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48-607: The Fisher Glacier was sighted from Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE) aircraft by K.B. Mather in 1957. It was named by the Antarctic Names Committee of Australia (ANCA) for N.H. Fisher, chief geologist, Bureau of Mineral Resources, Dept. of National Development, Australia. The Fisher Glacier is a prominent western tributary to the Lambert Glacier . It is about 100 nautical miles (190 km; 120 mi) long. It flows east past

96-455: A coma and dying on 8 January 1913. It was unknown at the time that high levels of vitamin A are toxic to humans, causing liver damage, and that husky liver contains extremely high levels of the vitamin. With six dogs between them (with a liver on average weighing one kilogram or 2.2 pounds), it is thought that the pair ingested enough liver to cause the toxicity syndrome hypervitaminosis A , which can be fatal. Mertz may have eaten more of

144-547: A lecturer in petrology and mineralogy at the University of Adelaide in 1905. In 1906 he identified and first described the mineral davidite . Mawson joined Ernest Shackleton 's Nimrod Expedition (1907–1909) to the Antarctic, originally intending to stay for the duration of the ship's presence in the first summer. Instead both he and his mentor, Edgeworth David , stayed an extra year. In doing so they became, in

192-475: A ledge 165 feet (50 m) below them, but Ninnis was never seen again. After a brief service, Mawson and Mertz turned back immediately. They had one week's provisions for two men and no dog food but plenty of fuel and a Primus stove . They sledged for 27 hours continuously to obtain a spare tent cover they had left behind, for which they improvised a frame from skis and a theodolite . Their lack of provisions forced them to use their remaining sled dogs to feed

240-424: A very close personal relationship with Kathleen Scott , the widow of polar explorer Robert Falcon Scott . Returning to the University of Adelaide in 1919, he was promoted to the professorship of geology and mineralogy in 1921, and made a major contribution to Australian geology. He organised and led the joint British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE) in 1929–31, which resulted in

288-563: Is Antarctic exploration. In 2011, Ranulph Fiennes included Mawson in his book My Heroes: Extraordinary Courage, Exceptional People . In 2013 the "Australian Mawson Centenary Expedition", led by Chris Turney and Chris Fogwill, undertook a voyage to investigate Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic oceanography, climate and biology. Their ship, the MV Akademik Shokalskiy , became trapped in ice. The expedition later visited Mawson's huts at Cape Denison on Commonwealth Bay. After

336-500: Is named after the expeditions. Nearby streets also share similarly themed names. Douglas Mawson Sir Douglas Mawson OBE FRS FAA (5 May 1882 – 14 October 1958) was a British-born Australian geologist, Antarctic explorer, and academic. Along with Roald Amundsen , Robert Falcon Scott , and Sir Ernest Shackleton , he was a key expedition leader during the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration . Mawson

384-777: Is open to anyone who has travelled to Antarctic or subantarctic regions with the Australian Antarctic Program . The club has thousands of members. Its emblem is the emperor penguin on a map of Antarctica. A sub-organisation is the Antarctic Family and Friends Association, originally established in 1965 by Nel Law as the Antarctic Wives' Association of Australia. Anare Street in the Aurora Village in Greenwith, South Australia

432-716: Is the Antarctic Continent with the Australian sector shaded. Surrounding this is an annular set of designs depicting flora and fauna of Antarctica and the Sub-Antarctic Islands". The main ANARE emblem was, in Dr Law's words, "too complex to reproduce as a lapel badge or as a logo on aircraft, vehicles or flags." Dr Law saw potential in the leopard seal as a simplified ANARE symbol. "I was struck with

480-607: Is the historical name for the Australian Antarctic Program (AAP) administered for Australia by the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD). Australia has had a long involvement in south polar regions since as early as Douglas Mawson 's Australasian Antarctic Expedition in 1911. Further Australian exploration of the Antarctic continent was conducted during the British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE), which

528-644: The Australasian Antarctic Expedition , to George V Land and Adélie Land , the sector of the Antarctic continent immediately south of Australia, which at the time was almost entirely unexplored. The objectives were to carry out geographical exploration and scientific studies, including a visit to the South magnetic pole . Mawson raised the necessary funds in a year, from British and Australian governments, and from commercial backers interested in mining and whaling . The expedition, using

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576-559: The Australian $ 100 note . Mawson was born on 5 May 1882 to Robert Ellis Mawson and Margaret Ann Moore. He was born in Shipley , West Riding of Yorkshire , but was less than two years old when his family emigrated to Australia and settled at Rooty Hill , now in the western suburbs of Sydney. Later he and his family moved to the inner-Sydney suburb of Glebe in 1893. He attended Forest Lodge Public School, Fort Street Model School and

624-736: The Australian coat of arms to bring the livery of the AAD in line with the rest of the Australian Public Service. However like the ANARE name the logo continues to be used on an informal basis by expeditioners each year in the production of Antarctic Station badges, T-shirts and other memorabilia. The ANARE Club is a membership organisation established in 1951 for current and previous members of Australian Antarctic expeditions. Its headquarters are in Melbourne, Australia , with branches in most Australian capital cities. Membership

672-627: The University of Sydney , where he graduated in 1902 with a Bachelor of Engineering degree. He was appointed geologist to an expedition to the New Hebrides (now Vanuatu ) in 1903; his report, The Geology of the New Hebrides , was one of the first major geological works of Melanesia . Also that year he published a geological paper on Mittagong, New South Wales . His major influences in his geological career were Professor Edgeworth David and Professor Archibald Liversidge . He then became

720-595: The Fisher Glacier and the lower Lambert Glacier. These show that at least three times in the past the ice level had risen by 150 to 200 metres (490 to 660 ft) above its present level. These fluctuations do not appear in the upper regions of nearby glaciers that also drain central Antarctica, but do appear in their lower parts. It seems that they were caused by repeated surges of the Fisher Glacier. 73°31′S 64°36′E  /  73.517°S 64.600°E  / -73.517; 64.600 . A large tributary to

768-573: The Fisher Glacier, flowing northeast between Mount Bayliss and Mount Ruker in the Prince Charles Mountains . Plotted from air photos taken by ANARE in 1956 and 1957. Named by ANCA for H. Geysen, officer in charge of Mawson Station, 1960. 73°00′S 61°10′E  /  73.000°S 61.167°E  / -73.000; 61.167 . A group of three rows of nunataks, oriented approximately east–west and 10 to 15 nautical miles (19 to 28 km; 12 to 17 mi) long, located at

816-833: The Ice: The Greatest Survival Story in the History of Exploration . In his book The Home of the Blizzard , Mawson talked of "Herculean gusts" on 24 May 1912 which he learned afterwards "approached two hundred miles per hour". Mawson reported that the average wind speed for March was 68 miles per hour (109 km/h); for April, 52.5 miles per hour (84.5 km/h); and for May, 67.799 miles per hour (109.112 km/h). These katabatic winds can reach around 300 km/h (190 mph) and led Mawson to dub Cape Denison "the windiest place on Earth". Mawson married Francisca Adriana (Paquita) Delprat (daughter of

864-550: The University of Adelaide in 1919 and became a full professor in 1921, contributing much to Australian geology. He returned to the Antarctic as the leader of the British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (1929–1931), which led to a territorial claim in the form of the Australian Antarctic Territory . Mawson is commemorated by numerous landmarks and from 1984 to 1996 appeared on

912-474: The University of Adelaide. He died at his Brighton home in South Australia on 14 October 1958 from a cerebral haemorrhage . He was 76 years old. At the time of his death he had still not completed editorial work on all the papers resulting from his expedition, and this was completed by his eldest daughter, Patricia, only in 1975. In 1948, Carroll William Dodge published a genus of fungi within

960-750: The Western Base, had explored large areas of the Antarctic coast, describing its geology , biology and meteorology , and more closely defining the location of the South magnetic pole . In 1915, the Royal Geographical Society awarded him their Founder's Medal and in 1916 the American Geographical Society awarded him the David Livingstone Centenary Medal . The expedition was the subject of David Roberts ' book Alone on

1008-418: The average wind speed for the entire year was about 50 mph (80 km/h), with some winds approaching 200 mph (320 km/h). They built a hut on the rocky cape and wintered through nearly constant blizzards . Mawson wanted to do aerial exploration and brought the first aeroplane to Antarctica. The aircraft, a Vickers R.E.P. Type Monoplane , was to be flown by Francis Howard Bickerton . When it

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1056-599: The company of Alistair Mackay , the first to climb the summit of Mount Erebus and to trek to the South magnetic pole , which at that time was over land. During their stay, they also wrote, illustrated and printed the book Aurora Australis . Mawson contributed with the science fiction short-story Bathybia. Mawson turned down an invitation to join Robert Falcon Scott's Terra Nova Expedition in 1910; Australian geologist Thomas Griffith Taylor went with Scott instead. Mawson chose to lead his own expedition,

1104-505: The expedition's northern party, which became the first to attain the South magnetic pole and to climb Mount Erebus . After his participation in Shackleton's expedition, Mawson became the principal instigator of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition (1911–1914). The expedition explored thousands of kilometres of previously unexplored regions, collected geological and botanical samples, and made important scientific observations. Mawson

1152-709: The family Lichinaceae , named Mawsonia in his honour. His image appeared on several postage stamps of the Australian Antarctic Territory: 5 pence (1961), 5 pence (1961), 27 cents and 75 cents (1982), 10 cents (2011), 45 cents (1999). His image appeared from 1984 to 1996 on the Australian paper one hundred dollar note and in 2012 on a $ 1 coin issued within the Inspirational Australians series. Mawson Peak ( Heard Island ), Mount Mawson ( Tasmania ), Mawson Station (Antarctica), Dorsa Mawson ( Mare Fecunditatis ),

1200-589: The formation of the Australian Antarctic Territory in 1936. He also spent much of his time researching the geology of the northern Flinders Ranges in South Australia. Mawson was Honorary Curator of Minerals for the South Australian Museum from 1907 to 1958, and also Chair of the South Australian Museum Board of Governors from 1951 to 1958. Upon his retirement from teaching in 1952 he was made an emeritus professor of

1248-648: The geology building on the main University of Adelaide campus, suburbs in Canberra and Adelaide , a University of South Australian campus and the main street of Meadows , South Australia are named after him. At Oxley College in Burradoo , New South Wales, a sports house is called Mawson, as is at Clarence High School in Hobart , Tasmania, Forest Lodge Public School and Street High School , both in Sydney, where he

1296-735: The grounding line of the Lambert, Mellor and Fisher glacier system is up 240 kilometres (150 mi) closer to the South Pole than had been previously thought. The lower part of this system is more properly considered part of the Amery Ice Shelf , and the Fisher glacier as a tributary of this ice shelf. Still, the combined Lambert, Mellor and Fisher glaciers have a total grounded area of more than 97,000 square kilometres (37,000 sq mi). There are well-preserved old moraines along

1344-438: The harness attaching him to the sled. When Mawson finally made it back to Cape Denison , the ship Aurora had left only a few hours before. It was recalled by wireless communication , only to have bad weather thwart the rescue effort. Mawson and six men who had remained behind to look for him wintered a second year until December 1913. In Mawson's book Home of the Blizzard , he describes his experiences. His party, and those at

1392-513: The head of Fisher Glacier in the Prince Charles Mountains, Mac. Robertson Land. Mapped from ANARE air photos and surveys, 1958 and 1960–61. Named by ANCA for J.A. Seavers, assistant cook at Mawson Station, a member of the ANARE field party in this area in 1961. Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions The Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions ( ANARE / æ n ˈ ɑːr i / ann- AR -ee )

1440-476: The liver because he had been used to a vegetarian diet, and so may have found the tough muscle tissue difficult to eat, thus being exposed to greater toxicity than Mawson. Mawson continued the final 161 kilometres (100 mi) alone. During his return trip to the Main Base he fell through the lid of a crevasse, and was saved only by his sledge wedging itself into the ice above him. He managed to climb out using

1488-429: The main base. Mertz was skiing and Mawson was on his sled with his weight dispersed, but Ninnis was jogging beside the second sled. Ninnis fell through a crevasse , and his body weight is likely to have breached the snow bridge covering it. The six best dogs, most of the party's rations, their tent, and other essential supplies disappeared into the massive crevasse. Mertz and Mawson spotted one dead and one injured dog on

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1536-446: The major part was fed to the surviving dogs. They crunched the bones and ate the skin, until nothing remained. There was a quick deterioration in the men's physical condition during this journey. Both men suffered dizziness ; nausea ; abdominal pain ; irrationality ; mucosal fissuring; skin, hair, and nail loss; and the yellowing of eyes and skin. Later Mawson noticed a dramatic change in his travelling companion. Mertz seemed to lose

1584-601: The metallurgist G. D. Delprat ) on 31 March 1914 at Holy Trinity Church of England, Balaclava, Victoria . They had two daughters, Patricia and Jessica. Also in 1914, he was knighted, and was preoccupied with news of the Scott disaster until the outbreak of World War I. Mawson served 1916-1919 as a Captain (later acting-Major) in the British Ministry of Munitions , based in Liverpool . During this period he established

1632-547: The north sides of Mount Menzies and Mount Rubin and joins the main stream of the Lambert Glacier just east of Mount Stinear . The combined Lambert-Fisher Glacier is said to be 400 kilometres (250 mi) long, up to 100 kilometres (62 mi) wide, and drains about 8 percent of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. This would make it the largest glacier in the world. However, a study released in 2002 showed that

1680-465: The other dogs and themselves: Their meat was tough, stringy and without a vestige of fat. For a change we sometimes chopped it up finely, mixed it with a little pemmican , and brought all to the boil in a large pot of water. We were exceedingly hungry, but there was nothing to satisfy our appetites. Only a few ounces were used of the stock of ordinary food, to which was added a portion of dog's meat, never large, for each animal yielded so very little, and

1728-405: The possibility of formalising a sketch of the creature to produce a geometrical pattern of straight lines....I drew it in the national colours of gold and green." That symbol served until 1985, when a new 'globe' logo based on the Australian and Antarctic continents was developed by the AAD . At the same time the term ANARE fell out of official use the 'globe' logo was also discarded in favour of

1776-701: The premiere of South by Artistic Director Garry Stewart in Adelaide. The acclaimed contemporary dance work reflects upon the treacherous journey across the wilds of eastern Antarctica undertaken by Mawson and his ill-fated team in the summer of 1912–1913. Garry Stewart won Outstanding Achievement in Choreography for South in 2019 at the Australian Dance Awards, presented by AusDance. The work has since toured regional South Australia. David Roberts' account of Mawson's AAE expedition, Alone on

1824-639: The release of Mawson's journals and other expedition records, some historians have questioned Mawson's navigation, risk-taking and leadership. In December 2013, the first opera to be based on Mawson's 1911–1914 expedition to Antarctica, The Call of Aurora (by Tasmanian composer Joe Bugden) was performed at The Peacock Theatre in Hobart. The Call of Aurora investigates the relationship between Douglas Mawson and his wireless operator, Sidney Jeffryes , who developed symptoms of paranoia and had to be relieved of his duties. In 2019, Australian Dance Theatre presented

1872-532: The ship SY  Aurora commanded by Captain John King Davis , departed from Hobart on 2 December 1911, landed at  Cape Denison (named after Hugh Denison , a major backer of the expedition) on Commonwealth Bay on 8 January 1912, and established the Main Base. A second camp was located to the west on the ice shelf in Queen Mary Land . Cape Denison proved to be unrelentingly windy;

1920-421: The term informally as a means of identification with the long and continuous history of Australian expeditions to Antarctica. Soon after being appointed Antarctic Division director in 1949, Dr. Phillip Law saw the need for a recognisable symbol for the fledgling ANARE. His wife, Nel, was an artist and produced the distinctive and enduring circular emblem that Dr Law described as "...a circular badge whose centre

1968-545: The west end of Fisher Glacier, about 30 nautical miles (56 km; 35 mi) west-north-west of Mount McCauley , in the Prince Charles Mountains. Sighted by an ANARE seismic party led by K.B. Mather in January 1958. Named by ANCA after M.J. Goodspeed, geophysicist at Mawson Station in 1957. 73°10′S 61°58′E  /  73.167°S 61.967°E  / -73.167; 61.967 . Two nunataks 16 nautical miles (30 km; 18 mi) west of Mount Scherger, near

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2016-444: The will to move and wished only to remain in his sleeping bag. He began to deteriorate rapidly with diarrhoea and madness. On one occasion Mertz refused to believe he was suffering from frostbite and bit off the tip of his own little finger. This was soon followed by violent raging—Mawson had to sit on his companion's chest and hold down his arms to prevent him from damaging their tent. Mertz suffered further seizures before falling into

2064-468: Was born in England and was brought to Australia as an infant. He completed degrees in mining engineering and geology at the University of Sydney . In 1905 he was made a lecturer in petrology and mineralogy at the University of Adelaide . Mawson's first experience in the Antarctic came as a member of Shackleton's Nimrod Expedition (1907–1909), alongside his mentor Edgeworth David . They were part of

2112-568: Was carried out by five parties from the Main Base and two from the Western Base. Mawson himself was part of a three-man sledging team, the Far Eastern Party , with Xavier Mertz and Lieutenant Belgrave Ninnis , who headed east on 10 November 1912, to survey George V Land . After five weeks of excellent progress mapping the coastline and collecting geological samples, the party was crossing the Ninnis Glacier 480 km east of

2160-428: Was conducted over the years 1929–1931. The Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions were established in 1947 with expeditions to Macquarie Island and Heard Island . In 1948 the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD) was established to administer the expedition program. The name ANARE fell out of official use in the early 2000s. However current and former Australian Antarctic expeditioners continue to use

2208-552: Was damaged in Australia shortly before the expedition departed, plans were changed so it was to be used only as a tractor on skis. However, the engine did not operate well in the cold, and it was removed and returned to Vickers in England. The aircraft fuselage itself was abandoned. On 1 January 2009, fragments of it were rediscovered by the Mawson's Huts Foundation, which is restoring the original huts. Mawson's exploration program

2256-442: Was educated. The Mawson Collection of Antarctic exploration artefacts is on permanent display at the South Australian Museum , including a screening of a recreated version of his journey that was shown on ABC Television on 12 May 2008. Mawson (postcode 2607) is a suburb of Canberra, district of Woden Valley, Australian Capital Territory. The suburb was gazetted in 1966 and is named after him. The theme for street names in this area

2304-518: Was the sole survivor of the three-man Far Eastern Party , which travelled across the Mertz and Ninnis Glaciers named after his two deceased companions. Their deaths forced him to travel alone for over a month to return to the expedition's main base . Mawson was knighted in 1914, and during the second half of World War I worked as a non-combatant with the British and Russian militaries. He returned to

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