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71-532: The Flat Point Tide Pools (or Saba Tide Pools ) are located on the coast of Saba , in the Dutch Caribbean . They are located on the Flat Point peninsula Lower Hell's Gate . These tide pools feature large lava rock formations filled with colorful saltwater pools. The site was formed during volcanic activity about 5,000 years ago. A large lava flow went down the northeast side of the island into

142-723: A Vice-Admiral and fought in the victory over the Spanish Armada , for which he was knighted for gallantry. As Treasurer of the Navy , Hawkins became the chief architect of the Elizabethan Navy. He redesigned the navy so the ships were faster, more manoeuvrable and had more firepower. Hawkins' son, Richard Hawkins , was captured by the Spanish. In response, along with his cousin Sir Francis Drake , he raised

213-800: A coat of arms which displays an enslaved male. Hawkins is widely considered to be the first English merchant to profit from the Triangle Trade ; trading English goods for enslaved people in Africa, then selling those people in the Americas and buying foreign goods to be sold in England after the return journey. Hawkins persuaded Queen Elizabeth I to back his second slave voyage and secured investors from her court, these included Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester and Edward Clinton, 1st Earl of Lincoln , with William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley involved as

284-649: A fleet of ships to attack the Spanish in the West Indies. However, he died at sea during the expedition. John Hawkins was born to a prominent family of ship builders and captains in the naval port of Plymouth in Devon. His exact date of birth is unknown, but was likely between November 1532 and March 1533. He was the second son of William Hawkins , who was the first Englishman to sail to Brazil , and Joan Trelawny, daughter and sole heiress of Roger Trelawny of Brighton, Cornwall . Sir Francis Drake , his second cousin,

355-627: A larger pier geared for tourist boats in 1972. As a result, tourism increased, gradually becoming a major part of the Saban economy. In 1978, Venezuela and the Kingdom of the Netherlands signed the maritime limits treaty that defined the extension of the Dutch and Venezuelan exclusive economic zone in two areas, the first between the islands of Aruba , Curaçao , and Bonaire (in front of

426-456: A particular interest and that this island was not attached to the territory that the Netherlands had received. The Spanish decision of June 30, 1865, declared that the ownership of the Island belonged to Venezuela and that the Netherlands should nevertheless be compensated. It argued that even if the two islands had been united, the sandbank was now separate from the island of Saba and that

497-571: A relative of Lovell, was on the voyage. Lovell sailed to the West African coast in 1566 and through piracy captured five ships, three of which were slave ships . He took the cargo of enslaved people and other goods to the Spanish West Indies to be sold. The sale of the cargo did not go well and Lovell deposited 92 enslaved people ashore without any payment. Drake later recalled the trip with embarrassment and Hawkins ascribed

568-691: A supervisor. The queen allowed Hawkins to charter one of her ships for the trip, the 700 Ton Jesus of Lübeck and for it to fly her flag, the Royal Standard. He set sail from Plymouth on 18 October 1564 with four vessels, Jesus of Lübeck , and 3 ships of his own. He took over 400 enslaved people from Africa, some he bought from the Portuguese, others he kidnapped directly by raiding the coast, he left Africa on 29 January 1565. On 3 April 1565, Hawkins arrived at Borburata in Venezuela, as trade

639-508: A voyage account by John Hawkins . Before its present name, the island was designated "St. Christopher" (San Cristóbal) by Christopher Columbus . Saba is thought to have been inhabited by the Ciboney people as early as the 1100s BC. Later, circa 800 AD, Arawak people from South America settled on the island. Christopher Columbus is said to have sighted the island on 13   November 1493, however, he did not land, being deterred by

710-639: Is St. Paul's Conversion Church in Windward, which dates back to 1860. Missionary activity, the arrival of immigrants from other parts of the Netherlands and other territories in the Caribbean and Europe made the Catholic Church the most popular denomination in the present day, as it represents nearly half of the population. John Hawkins (naval commander) Admiral Sir John Hawkins (also spelled Hawkyns ) (1532 – 12 November 1595)

781-617: Is a 35 hectares (86 acres) national park located on the north coast of Saba. Formerly owned by the Sulphur Mining Company, the park was established in January 1998 and the property was officially turned over to the Saba Conservation Foundation in 1999. It stretches from the coastline all the way up to the cloud forest, and encompasses all vegetation zones present on Saba. The coastline of Saba

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852-461: Is found on the island at lower levels, the small-leaved mahogany ( Swietenia mahagoni ). In the underbrush of the mahogany trees, the Sierran palm ( Prestoea montana ) and tree ferns dominate, with a large variety of epiphytes and Orchids growing on the trunks and branches of all the trees. Wild raspberries and plantain trees can also be found growing on most of the mountain. All seven of

923-729: Is generally mountainous, culminating in Mount Scenery volcano in the island's centre. Off the north coast lies the much smaller Green Island . Saba is the northernmost active volcano in the Lesser Antilles Volcanic Arc chain of islands . At 887 metres (2,910 ft), Mount Scenery is also the highest point within the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The island is composed of a single rhombus -shaped volcano measuring 4.6 kilometres (2.9 mi) east to west and 4.0 kilometres (2.5 mi) north to south The oldest dated rocks on Saba are around 400,000 years old, and

994-402: Is mostly rubble and rocky cliffs that are 100 metres (330 ft) or taller with mostly cobble and boulder permanent beaches. The steep terrain and sheer bluffs dropping almost straight down to the ocean's edge prevents the formation of mangrove swamps or much vegetation. There are eight bays tucked into the cliffs around the island; Cove Bay , Spring Bay, Core Gut Bay, Fort Bay (location of

1065-602: Is not known whether Katherine was Richard's mother or step-mother, because the marriage happened after his birth. Richard spoke fondly of Katherine in later life, consequently it is more likely she was his birth mother. Hawkins made voyages to the Canary Islands in the years leading up to 1561, and there he had learnt about the Atlantic slave trade – taking people from Guinea off the African coast and selling them in

1136-751: Is the Christuskerk (Christ Church), of the Anglican denomination, which was renovated in 1777 after being damaged by a hurricane , and whose exact date of construction is unknown. In the same year, Pastor Kirkpatrick also requested permission from the Dutch commander Johannes de Graaff to officially establish the Anglican Church in Saba before that some locals used the Reformed Church of the Netherlands to celebrate their baptisms. Although

1207-497: Is the medium of instruction in Saba schools. Dutch government policy towards Saba and other SSS islands promotes English-medium education. English can therefore be used in communications of and to the government. Saban English is the local English vernacular spoken on the island. It has previously been described as a decreolized variety of Virgin Islands Creole English . The first dictionary of Saban English

1278-456: Is the smallest territory by permanent population in the Americas. Its towns and major settlements are The Bottom (the capital), Windwardside , Zion's Hill , and St. Johns . Theories about the origin of Saba's name include siba (the Arawakan word for 'rock'), sabot , sábado , and Sheba . The island was referred to by its present name, Saba, as early as 1595 when it appeared in

1349-667: Is the top of a sea mount and it is a prime fishing ground, particularly for lobster. Saba became a special municipality within the country of the Netherlands after the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles on 10 October 2010 and is not part of a Dutch province. The island's constitutional status, as well as those of Sint Eustatius and Bonaire , is set out in the Law on the Public Entities BES (Dutch: Wet op de Openbare Lichamen BES). Sabans vote for members of

1420-543: The Caribbean Saba ( / ˈ s eɪ b ə / SAY -bə , Dutch: [ˈsaːbaː] ) is a Caribbean island and the smallest special municipality (officially " public body ") of the Netherlands . It consists largely of the dormant volcano Mount Scenery , which at 870 metres (2,854.3 ft) is the highest point of the entire Kingdom of the Netherlands . The island lies in

1491-922: The Common Ground Dove , the Brown Noddy, the Least Sandpiper , and the Yellow-billed Tropicbird . The Audubon's Shearwater ( Puffinus lherminieri ) is another common bird, and is the national bird of Saba as well as being featured on their coat of arms . Being an island, Saba is home to a number of endemic species including the Saban black iguana ( Iguana iguana melanoderma ), Red-bellied racer ( Alsophis rufiventris ), Saban anole ( Anolis sabanus ), and Lesser Antillean funnel-eared bat ( Natalus stramineus stramineus ). However, several non-native species have settled on

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1562-530: The Dutch House of Representatives , the members of which are elected on a party-list proportional method . During the 2017 Dutch general election , a majority of Sabans voted for Democrats 66 . Of the island's 2,000 residents, 900 were eligible to vote, and of those, 42.8% (or 385 people) voted. Sabans with Dutch nationality are allowed to vote in elections for the Electoral College to elect

1633-539: The English Armada . One of its goals was to try to intercept the Spanish treasure ships departing from Mexico. One decisive action might have forced Philip II to the negotiating table and avoided fourteen years of continuing warfare. Instead, the voyage failed and the King was able to use the brief respite to rebuild his naval forces and, by the end of 1589, Spain once again had an Atlantic fleet strong enough to escort

1704-661: The Lesser Antilles Endemic Bird Area restricted-range birds occur in the Elfin Forest Reserve . Below the cloud forest is a sub-montane forest , and the variety and average number of species are considerably less. Redwood and Mountain fuchsia tree trees grow wild in this zone, as well as cactus species such as the prickly pear , and Seagrape trees . On the lowest southern and eastern slopes of Saba are grassy meadows and scattered shrubs. Saba National Land Park  [ nl ]

1775-518: The Queen of Spain , because the Netherlands considered the island linked to its colony of Saba by a sand bank , and fishermen from St. Eustatius and Saba had used the place to harvest turtles and birds' eggs, while Venezuela argued that it had inherited the island from Spain which had discovered all the Caribbean islands , that the fishermen were not acting on behalf of any government but for

1846-621: The Roman Catholic Church is currently very active on Saba, it did not establish itself on the island until quite late. One of the earliest contacts includes the visit of Père Labat in 1701. The island was also visited by the Prefect Apostolic of the Catholic Church for the Dutch Colonies in the Caribbean in 1836 Monsignor Martinus Niewindt, according to his report there was no Catholic priest to attend

1917-620: The Saba University School of Medicine . Both English and Dutch are spoken on the island and taught in schools, and both languages are official. Despite the island's Dutch affiliation, English is the principal language spoken on the island and has been used in its school system since the 19th century. Dutch is spoken by 34% of the population, while English is spoken by over 96% of the population. The majority (67%) of Sabans speak more than one language, including English, Dutch, Spanish, Papiamento, and many others. English

1988-469: The Spanish Armada , he was part of the war council and third in command overall. Hawkins had an extensive influence on the outcome of the engagement not only through his command, but because his improved ship designs, while acting as Treasurer of the Navy, had given the fleet more firepower and speed. After that victory, Hawkins urged the seizure of Philip II 's colonial treasure, in order to stop Spain re-arming. In 1589, Hawkins sailed with Francis Drake in

2059-606: The Spanish Caribbean colonies. For his first slave voyage he formed a syndicate with Sir William Winter , Sir Lionel Duckett , Sir Thomas Lodge , his father-in-law Benjamin Gonson, and others to share the risk and cost of the voyage. In 1562, he set sail with three ships ( Saloman , Jonas , and Swallow ) travelling down the African coast as far as Sierra Leone , he captured people and enslaved them as he went, taking around 300 people in total. From there he sailed to

2130-753: The State of Falcon in Venezuela and next to the Los Monjes Archipelago ) and a second area further north that includes the islands of Saba and St. Eustatius, the latter taking as a reference the Isla de Aves (the northernmost point of Venezuela in the Caribbean Sea ). At that time, the six islands were part of an administrative entity called the Netherlands Antilles . The treaty recognizes an equidistant or median line between

2201-543: The American treasure ships home. Katherine Hawkins, his wife, died in 1591; he then married Margaret Vaughan (d. 1619), daughter of Charles Vaughan , a Lady of the Bedchamber of Queen Elizabeth I. In 1593, Richard Hawkins , his son, was defeated and captured by the Spanish at a naval battle called the action of San Mateo Bay . With his cousin, Sir Francis Drake , John Hawkins raised a fleet of 27 ships to attack

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2272-433: The Caribbean colonies, and some of them also became pirates, a few taking haven on Saba. As the island's coast is forbidding and steep, the island became a private sanctuary for the families of smugglers and pirates. One notable Saban pirate was Hiram Beakes , son of the Dutch councillor of the island. In August 1857 Venezuela and The Netherlands submitted a dispute over the possession of Isla de Aves to arbitration by

2343-419: The Caribbean in an effort to quell a rebellion after he had forcibly procured their lands for his Scottish noble supporters. Historically, Saba was traded among the many European nations that fought for power in the region. Slaves from Africa were also imported to work on Saba. In recent years Saba has become home to a large group of expatriates , and around 250 immigrants who are either students or teachers at

2414-532: The Caribbean, he did not have permission from either Spain or Portugal to trade with their colonies so he sold his enslaved people in Isabella, Puerto de Plata and Monte Christi – places where the local authorities did not enforce government trade embargoes. The enslaved people were traded for pearls, hides and sugar. The trade was so prosperous that, on his return to England, the College of Arms granted Hawkins

2485-595: The Flat Point area, including the Common Ground Dove , the Brown Noddy, the Least Sandpiper , and the White-tailed Tropicbird . Rip currents can occur in the Flat Point tide pools, especially from November to April. The Saba Conservation Foundation advises hikers visiting the tide pools to be cautious and alert, and to stay safely distanced from the surf. Additionally, the volcanic rocks are jagged and can be sharp. Saba (island) in

2556-544: The French colony of Fort Caroline in Florida. Finding them in need, he traded his smallest ship and a quantity of provisions to them for cannon, powder, and shot, that they no longer needed, as they were preparing to return to France. The provisions gained from Hawkins enabled the French to survive and prepare to move back home as soon as possible. The voyage returned a profit reported at 60%. Hawkins brought back to England

2627-632: The Island of Aves and the Island of Saba as a maritime boundary . A status referendum was held in Saba on 5   November 2004, and 86.05% of the population voted for closer links to the Netherlands. This was duly achieved in October 2010, when the Netherlands Antilles was dissolved and Saba became a special municipality of the Netherlands . Saba is a small island at 13 square kilometres (5.0 sq mi) in size and roughly circular in shape. It lies north-west of Sint Eustatius and south-west of Saint Barthélemy and Sint Maarten . The terrain

2698-483: The Navy upset many who had vested interests. In 1582, his rival, Sir William Wynter , accused him of administrative malfeasance, instigating a Royal Commission on fraud against him. The commission, under William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley , Francis Walsingham , and Drake, concluded that there was no corruption, and that the Queen's Navy was in first-rate condition. Hawkins served as a Vice-Admiral during victory against

2769-416: The Spanish in the West Indies. They set sail from Plymouth on 29 August 1595. Bad weather and skirmishes with the Spanish fleet hampered their efforts to get his son back. On 12 November 1595, it was reported that Hawkins had died at sea close to Puerto Rico . Hawkins’ legacy divides opinion. The historian Geoffrey Elton appraised Hawkins as "one of the founding-fathers of England's naval tradition ... he

2840-433: The failure to the "simpleness" of his deputies. The queen had forbidden Hawkins from going to sea but she relented, and he arranged a third slave voyage, departing Plymouth on 2 October 1567. Arriving at the African coast, he could not secure enslaved people with ease because the local Portuguese agents were unwilling to trade with him. He attempted to capture and kidnap the inhabitants of a village near Cape Verde , but he

2911-497: The first state to have a military force and to exercise sovereignty there had been Venezuela, which had inherited it from the Captaincy General of Venezuela . During that time, Saba lace , a Spanish form of needlework introduced by a nun from Venezuela, became an important product made by the island's women. Throughout the late 19th   century and early 20th   century, the primary source of revenue for

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2982-694: The island at that time. He returned in May of the same year with the Venezuelan priest Manuel Romero who had settled in Curaçao 1 year earlier for political reasons. Communication was difficult at first because neither of the two priests spoke English, Romero spoke only Spanish and Niewindt spoke only French and Dutch . In June 1836, the first Catholic mass on the island was officially celebrated in Saba, and five children were presented for baptism. The oldest Catholic Church on record and still functioning today

3053-443: The island came from the lacework produced by these women. During this period of time, with most of the island's men gone out to sea for extended periods, the island became known as "The Island of Women". In 1943, Joseph "Lambee" Hassell, a self-taught engineer, began building a road on Saba, drastically improving transport on the island, which had been carried out only by foot or by mule previously. An airport followed in 1963, and

3124-670: The island governor and two commissioners appointed by the Island Council, currently both members of the WIPM. Each member of the Executive Council is assigned portfolios to oversee. The population of Saba (the Sabans ) was 2,010 in 2017. Saba's small size has led to a fairly small number of island families, who can trace their last names back to around a half-dozen families. This means that many last names are shared across

3195-452: The island in 1816. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Saba's major industries were sugar , indigo , and rum produced on plantations owned by Dutchmen living on St. Eustatius, and later fishing , particularly lobster fishing. To work these plantations, enslaved people were imported from Africa. In the 17th century, Saba was believed to be a favourite hideout for Jamaican pirates . England also deported its "undesirable" people to live in

3266-501: The island is of particular value to sea birds, and has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA AN006 – "Saba Coastline") by BirdLife International . Saba is home to about sixty species of birds, many of which are sea birds that use the holes and crevices of the steep cliffs and two small islands for breeding and feed in the waters around the island. Saba's shoreline is home to the Caribbean's largest breeding colony of Red-billed tropicbird ( Phaethon aethereus ). Other birds include

3337-555: The island's government. The incumbent island governor is Jonathan G. A. Johnson . Saba's legislative body is the Island Council , of which there are five members. Councillors are elected by the citizens of the island every four years. The Island Council holds the power to: Following the 2023 island elections, the Windward Islands People's Movement (WIPM) holds three seats on the Island Council, while

3408-547: The island's only port), Tent Bay, Ladder Bay , Wells Bay and Cave of Rum Bay. Saba's coastline also includes the Flat Point Tide Pools , which were created by a large lava flow thousands of years ago. These tide pools are located below the airport at Flat Point, and feature large lava rock formations filled with colorful saltwater pools. The pools are home to diverse marine life, including small fish, sea urchins , crabs, and sea flora. The shoreline of

3479-657: The island's perilous rocky shores. In 1632, a group of shipwrecked Englishmen landed upon Saba. In the 1640s, the Dutch governor of the neighbouring island of Sint Eustatius sent several Dutch families over to colonise the island for the Dutch West India Company . In 1664, refusing to swear allegiance to the English crown, these original Dutch settlers were evicted to St.   Maarten by Jamaican governors pirates Edward , Thomas , and Henry Morgan . The Netherlands eventually gained complete control of

3550-627: The island, including the Underwood's spectacled tegu ( Gymnophthalmus underwoodi ), brahminy blind snake ( Indotyphlops braminus ), and non-native iguanas, all of which are believed to have arrived on cargo shipments from St. Maarten. About 4.3 kilometres (2.7 mi) southwest of the island is the northeastern edge of the Saba Bank , the largest submarine atoll in the Atlantic Ocean with an especially rich biodiversity. Saba Bank

3621-495: The island, the most numerous being Hassell, Johnson and Every; these three names are shared by upwards of 30% of Saba's population. Most families' ancestry is a result of the intermixing of Africans , Dutch , English , and Scottish . The population is also partly descended from the Irish who were exiled from that country after the accession of King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland in 1625. Charles exiled these Irish to

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3692-483: The marriage of Mary I of England and Philip II of Spain . Hawkins was known to have frequently referred to King Philip II as "my old master". The Spanish Castilianised his name where he was known as Juan Aquines. Circa 1559, he dissolved his partnership with this brother, taking £10,000 from the business and moving to London. He married Katherine Gonson, daughter of Benjamin Gonson , a prominent Royal Navy administrator. He had one son, Richard Hawkins (born 1562). It

3763-645: The members of the Dutch Senate . The 2019 elections on Saba, held concurrently with the 2019 Island Council Elections resulted in four of the five Saban seats in the Electoral College going to the Windward Islands People's Movement and one seat going to the Saba Labour Party . The island governor is the head of the government of Saba. The Dutch monarch appoints the governor for a term of six years, and he or she falls under

3834-412: The most recent eruption was shortly before the 1630s European settlement (280 years B.P. ). Between 1995 and 1997, an increase in local seismic activity was associated with a 7–12 °C (45–54 °F) rise in the temperature of the hot springs on the island's northwest and southeast coasts. There is an 8.6 hectares (21 acres) cloud forest located at and above 825 metres (2,707 ft) on top of

3905-417: The mountain referred to as the "Elfin Forest Reserve" because of its high altitude mist and mossy appearance. The most dominant tree in the cloud forest is the Mountain Mahogany ( Freziera undulate ), although hurricanes over the years have destroyed a large number of the mature trees. Despite the name, the mountain mahogany is not related to other mahogany species; although one species of true mahogany tree

3976-433: The new Party for Progress, Equality, and Prosperity held two. In 2019, Esmeralda Johnson was the youngest person ever to be elected to the council. Members of the Island Council are: The Executive Council, appointed by the Island Council, acts as the executive branch of government. The council has the following responsibilities: The council appoints the island secretary, currently Tim Muller. The council consists of

4047-412: The northern Leeward Islands portion of the West Indies , southeast of the Virgin Islands . Together with Bonaire and Sint Eustatius it forms the BES islands , also known as the Caribbean Netherlands . Saba has a land area of 13 square kilometres (5.0 sq mi). The population was 1,911 in January 2022, with a population density of 147 inhabitants per square kilometre (380/sq mi). It

4118-422: The ocean, forming the Flat Point peninsula as it cooled. Today the Flat Point Tide Pools are home to diverse marine life, and are a popular hiking location. The site is accessible via the Flat Point Trail below Saba's airport . The tide pools are a popular hiking location, and can be reached by the Flat Point Trail. The trail access is located on road going from Saba's airport to Cove Bay . The trail passes by

4189-431: The ruins of an indigo boiling house, that was part of a 17th-18th century sugar and indigo plantation (referred to as "Flat Point Plantation" by archeologists). The hike is about 15-25 minutes each way. The tide pools are home to including small fish, sea urchins , crabs, and sea flora. Off the coast are protected coral reefs that are part of the Saba National Marine Park . Birdwatchers can see numerous bird species in

4260-487: The same time raising naval pay. He reformed the design of galleons so that they were longer, able to carry a larger number of guns, more manoeuvrable and faster moving. As a result of Hawkins' reforms, according to Garrett Mattingly , the Navy was a "fighting-fleet faster and more weatherly than any that had ever been seen on the ocean before". He also increased the size of the Navy, so that by 1587 it consisted of 23 ships and 18 pinnaces . Hawkins's financial reforms of

4331-402: The supervision of the minister of the interior and kingdom relations . The island governor chairs meetings of both the Island Council and the Executive Council. They are also responsible for representing the island's government both in and out of court, maintaining public order, implementing policy and legislation, coordinating with other governments, and receiving and handling complaints about

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4402-405: The sweet potato and tobacco, which was initially used as a narcotic ; smoking did not gain in popularity until years later. Hawkins first two slave voyages had angered the Spanish and in response the queen had prohibited Hawkins from going to sea. Instead he arranged his next slave voyage and gave the captaincy to a relative of his called John Lovell . Sir Francis Drake, who is also likely to be

4473-483: The town in a battle, before selling the enslaved people. The Battle of San Juan de Ulúa was fought between English privateers and Spanish forces at San Juan de Ulúa . The English fleet consisting of six armed merchant ships under Hawkins had been trading alongside the Spanish with the cooperation of local Spanish officials. The central Spanish authorities considered this to be illegal smuggling. Hawkins' ships were attacked unexpectedly, Drake fled on Judith and Hawkins

4544-401: The visit of Christopher Columbus in 1493, but this did not mean the immediate arrival of the Catholic Church . It is believed that the first Christian groups to settle on the island were Protestants coming from the Netherlands in 1640. During the period of nominal Spanish domination , the island was included in the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Puerto Rico The oldest church on record

4615-432: Was a man of commanding presence and intellect, of outstanding abilities as a seaman, administrator, fighter and diplomat." More recently he has been described as a pirate and slave trader. The Royal Navy named a heavy cruiser, HMS  Hawkins after him, the ship was in commission between 1919 and 1947. The Hospital of Sir John Hawkins, Knight, in Chatham, Kent , was originally built by him and takes his name. In

4686-406: Was an English naval commander, naval administrator, privateer and slave trader. Hawkins pioneered, and was an early promoter of, English involvement in the Atlantic slave trade . He is considered to be the first English merchant to profit from the Triangle Trade , selling enslaved people from Africa to the Spanish colonies in the West Indies in the late 16th century. In 1588, Hawkins served as

4757-432: Was brought up and lived in the same Protestant household as Hawkins. Hawkins killed a man, a barber from Plymouth called White, before the age of 20. The coroner decided White was the antagonist, and Hawkins's father secured a royal pardon. He worked with his older brother William Hawkins in the shipping industry and in privateering. He is thought to have done some service for the ambassadors from Spain, who negotiated

4828-509: Was defeated. His remaining ship Minions limped home with only around 15 crew. The expedition, however, was financially rewarding as he had managed to transfer most of his trading income onto Minion . In 1578 Hawkins was appointed Treasurer of the Navy , briefly he worked alongside his father-in-law, Benjamin Gonson, before taking full control of the position. He embarked on a comprehensive reform of naval administration and managed to achieve an annual saving of nearly £4,000 per annum, while at

4899-474: Was prohibited, he carried out a fake threat of force with the local governor's collusion. He then travelled to Rio de la Hacha where he used force to ensure he secured the deals he thought fair. He sold 300 enslaved people, clothing, linen and wine. He was paid in gold, silver and other precious items and took further orders to sell enslaved people on a future voyage. After completing his business, Hawkins prepared to return to England. Needing water, he sailed to

4970-410: Was published in 2016. Saba has a predominantly Christian population. The main denominations are Catholicism (45%), Non-denominational Christianity (18%), Anglicanism (9%), Evangelicalism (4%), and Pentecostalism 4%, with an additional 11% adhering to other Christian denominations. In addition, 6% of the population is Muslim . The first contact with Christians on the island occurred with

5041-430: Was wounded and had to retreat. Hawkins recruited a local king in Sierra Leone to help him forcibly kidnap people, capturing over 500 people. On 7 February 1568, he set sail across the Atlantic Ocean to sell these people. He sold some of his captives in Margarita Province and others in Borburata. At Rio de la Hacha , the governor refused him permission to trade, so Sir Francis Drake shot at his house and Hawkins took over

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