, political strife within the government, and establishment of the South Sudan Liberation Movement . Around a million people died over the course of the nearly 17-year long war. Although the Addis Ababa Agreement ended the war in 1972, it failed to completely dispel the tensions and addressed only some of the issues stated by southern Sudan. The breakdown of
1479-591: The end of all aid to the Anyanya. In-fighting between Marxist and non-Marxist factions in the ruling military class led to another coup in July 1971 and a short-lived administration by the Sudanese Communist Party before anti-Communist factions put Nimeiry back in control of the country. That same year, German national Rolf Steiner , who had been clandestinely advising the rebels, was captured in Kampala , Uganda and deported to Khartoum, where he
1530-603: The former UNMISS compound. These IDPs (661 in Yei River County) were mostly families of soldiers who had defected to join the opposition. Following the outbreak of fighting in these counties in May 2015, approximately 3,000 IDPs from Mundri and Maridi sought refuge in Yei. Yei River County has also served as a refugee settlement for those fleeing neighboring countries, particularly the Democratic Republic of
1581-593: The government in Khartoum . They were not only subjected to severe animosity as an ethnic minority but also as a religious minority within the state. Since the establishment of British colonial rule, the southern Sudanese were introduced to Western ideas. Although there were no notable advancements in political equality and industrialization within the region, they interpreted concepts from Christianity and Western ideals and adopted them into their own culture. Therefore, in addition to their limited representation in politics,
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1632-709: The highest levels of contamination of landmines/explosive remnants of war (ERW), gender-based violence, and child protection concerns in the country. Top Performing Private/Church funded Primary Schools in Yei River County, CES - South Sudan irrespective of the order. -Yei central fc -Super Stars Fc -Lions hunters fc -Dream fc -City cops fc -City stars -Lomuku fc -Atlabara fc -Peace club fc -Mission fc -Nasri fc == Infrastructure and services == Best Medical Facilities 1. Midland Medical Complex 2. Yei Civil Hospital 3. Grace medical facility 4. Harvesters The county's administrative center
1683-505: The host community in the area. According to the most recent data from early 2020, Yei is home to approximately 67,511 IDPs and 10,097 returnees (IOM DTM, 2020). The National Salvation Front (NAS), led by Thomas Cirillo, has clashed with the South Sudan People's Defense Force in the area on numerous occasions and is not a signatory to the 2018 peace agreement. Clashes were reported as recently as May 2020 (Abraham, 2020), and as
1734-512: The initial appeasement later led to a reigniting of the north–south conflict during the Second Sudanese Civil War , which lasted from 1983 to 2005. Until 1956, the British government , in cooperation with the Egyptian government (under a condominium governing arrangement) administered northern and southern Sudan as separate colonies despite both making up Anglo-Egyptian Sudan . At the time,
1785-520: The military such as Emmanuel Abuur and John Garang . However a letter circulated to all Anyanya forces which detailed the plan of the rebellion against the peace agreement was intercepted. Even before the civil war's formal end, many Anyanya had crossed the border to Uganda , where their ally Idi Amin controlled the military. Despite opposition by the Ugandan President Milton Obote , Amin had these fighters recruited into
1836-463: The movement was able to carry on waging war against the north. However, Muortat's chief of staff Joseph Lagu was able through his assistant Oliver Batali Albino to negotiate with Israel , to divert the arms they were supplying the movement with, to himself, instead of the president Gordon Muortat. Following this, Lagu openly formed a coup against Muortat, and made every battalion pledge allegiance to him instead of Muortat if they wanted arms. The coup
1887-459: The national assembly and an allegedly false telegram urging northern administrators in the south to oppress southerners. The mutinies were suppressed with the dispatch of numerous troops from the north, though survivors fled the towns and began an uncoordinated insurgency in rural areas. Poorly armed and unorganized, they were little threat to the outgoing colonial power and the newly formed Sudanese government . O'Ballance, writing in 1977, says that
1938-473: The northern Sudanese regime. Therefore, the agreement proved only to be a temporary respite with no definitive means of peace keeping for southern Sudan. Infringements by the north increased social unrest in the south in the mid-1970s, leading to the 1983 army mutiny that sparked the Second Sudanese Civil War , which lasted almost 22 years and contributed to the complete independence of South Sudan . Anyanya The Anyanya (also spelled Anya-Nya ) were
1989-411: The northern government superseded the jurisdiction of Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) by committing discriminatory violence against the southern minorities under the guise of internal turmoil of democratic growth. Prior to the outbreak of the civil war, the elite of northern Sudan had two widely held interpretations of what led to its outbreak; the first attributed such hostilities to be
2040-470: The outbreak of conflict in 2016 and climatic changes , Yei County experienced one of the country's largest drops in harvested areas, with the county's cereal harvest dropping from surplus to deficit. Before 2016, Yei had a high incoming population from neighboring states and countries. The presence of the Yei River in the area also allows residents to pursue fishing as a source of little diet, though access
2091-409: The region as sovereign and establishment of key political institutions were only a few examples of the major developments. Additionally, a new constitution was founded and southern Sudan was led by localized law enforcement agencies than that from the northern government. Despite these improvements, there was the prevention of the south's ability to have their own military and only remain autonomous under
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2142-455: The remnant of the south's grievances against the British colonial administration, the second viewed it to be the southern insurgents' attempt in challenging their ruling government. These two interpretations placed no blame for voiced resentment and rising insurgency on their own governance. On the contrary, the ruling class rigidly associated the conflict's persistence to be a rationalization of
2193-423: The south's integration of Christianity and modernity. The southern populace considered the emergence of the civil war to have been an inevitability. Following the independence of Sudan, the southern elite were virtually powerless within the newly established government. Southern politicians were incapable of addressing the injustice against their populace because of the minimal influence and support they had within
2244-426: The two areas were merged into a single administrative region after political pressure from the northern elite. This act was taken without the consultation of minority southern leaders, who feared being subsumed by the political power of the northern elite in the colonial political structure. Additionally, the British colonial administration favored the northern elite during the process of decolonization , granting them
2295-448: The variety of ethnic, economic and conflict problems afflicting the country. After a second military coup on 25 May 1969 , Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry became Prime Minister and promptly outlawed political parties. Also during this time, the Anyanya insurgency took advantage of the unstable situations which enabled them to send their leaders and continue their operations abroad. Following Nimeiry's coup, Ugandan President Milton Obote ordered
2346-517: Was able to successfully unite the army under Lagu and the transition of power was peaceful, Lagu assumed leadership of the movement both politically and militarily, and carried on the warfare against the north, the movement was renamed the South Sudan Liberation Movement. In 1972, Joseph Lagu signed a peace agreement with the north, ending the 17 year civil war. The peace agreement was initially rejected by leading members of
2397-543: Was also the first organization that could claim to speak for, and negotiate on behalf of, the entire south when the war ended. Mediation between the World Council of Churches (WCC) and the All Africa Conference of Churches (AACC), both of which spent years building up trust with the two combatants, eventually led to the Addis Ababa Agreement of March 1972 which marked the end of the conflict. From
2448-559: Was founded. Competition between Anyanya II and the SPLM/A led to the eventual defeat of Anyanya II. Some of its members were incorporated into the ranks of the SPLM/A, and others were consolidated into a militia supported by the government of Sudan. Yei, Sudan Yei River County is an administrative area in Central Equatoria with a large population of people who settled in that particular county. Aggrey Cyrus Kanyikwa
2499-576: Was put on trial for his anti-government activities. Originally sentenced to death, he served only three years in prison before being released following pressure from the West German Government. The southern politicians, on the other hand, attempted to gain more political control and temporarily established multiple provisional governments in the south. They hoped to use diplomatic means to achieve autonomy and separation but due to their political factionalism, were ineffectual in comparison to
2550-592: Was quickly replaced by a stalemated coalition of various conservative forces, which was in turn overthrown in the coup d'état of Chief of Staff Brigadier Ibrahim Abboud in 1958. Resentment at the military government built up. On the evening of 20 October 1964, a raid by security forces at the University of Khartoum during a seminar on "the Problem of the Southern Sudan" sparked off nationwide protests and
2601-521: Was weakened by the internal political wrangling amongst the leading politicians of the liberation movement. In 1969, Aggrey Jaden left the Anyanya movement due to his frustration with the lack of cohesiveness and bickering within the movement. Shortly after Gordon Muortat Mayen was elected unanimously as southern Sudan's new president of the movement, the former SSPG was renamed the Nile Provisional Government (NPG). Under Muortat,
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