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73-672: In a medical context, certified first responder is an individual who has received certification to provide pre-hospital care in a certain jurisdiction. A community first responder is a person dispatched to attend medical emergencies until an ambulance arrives. A wilderness first responder is trained to provide pre-hospital care in remote settings who has skills relevant to ad hoc patient care and transport by non-motorized means. Public Works departments are also recognized as First Responders as they are generally called to clean up natural disasters, plow snow and maintain roads as well as provide rescue support in extreme weather scenarios. The use of

146-587: A bag valve mask , oral airway, nasal airway, supplemental oxygen administration, suctioning, cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR), use of an automated external defibrillator (AED), manual stabilization of fractures, and assisting in the administration of basic medications such as epinephrine auto-injectors, oral glucose, and inhalers. They are also trained in packaging, moving and transporting patients. First Responders can serve as secondary providers with some volunteer EMS services. An Emergency Medical Responder can be seen either as an advanced first aid provider, or as

219-554: A "potential infectious source." The virus was also later found in raccoon dogs ( Nyctereuteus sp.), ferret badgers ( Melogale spp.), and domestic cats. In 2005, two studies identified a number of SARS-like coronaviruses in Chinese bats. Phylogenetic analysis of these viruses indicated a high probability that SARS coronavirus originated in bats and spread to humans either directly or through animals held in Chinese markets. The bats did not show any visible signs of disease, but are

292-404: A Duty to Act. While Certified First Responders in general are not required to render aid to injured/ill persons, those who work in the aforementioned areas can be accused of and prosecuted for negligence if they fail to respond when notified of a medical emergency, if their care does not meet the standard to which they were trained, or their care exceeds their scope of practice and causes harm to

365-706: A Guangdong doctor who was treating patients at Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital . He arrived in February and stayed on the ninth floor of the Metropole Hotel in Kowloon , infecting 16 of the hotel visitors. Those visitors traveled to Canada, Singapore, Taiwan, and Vietnam, spreading SARS to those locations. Another larger cluster of cases in Hong Kong centred on the Amoy Gardens housing estate. Its spread

438-539: A bed, but are stable and do not require advanced medical care. "Emergency Medical Responder" level courses meet the Paramedic Association of Canada's National Occupational Competency Profile, and those who receive certification at this level can work for Emergency Medical Services in some provinces. The Canadian Ski Patrol , St. John Ambulance Patient Care Divisions, Fire Departments , Campus Emergency Response Teams, few private medical services, and

511-576: A farmer from Shunde , Foshan , Guangdong, was treated in the First People's Hospital of Foshan. The patient died soon after, and no definite diagnosis was made on his cause of death. Despite taking some action to control it, Chinese government officials did not inform the World Health Organization of the outbreak until February 2003. This lack of openness caused delays in efforts to control the epidemic, resulting in criticism of

584-584: A flight to Singapore. The plane stopped in Hanoi , Vietnam, where the patient died in Hanoi French Hospital . Several of the medical staff who treated him soon developed the same disease despite basic hospital procedures. Italian doctor Carlo Urbani identified the threat and communicated it to WHO and the Vietnamese government; he later died from the disease. The severity of the symptoms and

657-419: A foundation, club, association, or government agency. The next level of certification in emergency response is Emergency Medical Technician Basic (EMT-B). Training for EMR level must be done through an approved training. Most provincial hospitals provide training or are directly connected with teaching the training. EMR is a 50-hour course. The National Institute for Emergency Medicine of Thailand acts as

730-478: A full EMT-Basic course. The First Responder training program began in 1979 as an outgrowth of the "Crash Injury Management" course. In 1995 the D.O.T. issued a manual for an intermediate level of training called "First Responder." This training can be completed in twenty-four to sixty hours. Importantly, this training can be conducted by an EMT-Basic with some field experience—which is a resource available "in-house" for many volunteer fire departments who do not have

803-646: A limited provider of emergency medical care when more advanced providers have not yet arrived or are not available. Skillwise, a certified first responder in the US is often trained and allowed to do most of what an emergency medical technician is allowed to. Some exceptions in some jurisdictions include insertion of King airways or combi-tubes, traction splinting, and administration of nebulized albuterol. The National Fire Protection Association standards 1006 and 1670 state that all "rescuers" must have medical training to perform any technical rescue operation, including cutting

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876-453: A medical team that includes a physician , a nurse and an emergency medical technician (called " SMUR "). The intermediate scale, the firefighter nurse ( infirmier sapeur-pompier , ISP), is only a recent evolution and is performed by nurses who have been specially trained acting with emergency protocols; these nurses are the French equivalent of paramedics . The arrival of first responders

949-531: A patient involved. The first responder training is considered a bare minimum for emergency service workers who may be sent out in response to an emergency call . It is almost always required for professional and volunteer firefighters . For example, all firefighters of the New York City Fire Department require a valid CFR-D (Certified First Responder - Defibrillation) certification. The first responder level of emergency medical training

1022-591: A patient until more sophisticated help arrived." "The chances are even better that your emergency call will be answered by a police or fire vehicle doing double duty instead of an adequately equipped ambulance and a paramedic trained in 'first responder' care." There were some earlier uses of "first response", though not "first responder", in this sense. They included an article in the Grand Junction Daily Sentinel in March 1972, and another about

1095-770: A risk of side effects like arm pain, fever, and headache. According to research papers published in 2005 and 2006, the identification and development of novel vaccines and medicines to treat SARS was a priority for governments and public health agencies around the world. In early 2004, an early clinical trial on volunteers was planned. A major researcher's 2016 request, however, demonstrated that no field-ready SARS vaccine had been completed because likely market-driven priorities had ended funding. Several consequent reports from China on some recovered SARS patients showed severe long-time sequelae . The most typical diseases include, among other things, pulmonary fibrosis , osteoporosis , and femoral necrosis , which have led in some cases to

1168-538: A second strain of SARS-CoV was identified: SARS-CoV-2 . This strain causes coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ), the disease behind the COVID-19 pandemic . SARS produces flu-like symptoms which may include fever, muscle pain , lethargy , cough, sore throat , and other nonspecific symptoms . SARS often leads to shortness of breath and pneumonia , which may be direct viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia . The average incubation period for SARS

1241-459: A wide array of potential emergencies. Due to the high level of stress and uncertainty associated with the position, first responders must maintain physical and mental health. Even with such preparation, first responders experience unique risks of being the first people to aid those with unknown contagions. For example, in 2003 first responders were among the earliest cases of the previously unknown SARS virus, when they cared for patients affected with

1314-590: Is a person who has completed a course and received certification in providing pre-hospital care for medical emergencies . Certified individuals should have received much more instruction than someone who is trained in basic first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) but they are not necessarily a substitute for more advanced emergency medical care rendered by emergency medical technicians and paramedics . First responders typically provide advanced first aid level care, CPR , and automated external defibrillator (AED) usage. The term "certified first responder"

1387-557: Is a vaccine for SARS, although in March 2020 immunologist Anthony Fauci said the CDC developed one and placed it in the Strategic National Stockpile . That vaccine is a final product and field-ready as of March 2022. Clinical isolation and vaccination remain the most effective means to prevent the spread of SARS. Other preventive measures include: Many public health interventions were made to try to control

1460-414: Is also often required for police officers , rescue squad personnel, and search and rescue personnel. Many first responders have location specific training such as water rescue or mountain rescue and must take advanced courses to be certified (i.e. lifeguard). Many people who do not fall into the earlier mentioned categories seek out or receive this type of training because they are likely to be first on

1533-560: Is an EMS certification level recognized by the National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians. By 2015, most states recognize the level of Emergency Medical Responder. First Responders in the US can either provide initial emergency care first on the scene (police/fire department/search and rescue) or support Emergency Medical Technicians and Paramedics. The skills allowed at this level are very similar to an EMT's including bleeding control, positive pressure ventilation with

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1606-541: Is common in people with SARS, the fecal–oral route does not appear to be a common mode of transmission. The basic reproduction number of SARS-CoV, R 0 , ranges from 2 to 4 depending on different analyses. Control measures introduced in April 2003 reduced the R to 0.4. SARS-CoV may be suspected in a patient who has: For a case to be considered probable, a chest X-ray must be indicative for atypical pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome . The WHO has added

1679-805: Is commonly used to treat SARS, there seems to have little to no effect on SARS-CoV, and no impact on patient's outcomes. There is currently no proven antiviral therapy. Tested substances, include ribavirin , lopinavir , ritonavir , type I interferon , that have thus far shown no conclusive contribution to the disease's course. Administration of corticosteroids , is recommended by the British Thoracic Society / British Infection Society / Health Protection Agency in patients with severe disease and O2 saturation of <90%. People with SARS-CoV must be isolated, preferably in negative-pressure rooms , with complete barrier nursing precautions taken for any necessary contact with these patients, to limit

1752-433: Is four to six days, although it is rarely as short as one day or as long as 14 days. The primary route of transmission for SARS-CoV is contact of the mucous membranes with respiratory droplets or fomites . As with all respiratory pathogens once presumed to transmit via respiratory droplets, it is highly likely to be carried by the aerosols generated during routine breathing, talking, and even singing. While diarrhea

1825-450: Is made up of groups of volunteers who, within the community in which they live or work, have been trained to attend emergency calls received by the NHS ( National Health Service ) Ambulance Service , providing potentially life-saving treatment and first aid until an emergency ambulance arrives. The Welsh Ambulance Services NHS Trust , when looking at the locations for Responder Groups, take

1898-431: Is not to be confused with "first responder", which is a generic term referring to the first medically trained responder to arrive on scene ( EMS , police, fire) and medically trained telecommunication operators who provide pre-arrival medical instructions as trained Emergency Medical Dispatchers (EMD). Many police officers and firefighters are required to receive training as certified first responders. Advanced medical care

1971-412: Is suspected to have been facilitated by defects in its bathroom drainage system that allowed sewer gases including virus particles to vent into the room. Bathroom fans exhausted the gases and wind carried the contagion to adjacent downwind complexes. Concerned citizens in Hong Kong worried that information was not reaching people quickly enough and created a website called sosick.org, which eventually forced

2044-487: Is thus the most common result of an emergency call. In addition, in France there exists a network of first responder associations, as French Red Cross (Croix-rouge française), French Civil Protection ( Protection civile ), FFSS ( Fédération Française de Sauvetage et de Secourisme ) or others. These CFR volunteers are allowed to supervise massive outside meetings, student gatherings, et cetera . These volunteers have followed

2117-462: Is typically provided by EMS, although some police officers and firefighters also train to become emergency medical technicians or paramedics . Also called an Emergency Medical Responder , Emergency First Responder , Medical First Responder , or First Responder . Many options are available in order to become a certified First Responder in Canada . Courses are offered by many sources including

2190-872: The Canadian Coast Guard all provide First Responder level emergency medical care, in some cases as a support to existing services, and in others as the primary emergency response organization. While all Certified First Responders in Canada are covered under Good Samaritan laws in jurisdictions where they are enacted, in some cases they have a Duty To Act for example, Ontario. Certified First Responders who are providing medical coverage to events (such as Red Cross, St. John Ambulance's Patient Care Divisions and private event medical companies), as well as those who are employed by Volunteer Fire Departments, Campus Response Teams, and others who are required to perform Emergency Medical Response as part of their duties all have

2263-653: The Canadian Red Cross , and St. John Ambulance , and the Department of National Defence . Certified First Responder courses in Canada are separated into either "First Responder" or "Emergency Medical Responder" level courses. "First Responder" level courses are between 40 and 60 hours in length and is considered the minimum level of training for crews providing medical standby at events, as well as for employment with some private stable transport companies that provide inter-hospital transfer for patients in need of

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2336-452: The dash between "first" and "responder" disappeared. Some jurisdictions have special laws defining and establishing the rights and duties of first responders. The term first responder is defined in U.S. Homeland Security Presidential Directive, HSPD-8 and reads: The term "first responder" refers to those individuals who in the early stages of an incident are responsible for the protection and preservation of life, property, evidence, and

2409-731: The Emergency Medical Responder level of training. Most EMR level units use pickup trucks with elevated caps to respond to emergencies. These vehicles usually are marked with the association name and seal along with lighting and sirens. Units at this level act as the first arriving responders, and must do much to stabilize the scene for other units, such as Advanced Life Support (ALS), to arrive. EMR units often transport patients to medical treatment facilities especially for basic level patients and when ALS units are unavailable. EMRs coordinate with firefighters, police, and other medical professionals in emergency situations. In

2482-457: The Hong Kong government to provide information related to SARS in a timely manner. The first cohort of affected people were discharged from hospital on 29 March 2003. The first case of SARS in Toronto was identified on 23 February 2003. Beginning with an elderly woman, Kwan Sui-Chu, who had returned from a trip to Hong Kong and died on 5 March, the virus eventually infected 257 individuals in

2555-699: The People's Republic of China from the international community. China officially apologized for early slowness in dealing with the SARS epidemic. In 2003, when the virus broke out in China, a 72 year old with SARS infected multiple people on board an Air China Boeing 737 , causing 5 deaths. The viral outbreak was subsequently genetically traced to a colony of cave-dwelling horseshoe bats in Xiyang Yi Ethnic Township , Yunnan. The outbreak first came to

2628-528: The SARS genome in April 2003. Scientists at Erasmus University in Rotterdam , the Netherlands demonstrated that the SARS coronavirus fulfilled Koch's postulates thereby suggesting it as the causative agent. In the experiments, macaques infected with the virus developed the same symptoms as human SARS patients. In late May 2003, a study was conducted using samples of wild animals sold as food in

2701-576: The United Kingdom, most statutory NHS ambulance services deploy paid first responders who drive dedicated rapid response vehicles . These are typically estate cars, MPVs or 4x4s, are liveried with high-visibility ambulance markings, and fitted with blue flashing lights and sirens. These vehicles are generally single-crewed, by a paramedic . This differs from most ambulances in the UK, which usually have two crew members. A Community First Responder Scheme

2774-517: The age group of the patient. Patients under 24 were least likely to die (less than 1%); those 65 and older were most likely to die (over 55%). As with MERS and COVID-19 , SARS resulted in significantly more deaths of males than females. The SARS epidemic began in the Guangdong province of China in November 2002. The earliest case developed symptoms on 16 November 2002. The index patient ,

2847-607: The approving body for Emergency Medical Responder certification and provides the training curriculum. Guidelines for EMRs are published in the Emergency Medical Operation Manual for First Responder Units. Certification only lasts for two 2 years and requires refresher training to maintain. Rescue clubs and ambulance foundations most often serve communities with volunteers to respond to emergencies with ambulances and other rescue resources. Most foundations and clubs request volunteers to acquire at least

2920-570: The attention of the international medical community on 27 November 2002, when Canada's Global Public Health Intelligence Network (GPHIN), an electronic warning system that is part of the World Health Organization's Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN), picked up reports of a "flu outbreak" in China through Internet media monitoring and analysis and sent them to the WHO. While GPHIN's capability had recently been upgraded to enable Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish translation,

2993-489: The category of "laboratory confirmed SARS" which means patients who would otherwise be considered "probable" and have tested positive for SARS based on one of the approved tests ( ELISA , immunofluorescence or PCR ) but whose chest X-ray findings do not show SARS-CoV infection (e.g. ground glass opacities, patchy consolidations unilateral). The appearance of SARS-CoV in chest X-rays is not always uniform but generally appears as an abnormality with patchy infiltrates. There

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3066-434: The chances of getting sick up to 80% compared to no mask. A screening process was also put in place at airports to monitor air travel to and from affected countries. SARS-CoV is most infectious in severely ill patients, which usually occurs during the second week of illness. This delayed infectious period meant that quarantine was highly effective; people who were isolated before day five of their illness rarely transmitted

3139-415: The chances of medical personnel becoming infected. In certain cases, natural ventilation by opening doors and windows is documented to help decreasing indoor concentration of virus particles. Some of the more serious damage caused by SARS may be due to the body's own immune system reacting in what is known as cytokine storm . Vaccines can help the immune system to create enough antibodies and decrease

3212-540: The complete loss of working ability or even self-care ability of people who have recovered from SARS. As a result of quarantine procedures, some of the post-SARS patients have been diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder . SARS was a relatively rare disease; at the end of the epidemic in June 2003, the incidence was 8,422 cases with a case fatality rate (CFR) of 11%. The case fatality rate (CFR) ranges from 0% to 50% depending on

3285-537: The danger to China, there appeared to be a change in official policy when SARS began to receive a much greater prominence in the official media. Some have directly attributed this to the death of an American teacher, James Earl Salisbury , in Hong Kong. It was around this same time that Jiang Yanyong made accusations regarding the undercounting of cases in Beijing military hospitals. After intense pressure, Chinese officials allowed international officials to investigate

3358-491: The disease to others. As of 2017, the CDC was still working to make federal and local rapid-response guidelines and recommendations in the event of a reappearance of the virus. As SARS is a viral disease, antibiotics do not have direct effect but may be used against bacterial secondary infection. Treatment of SARS is mainly supportive with antipyretics , supplemental oxygen and mechanical ventilation as needed. While ribavirin

3431-506: The early pace of the epidemic. He subsequently contracted the disease himself, and died in March 2003. Malik Peiris and his colleagues became the first to isolate the virus that causes SARS, a novel coronavirus now known as SARS-CoV-1 . By June 2003, Peiris, together with his long-time collaborators Leo Poon and Guan Yi , has developed a rapid diagnostic test for SARS-CoV-1 using real-time polymerase chain reaction . The CDC and Canada's National Microbiology Laboratory identified

3504-464: The end of June 2003. The official response by the Ontario provincial government and Canadian federal government has been widely criticized in the years following the outbreak. Brian Schwartz, vice-chair of Ontario's SARS Scientific Advisory Committee, described public health officials' preparedness and emergency response at the time of the outbreak as "very, very basic and minimal at best". Critics of

3577-961: The environment, including emergency response providers as defined in section 2 of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 ( 6 U.S.C.   § 101 ), as well as emergency management, public health, clinical care, public works, and other skilled support personnel (such as equipment operators) that provide immediate support services during prevention, response, and recovery operations. Emergency response providers are defined by 6 U.S.C.   § 101 as follows: (6) The term "emergency response providers" includes Federal, State, and local governmental and nongovernmental emergency public safety, fire, law enforcement, public safety telecommunicators/dispatcher, emergency response, emergency medical services providers (including hospital emergency facilities), and related personnel, agencies, and authorities. First responders must be trained to deal with

3650-481: The following into consideration: See Emergency Medical Responder The U.S. Department of Transportation (D.O.T.) recognized a gap between the typical eight hours training required for providing advanced first aid (as taught by the Red Cross) and the 180 hours typical of an EMT-Basic program. Also, some rural communities could not afford the comprehensive training and highly experienced instructors required for

3723-843: The formation of a "First Response Group" composed of volunteers in The Burlington Free Press in April 1973. A few months after its use in the Globe , the term "first-responders" appeared in a Boston Herald article about a master plan for emergency care from the Health Planning Council of Greater Boston. One of the recommendations in the plan, reported the Herald , was that "All ambulance personnel and first-responders (who are general police and firemen) should be adequately trained in emergency care such as cardopulmonary [ sic ] resuscitation." "First-responder"

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3796-673: The infection among hospital staff alarmed global health authorities, who were fearful of another emergent pneumonia epidemic. On 12 March 2003, the WHO issued a global alert , followed by a health alert by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Local transmission of SARS took place in Toronto , Ottawa, San Francisco, Ulaanbaatar , Manila , Singapore, Taiwan, Hanoi and Hong Kong whereas within China it spread to Guangdong, Jilin , Hebei, Hubei , Shaanxi, Jiangsu , Shanxi, Tianjin , and Inner Mongolia . The disease spread in Hong Kong from Liu Jianlun,

3869-565: The likely natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. In late 2006, scientists from the Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention of Hong Kong University and the Guangzhou Centre for Disease Control and Prevention established a genetic link between the SARS coronavirus appearing in civets and in the second, 2004 human outbreak, bearing out claims that the disease had jumped across species. It took 14 years to find

3942-608: The local market in Guangdong, China. The study found that "SARS-like" coronaviruses could be isolated from masked palm civets ( Paguma sp.). Genomic sequencing determined that these animal viruses were very similar to human SARS viruses, however they were phylogenetically distinct, and so the study concluded that it was unclear whether they were the natural reservoir in the wild. Still, more than 10,000 masked palm civets were killed in Guangdong Province since they were

4015-418: The original bat population likely responsible for the SARS pandemic. In December 2017, "after years of searching across China, where the disease first emerged, researchers reported ... that they had found a remote cave in Xiyang Yi Ethnic Township , Yunnan province, which is home to horseshoe bats that carry a strain of a particular virus known as a coronavirus. This strain has all the genetic building blocks of

4088-459: The patient. As with all medically trained and certified persons, Certified First Responders are immune to successful prosecution if assistance was given in good faith up to, and not beyond, the limits of certification and training. In France , pre-hospital care is performed either by first responders from the fire department ( sapeurs-pompiers , in most emergency situations) or from a private ambulance company (relative emergency at home), or by

4161-607: The province of Ontario. The trajectory of this outbreak is typically divided into two phases, the first centring around her son Tse Chi Kwai, who infected other patients at the Scarborough Grace Hospital and died on 13 March. The second major wave of cases was clustered around accidental exposure among patients, visitors, and staff within the North York General Hospital . The WHO officially removed Toronto from its list of infected areas by

4234-453: The resources for full EMT training. The first responder training is intended to fill the gap between First Aid and Emergency Medical Technician. The American Red Cross conducts a course titled "Emergency Medical Response" that fits this definition. In the US the term " Emergency Medical Responder " has largely replaced the term "Certified First Responder" or "Medical First Responder" beginning in 2012. "Emergency Medical Responder" or "EMR"

4307-440: The response often cite poorly outlined and enforced protocol for protecting healthcare workers and identifying infected patients as a major contributing factor to the continued spread of the virus. The atmosphere of fear and uncertainty surrounding the outbreak resulted in staffing issues in area hospitals when healthcare workers elected to resign rather than risk exposure to SARS. In late February 2003, Italian doctor Carlo Urbani

4380-501: The same special rescuer training as firefighters (PSE 1 and PSE 2, in all 70 hours of training). In the Kingdom of Thailand (Thailand) First Responder is a certification most commonly achieved by local volunteers. This certification is referred to as Emergency Medical Responder or EMR. EMRs can provide emergency care for vehicle collisions, trauma, CPR , birthing, and other emergencies. EMRs must maintain their certification through

4453-464: The scene of a medical emergency, or because they work far from medical help. Some of these non-traditional first responders include: SARS Severe acute respiratory syndrome ( SARS ) is a viral respiratory disease of zoonotic origin caused by the virus SARS-CoV-1 , the first identified strain of the SARS-related coronavirus . The first known cases occurred in November 2002, and

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4526-540: The situation there. This revealed problems plaguing the aging mainland Chinese healthcare system, including increasing decentralization, red tape , and inadequate communication. Many healthcare workers in the affected nations risked their lives and died by treating patients, and trying to contain the infection before ways to prevent infection were known. The epidemic reached the public spotlight in February 2003, when an American businessman traveling from China, Johnny Chen, became affected by pneumonia-like symptoms while on

4599-507: The spread of the disease, which is mainly spread through respiratory droplets in the air, either inhaled or deposited on surfaces and subsequently transferred to a body's mucous membranes. These interventions included earlier detection of the disease; isolation of people who are infected; droplet and contact precautions; and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), including masks and isolation gowns. A 2017 meta-analysis found that for medical professionals wearing N-95 masks could reduce

4672-462: The syndrome caused the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak . In the 2010s, Chinese scientists traced the virus through the intermediary of Asian palm civets to cave-dwelling horseshoe bats in Xiyang Yi Ethnic Township , Yunnan . SARS was a relatively rare disease; at the end of the epidemic in June 2003, the incidence was 8,422 cases with a case fatality rate (CFR) of 11%. No cases of SARS-CoV-1 have been reported worldwide since 2004. In December 2019,

4745-592: The system was limited to English or French in presenting this information. Thus, while the first reports of an unusual outbreak were in Chinese, an English report was not generated until 21 January 2003. The first super-spreader was admitted to the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital in Guangzhou on 31 January, which soon spread the disease to nearby hospitals. In early April 2003, after a prominent physician, Jiang Yanyong , pushed to report

4818-642: The term "first responder" in the current sense first emerged in the United States in the 1970s. Perhaps the earliest uses in print occurred in two articles in The Boston Globe in August 1973, about proposed ambulance regulations in Massachusetts . "…any police or fireman who staff a 'dual-purpose' vehicle would have to be trained to offer 'first-responder' care — that is, to stabilize

4891-540: The type that triggered the global outbreak of SARS in 2002." The research was performed by Shi Zhengli , Cui Jie, and co-workers at the Wuhan Institute of Virology , China, and published in PLOS Pathogens . The authors are quoted as stating that "another deadly outbreak of SARS could emerge at any time. The cave where they discovered their strain is only a kilometre from the nearest village." The virus

4964-400: The vehicle itself during an extrication. Therefore, in most all rescue environments, whether it is an EMS or Fire Department that runs the rescue, the actual rescuers who cut the vehicle and run the extrication scene or perform any rescue such as rope rescues or swift water rescue , etc., are Emergency Medical Responders, Emergency Medical Technicians, or Paramedics , as most every rescue has

5037-509: The virus. Infectious disease has continued to be a major occupational health concern among first responders with the COVID-19 pandemic . The CDC and other agencies and organizations have issued guidance regarding workplace hazard controls for COVID-19 . Specific precautions for first responders include modified call queries, symptom screening, universal PPE use, hand hygiene, physical distancing, and stringent disinfection protocols. Certified first responder A certified first responder

5110-563: Was achieved through successful public health measures. In the following months, four SARS cases were reported in China between December 2003 and January 2004. While SARS-CoV-1 probably persists as a potential zoonotic threat in its original animal reservoir, human-to-human transmission of this virus may be considered eradicated because no human case has been documented since four minor, brief, subsequent outbreaks in 2004. After containment, there were four laboratory accidents that resulted in infections. Study of live SARS specimens requires

5183-548: Was also used in a July 1974 classified advertisement for a deputy chief of EMT training—"to assist in developing and implementing statewide training programs for EMT's and first-responders"—from the Massachusetts Department of Public Health . The term began appearing in newspaper articles from other parts of the United States in the second half of 1974, and was in widespread use by 1975. At some point,

5256-485: Was called into The French Hospital of Hanoi to look at Johnny Chen, an American businessman who had fallen ill with what doctors thought was a bad case of influenza . Urbani realized that Chen's ailment was probably a new and highly contagious disease. He immediately notified the WHO. He also persuaded the Vietnamese Health Ministry to begin isolating patients and screening travelers, thus slowing

5329-569: Was ephemeral and seasonal in bats. In 2019, a similar virus to SARS caused a cluster of infections in Wuhan , eventually leading to the COVID-19 pandemic. A small number of cats and dogs tested positive for the virus during the outbreak. However, these animals did not transmit the virus to other animals of the same species or to humans. The World Health Organization declared severe acute respiratory syndrome contained on 5 July 2003. The containment

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