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87-508: It is recognized as the "National Capital of Footwear" and "National Basketball Capital" in Brazil, serving as the industrial and economic hub for a region of 19 municipalities, with a combined population of 672,053, between the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais . In 2018, the city was ranked as the fifth best place to live in Brazil, and in 2023, as the sixth safest medium sized city in the country. It has also maintained its position as one of

174-568: A 2013 autosomal DNA study, the ancestral composition of the state of Minas Gerais can be described as: 59.20% European, 28.90% African and 11.90% Native American During the time of the gold rush, thousands of Portuguese immigrated to Brazil (mainly from the Minho), and many of them to Minas Gerais, the place where the gold rush activities took place. Most of them came from Entre Douro e Minho, in Northern Portugal. The reference book for

261-484: A Black mother and a Portuguese father) and Cabras (people of mixed ancestry, usually with high degree of Amerindian admixture). Black people and "Mulattoes" predominated in the population after the beginning of the colonization. By the 19th century, however, whites were already the largest single group in the Minas Gerais population. Taking the population as a whole (all groups included), European genes account for

348-553: A diverse industrial sector, including production in metal, furniture, food, and beverages. Franca is also located in the Alta Mogiana region, known for its coffee production due to the abundance of fertile soil and a favorable climate for cultivation. The city has also had a long-standing jewelry and diamond industry, making it one of Brazil's prominent diamond-cutting centers. In 2021, the estimated Gross domestic product (GDP) of Franca reached R$ 11.28 billion. The GDP per capita

435-417: A great social mobility to former slaves, mainly for women. In Tejuco , the percentage of White males who were head of family (37.7%) was very similar to the percentage of Black women who were head of family (38.5%). Many former slaves were able to accumulate goods and many of them became slave owners as well. Some Black people and mainly Mulattos were able to integrate themselves in the highest social stratum of

522-663: A hundred indigenous groups inhabited the current territory of Minas Gerais at the time of the arrival of the Portuguese. In the valleys of the Doce , Jequitinhonha and Mucuri rivers, people generally known as " botocudos " lived, such as the Maxakalis , Maconis, Naquenuques, Aranãs, Krenaks and Pataxós . Northern Minas Gerais was dominated by the Kiriris and Xakriabás . Center, western and southern Minas Gerais were inhabited by

609-533: A large number of these families is "Velhos Troncos Mineiros" (Old Mineiro Branches) by Raimundo Trindade. The Native American population of Minas Gerais was estimated to be at 97,000 in 1500, by the time the Portuguese arrived in Brazil in 1500 (John Hemming in " Red Gold: The Conquest of the Brazilian Indians "). The ancestry of the Africans brought to Minas Gerais was both West African and Bantu, with

696-524: A million people, in turn, consider themselves irreligious, of which around seventy thousand are atheists and just over seven thousand are agnostics. Minas Gerais is the second-largest consumer market in Brazil, behind the state of São Paulo. It shares 10.4% of the Brazilian consumer market. Companies of this Brazilian state have access to 49% of the Brazilian consumer market, with estimated consumption potential of 223 billion US dollars. The service sector

783-872: A new branch connecting Ribeirão Preto to Uberaba . Due to the expansion of coffee production between the XIX and XX centuries, many italian immigrants settled in Franca, and the first shoe factory emerged in the late 1920s. Franca took part in the Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932 , losing six residents who fought to death for São Paulo. Franca is one of the largest footwear producers in Brazil and Latin America, home to thousands of medium and large industries, including those focused on footwear component production and design centers that train new professionals for domestic and international careers. It hosts

870-542: A population of 20,539,989 according to the 2022 census . Located in the Southeast Region of the country, it is bordered to south and southwest by São Paulo ; Mato Grosso do Sul to the west; Goiás and the Federal District to the northwest; Bahia to the north and northeast; Espírito Santo to the east; and Rio de Janeiro to the southeast. The state's capital and largest city, Belo Horizonte ,

957-603: A population that lived there thousands of years ago, nicknamed the "Lagoa Santa People". The region of Minas Gerais was inhabited by indigenous peoples as long as 11,400 to 12,000 years ago, based on the estimated age of the Luzia woman , the name of the oldest human fossil found in the Americas. Luzia was found in 1974 in excavations in Lapa Vermelha, a cave between the municipalities of Lagoa Santa and Pedro Leopoldo , in

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1044-440: A predominance of the former initially and a predominance of the latter later. Religion in Minas Gerais (2010) According to the 2010 Brazilian census , most of the population consider themselves to be Catholic, which puts the state in ninth place when considering the percentage of the population belonging to this religion (70.4%). Although the number of Catholics has been gradually decreasing in recent years, Roman Catholicism

1131-477: A short time led to epidemics and food shortages. In 1697, the Portuguese used enslaved African labor to start building the Estrada Real , the "royal road," that would connect the ports of cities of Rio de Janeiro and Paraty to the mineral-rich regions of Vila Rica, Serro, and, at the northernmost point, Diamantina. São Paulo settlers considered themselves owners of the gold taken from the mines, claiming

1218-481: A whole. Monogamy and weddings in churches would only take root in Brazil in the 19th century, fitting the moral standards imposed by the Church. The role of women in colonial Minas Gerais was much more dynamic than it would be allowed by the standards of the time. Many women used to live on their own, were heads of family and worked, particularly the "women of color" and former slaves. The society of Minas Gerais provided

1305-406: Is 1 bank (2007) In the vehicle fleet there were 1,820 automobiles, 324 trucks, 393 pickup trucks, 24 buses, and 329 motorcycles (2007). In the health sector there were 6 health clinics and 1 hospital with 22 beds (2005). Educational needs of 2,550 students were attended to by 5 primary schools, 1 middle school, and 1 pre-primary school. In 2000 the per capita monthly income of R$ 246.00 was below

1392-480: Is a major urban and finance center in Brazil, being the sixth most populous municipality in the country while its metropolitan area ranks as the third largest in Brazil with just over 5.8 million inhabitants, after those of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro . Minas Gerais' territory is subdivided into 853 municipalities , the largest number among Brazilian states. The state's terrain is quite rugged and some of Brazil's highest peaks are located in its territory. It

1479-481: Is also home to the source of some of Brazil's main rivers, such as the São Francisco and Grande rivers, which places it in a strategic position with regard to the country's water resources. It has a tropical climate , which varies from colder and humid in the south to semi-arid in its northern portion. All of these combined factors provide it with a rich fauna and flora distributed in the biomes that cover

1566-702: Is derived from the tribe of the Maxakali . The Maxakalisaurus fossils belonged to an animal about 13 meters (43.3 ft) long, with an estimated weight of 9 tons, although, according to paleontologist Alexander Kellner , it could reach a length of approximately 20 meters (65 ft). It had a long neck and tail, ridged teeth (unusual among sauropods) and lived about 80 million years ago. Because sauropods seem to have lacked significant competition in South America, they evolved there with greater diversity and more unusual traits than elsewhere in

1653-489: Is historically explainable: southern Minas Gerais, in the border with São Paulo , received larger numbers of Portuguese farmers in colonial times. In the late 19th century, Italian immigrants also arrived. The north region, close to Bahia , was a place to the arrival of many African slaves since the 18th century. The central part of the state, where the capital Belo Horizonte is, has a more balanced ratio between White, Black and mixed people. The population of Minas Gerais

1740-697: Is in Ribeirão Preto . Mining, services, small industries, and agriculture are the main economic activities. In 2005 338 workers were employed in 12 transformation industries. The GDP in 2005 was approximately R$ 280 million, with 44 million reais from taxes, 54 million reais from services, 152 million reais from industry, and 30 million reais from agriculture. There were 888 rural producers on 46,000 hectares of land. Approximately 5,800 persons were occupied in agriculture. The main crops are coffee (7,000 hectares), corn and soybeans. There were 23,000 head of cattle, of which 8,000 were milk cows (2006). There

1827-478: Is pleasantly in the midst of vast pastures, in an uncovered region, sown by bushes and cut by deep valleys. This charming village occupies the center of a path of land, wide and rounded, on each side. bathed by a small stream. At the time of my voyage, there were only about fifty houses there, but the sites for the construction of a large number of them were already marked, and it was easy to see that Franca would not take long to acquire greatness. The parish of Franca

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1914-583: Is still strongly rooted in Minas Gerais' culture, especially in rural areas and inland cities where celebrations and festivities organized by community parishes are common, but religious pluralism has also grown in recent years. Almost four million inhabitants are evangelical. According to the number of followers, the Assembleias de Deus (more than seven hundred thousand followers), the Baptist Church (more than five hundred thousand followers) and

2001-415: Is the largest component of GDP at 47.1%, followed by the industrial sector at 44.1%. agriculture represents 8.8% of GDP (2004). Main exports: mineral products 44.4%, metals 15.8%, vegetable products 13%, precious metals 5.5%, foodstuffs 4.9%, transportation 3.5% (2012). Its share of the Brazilian economy in 2005 was 9%. Minas Gerais had an industrial GDP of R $ 128.4 billion in 2017, equivalent to 10.7% of

2088-513: Is the result of an intense mixture of peoples, particularly between Black Africans and Portuguese. In colonial Minas Gerais, the population was divided in five different categories: Whites , mostly Portuguese; Africans , who often did not have a surname and were usually known for their region of origin (for example Francisca Benguela would refer to Benguela ); Crioulos (Black people born in Brazil, usually to both African parents); Mulattoes (people of mixed Black and White ancestry, usually born to

2175-606: The Foursquare Church (almost three hundred and fifty thousand adherents) stand out. Around 420 thousand people in the state are followers of Spiritism , whose important promoter in Brazil was the Minas Gerais-born medium Chico Xavier . There are also several other religious minorities in the state, including Umbanda and Candomblé , which together have less than twenty thousand followers and whose rituals are sometimes confused with folk traditions. Almost

2262-659: The Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte . Based on the analysis of Luzia and her people's cranial morphology, it was theorized that they had Australoid features, having belonged to a population that arrived in the Americas before the ancestors of Amerindians . However, with the analysis of the genetic material of the human remains of the Lagoa Santa People, it was found that this prehistoric population had completely Amerindian DNA, therefore ruling out any relationship with Australasian populations and

2349-527: The Vila Rica Revolt took place against taxes on gold and, as a result, that same year the Captaincy of Minas Gerais was created after the dismemberment of São Paulo e Minas do Ouro. The first capital of Minas Gerais, and seat of the local see, was the city of Mariana; it was later moved to Vila Rica. In the late 18th century, Vila Rica was the largest city in Brazil and one of the most populous in

2436-542: The "Inconfidentes", as the rebels became known. In the economic history of Brazil, Minas Gerais plays a pivotal role in shifting the economic axis from the Brazilian northeast (based on sugarcane, that starts declining in the 18th century) to the southeast of the country, which still remains the major economic center. The large amounts of gold found in the region attracted the attention of Portugal back to Brazil, progressively turning Rio de Janeiro into an important port city, from where these would be shipped to Portugal and where

2523-649: The 2022 census, Franca had a population density of 582.05 inhabitants per square kilometer (1,507.5/sq mi). The municipality belongs to the Immediate Geographic Region of Franca , which encompasses 10 other municipalities with a combined population of 420,000 as of 2017. The region is part of the Intermediate Geographic Region of Ribeirão Preto . In 2010, the Human Development Index (HDI) for Franca

2610-416: The Americas. The Portuguese Crown then began to strictly control the mining of gold, instating a 20% tax of everything that was produced, which became known as "the fifth". The captaincy's population continued to grow, but until then there were only small subsistence agricultural crops, which required the import of products from other regions of the colony. New access ways to the region began to be created and

2697-422: The Brazilian cities with the best urban sanitation ratios. Franca was founded as a parish in 1805, initially part of Mogi Mirim until 1824. Its city status was granted in 1856. The history of Franca begins with the bandeiras of Bartolomeu Bueno da Silva (The Anhanguera) in the 18th century. During the opening of the route known as "Caminho de Goiás" (route to Goiás), new settlements were established along

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2784-609: The Cataguás, who were the most numerous indigenous group in Minas Gerais' territory in colonial times, so much so that the region was known as "Campos Gerais dos Cataguases" in the time of the bandeirantes . The regions of Triângulo Mineiro and Alto Paranaíba were inhabited by the Kayapos and Araxás, while the Zona da Mata was populated by the Puri . The region of Minas Gerais close to

2871-549: The Portuguese crown would eventually move its administration in 1808 after Napoleon Bonaparte's invasion of Portugal (see Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil ). Due to the economic importance of the state and the particular traits of the local population—famed for its reserved and balanced character—Minas Gerais has also played an important role on national politics. During the 19th century, politicians such as José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva were instrumental in

2958-576: The banks of the Carmo river and built his camp there, which gave rise to the town of Nossa Senhora do Carmo (now Mariana ). Two years later, Antônio Dias de Oliveira discovered gold at the foot of the Itacolomi Peak and founded his settlement there, the embryo of Vila Rica (currently Ouro Preto ). In 1702, João de Siqueira Afonso discovered precious stones in the Rio das Mortes valley. Initially, gold

3045-507: The best Colombia-origin emeralds, and are most often a bluish-green color. Each region of the state has a distinct character, geographically and to a certain extent culturally. According to the modern (2017) geographic classification by Brazil's National Institute of Geography and Statistics ( IBGE ), which succeeded the division in mesoregions and microregions (1988), the state is now divided in 13 intermediate geographic regions , each one divided in immediate geographic regions (70 total in

3132-558: The border with São Paulo, Mato Grosso do Sul and Goiás was occupied by the Bororós . However, during the first centuries of the colonization of Brazil, the indigenous people of this region were captured by the bandeirantes to be enslaved and the groups that revolted were exterminated, which caused a great reduction in the indigenous population, leaving currently only five groups: the Xakriabás, Krenaks, Maxakalis, Pataxós and Pankararus,

3219-461: The city and the surrounding area. The municipality is traversed by various waterways, including the Rio das Canoas, Rio Pouso Alegre, Rio São João, and Ribeirão Salgado. Franca has a tropical savanna climate (Aw), with milder temperatures due to its elevation. The city experiences dry winters, rainy summers, and moderate temperatures year-round. Prior to the current climate classification (1961-1990), it

3306-441: The emigration of a large part of the population until a new cycle (that of coffee) once again brought Minas Gerais national prominence and whose end led to the relatively late industrialization process. Minas Gerais currently has the third largest GDP among Brazilian states, with a large part of it still being the product of mining activities. The state also has a notable infrastructure, with a large number of hydroelectric plants and

3393-495: The end of the 16th century, bandeirantes traveled the territory of Minas Gerais in search of gold and precious stones. Many of their expeditions were supported by the Portuguese Crown, among which those of Fernão Dias and his son-in-law Borba Gato , who left the village of São Paulo in 1674, stand out. In the 17th century, the colonization of northern Minas Gerais began, with the settlement of cattle herders, due to

3480-577: The establishment of the Brazilian Empire under the rule of Pedro I and later his son, Pedro II . After the installation of the First Brazilian Republic , during the early 20th century, Minas Gerais shared the control of the national political scene with São Paulo in what became known as the " coffee with milk politics " (coffee being the major product of São Paulo, and milk representing Minas Gerais' dairy industry, despite

3567-540: The expansion of livestock farming in the northeastern Sertão , and of bandeirantes , in search of precious stones and indigenous people to enslave. Between 1692 and 1693, the bandeirante Antônio Rodrigues Arzão discovered the first gold deposits in the territory of Minas Gerais. In the following years, bandeirantes from the towns of São Paulo and Taubaté traveled through the Das Velhas region looking for gold. In 1696, Salvador Fernandes Furtado discovered gold on

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3654-538: The first book to be written by a black woman in Brazil — Sagrada Teologia do Amor Divino das Almas Peregrinas . During the 18th century, mining exploration was strongly controlled by the Portuguese Crown , which imposed heavy taxes on everything extracted (one fifth of all gold would go to the Crown). Several rebellions were attempted by the colonists, always facing strong reaction by the imperial crown. One of

3741-544: The first civil president after the 1964 military coup. However, he died after a series of health complications just as he was about to assume the position. Also, Itamar Franco , former president of Brazil, lived there, though he was not born in Minas Gerais. Minas Gerais features some of the longest rivers in Brazil, most notably the São Francisco , the Paraná and to a lesser extent, the Doce river . The state also holds many hydroelectric power plants, including Furnas . Some of

3828-598: The first of its kind in Minas Gerais. The territory is situated within the Serra da Galga Formation , where more than 10,000 fossils of various prehistoric creatures have been unearthed. Among these discoveries, the Uberabatitan ribeiroi found in 2004 ranks among the largest ever discovered in Latin America. According to the 2022 census , there were 20,539,989 people residing in the state. The population density

3915-462: The flow of people and goods increased intensely, thus creating the first large consumer market in Brazil. Villages appeared along these access points, therefore playing a key role in the population of the captaincy. Among these routes, the Caminho Novo stands out, which connected the mining regions to Rio de Janeiro. The intense mix of people associated with wealth from gold and urban life led to

4002-612: The formation of a new, culturally diverse society, with several musicians, artists, sculptors and artisans. Among the cultural movements, the work of Aleijadinho and Master Ataíde stands out, among others, which allowed the flourishing of a local Baroque . Aleijadinho's sculptural and architectural work, as exhibited in the Twelve Prophets and The Church of Saint Francis of Assisi in Ouro Preto, are prime examples of this period. In addition to art and architecture, there

4089-506: The former slaves were women and only 37% men. Since interracial relationships between "women of color" and White men were widespread, the female slaves were more likely to be freed than the male slaves. The monogamous family structure that the Catholic Church tried to deploy in colonial Brazil was the exception in Minas Gerais. At that time cohabitation and temporary relationships predominated in Minas Gerais, as well as in Brazil as

4176-688: The highest peaks in Brazil are in the mountain ranges in the southern part of the state, such as the Mantiqueira Mountains and Serra do Cervo, that mark the border between Minas and its neighbors São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The most notable one is the Bandeira peak , the third highest mountain in Brazil at 2,890 m, standing on the border with Espírito Santo state. The state also has huge reserves of iron and sizeable reserves of gold and gemstones, including emerald , topaz and aquamarine mines. Emeralds found in this location are comparable to

4263-426: The initial settlement occurred at Luzia's time. Starting in this period, cultural characteristics emerged, such as the use of stone or bone, the creation of cemeteries and small grain silos, as well as cave paintings. Later, about four thousand years ago, it is speculated that vegetable cultivation occurred, in particular corn, and that two thousand years ago, ceramic products were already being manufactured. More than

4350-412: The largest road network in the country. Due to its natural beauty and historical heritage, Minas Gerais is an important tourist destination. It is known for its heritage of colonial architecture and art in historical cities such as Ouro Preto and Diamantina , São João del-Rei , Mariana , Tiradentes , Congonhas , Sabará and Serro . In the south, its tourist points are hydro-mineral spas, such as

4437-417: The latter also being an important coffee producer). Minas Gerais was also home to two of the most influential Brazilian politicians of the second half of the 20th century. Juscelino Kubitschek was president from 1956 to 1961, and he was responsible for the construction of Brasília as the new capital of Brazil. Tancredo Neves had an extensive political career that culminated with his election in 1984 to be

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4524-496: The latter coming from Pernambuco 's hinterlands. The first European expedition into Minas Gerais' territory was led by Spaniards Francisco Bruza Espinosa and Juan de Azpilcueta Navarro between 1553 and 1555, which left the coast of Bahia and traveled through northern Minas Gerais. In the following decades, other expeditions known as "entries", coming from the Brazil's northeastern coast, traveled through this same region, such as that of Sebastião Fernandes Tourinho in 1573. From

4611-568: The majority of the Minas Gerais genetic heritage, which has been explained on the basis of the extremely high mortality rates of the enslaved African population and lower reproductive rate of African slaves (the vast majority of them were males, among other reasons for their lower reproductive success). The Amerindian population was hit hard by the diseases brought by the European colonists and they did not have much of an impact either, especially in Minas Gerais, where European presence and colonization

4698-603: The metal in what is now the Central-West region of Brazil, finding it years later in Goiás and Mato Grosso . Prior to 1720, Minas Gerais was part of the captaincy of São Vicente . The imposition of the authority of the Portuguese Crown contributed to the end of the conflict, with the creation of the Captaincy of São Paulo and Minas do Ouro in 1709. In 1711, the first villages were created in Minas Gerais, namely Sabará , Vila Rica and Vila de Nossa Senhora do Carmo. In 1720,

4785-639: The most important was the Vila Rica revolt that ended with the execution of Filipe dos Santos, the revolt's leader, but also with the separation of Minas Gerais from the captaincy São Paulo e Minas de Ouro. The most notable one, however, was the Minas Gerais conspiracy , started in 1789 by a group of middle-class colonists, mostly intellectuals and young officers. They were inspired by the American and French Enlightenment ideals. The conspiracy failed and

4872-540: The municipalities of Caxambu , Lambari , São Lourenço , Poços de Caldas , São Thomé das Letras , Monte Verde (a district of Camanducaia ) and the national parks of Caparaó and Canastra . In the Serra do Cipó , Sete Lagoas , Cordisburgo and Lagoa Santa , the caves and waterfalls are the main attractions. The people of Minas Gerais also have a peculiar culture, marked by traditional religious manifestations and typical countryside cuisine, in addition to national importance in contemporary artistic productions and also in

4959-540: The names which have survived include José Joaquim Emerico Lobo de Mesquita , Marcos Coelho Neto , Francisco Gomes da Rocha and Ignácio Parreiras Neves; they cultivated a style related to the classical European style , but marked by more a more chordal, homophonic sound, and they usually wrote for mixed groups of voices and instruments. In the 1720s, in the Jequitinhonha valley region, the discovery of diamonds occurred, although its discoverers did not recognize

5046-411: The national industry. It employs 1,069,469 workers in the industry. The main industrial sectors are: construction (17.9%), extraction of metallic minerals (15.2%), food (13.4%), industrial services of public utility, such as electricity and water (10.8%) and metallurgy (10.5%). These 5 sectors concentrate 67.8% of the state's industry. Ibiraci Ibiraci is a Brazilian municipality located in

5133-524: The population varies from town to town. For example, in Córrego do Bom Jesus, a small town located in the extreme south of Minas Gerais, White people make up 98.7% of the population. The South of Minas Gerais is both the most European and the most densely populated part of the state. On the other hand, in Setubinha , located in the northeast part of the state, 71.8% are mixed-race and 14.7% Black . It

5220-403: The population was 63.98% White, 28.26% Mixed-race (Pardo), and 7.48% Black. Asian individuals made up 0.22%, while Indigenous individuals accounted for 0.07%. Minas Gerais Minas Gerais ( Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈminɐz ʒeˈɾajs] ) is one of the 27 federative units of Brazil , being the fourth largest state by area and the second largest in number of inhabitants with

5307-467: The rebels were arrested and exiled. The most famous of them, Joaquim José da Silva Xavier (known as Tiradentes), was hanged by order of Queen Maria I of Portugal , becoming a local hero and a national martyr of Brazil. The Minas Gerais flag—a red triangle on a white background, along with the Latin motto "Libertas quæ sera tamen", "freedom albeit late"—is based on the design for the national flag proposed by

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5394-646: The region. Due to the large quantity of fossils uncovered, the Paleontological Research Center Llewellyn Ivor Price was established in 1991, alongside the Dinosaurs Museum in Peirópolis , which is currently dedicated to the study of local paleontology in collaboration with research institutions worldwide. In March 2024, Uberaba was officially designated as a UNESCO Global Geopark , marking it as

5481-555: The right due to having discovered and conquered it, and did not want others to take possession of the mines. As a result, in 1707, they came into conflict with the Portuguese and other Brazilian settlers (nicknamed " emboabas ", a Tupi term that means "one who offends"), causing the War of the Emboabas , which ended in 1709. The São Paulo settlers were defeated and many of them had to abandon the gold deposits in Minas Gerais, having to look for

5568-411: The route to serve as resting / stopping points for the entourages travelling along the way from São Paulo to Goiás , in search of gold. The settlement where the city is now located was formerly known as Pouso dos Bagres (stop of the catfishes). In 1819, Franca was visited by French naturalist Auguste de Saint-Hilaire who dedicated the following message: "The village of Franca, where I landed,

5655-543: The society of Minas Gerais, once restricted to Whites. This happened through a process of "whitening" their descendence and through the assimilation of the culture of the White elite, like being members of Catholic brotherhoods. Cohabitation was the most common crime in Minas Gerais. The Catholic Church was strict in the punishment of this crime, in order to prevent the widespread miscegenation between White, mostly Portuguese males with Black or Mulatto women. According to

5742-644: The southwest of the state of Minas Gerais . Its population as of 2020 was 13,986 people living in a total area of 598 km². The city belongs to the meso-region of Sul e Sudoeste de Minas and to the micro-region of Passos . It became a municipality in 1923. The city center of Ibiraci is located at an elevation of 1,071 meters northwest of the regional center of Passos and northeast of Franca . Neighboring municipalities are: Sacramento and Delfinópolis (N), Cássia (E), Capetinga , Itirapuã , and Patrocínio Paulista (S), Franca and Claraval (W). Distances The nearest airport with national flights

5829-524: The sports scene. Two interpretations are given for the origin of the name Minas Gerais. The first interpretation is that the name simply means "General Mines", referring to a number of mines which were located in several spots spread around a larger region. The second interpretation derives the name from the former name of the colonial province, "Minas dos Matos Gerais" ("Mines of the General Woods"), referring to two distinct regions encompassed by

5916-474: The state average of R$ 276.00 and below the national average of R$ 297.00. Poços de Caldas had the highest per capita monthly income in 2000 with R$ 435.00. The lowest was Setubinha with R$ 73.00. The highest ranking municipality in Minas Gerais in 2000 was Poços de Caldas with 0.841, while the lowest was Setubinha with 0.568. Nationally the highest was São Caetano do Sul in São Paulo with 0.919, while

6003-554: The state, especially the Cerrado and the threatened Atlantic Forest . Minas Gerais' territory was inhabited by indigenous peoples when the Portuguese arrived in Brazil . It experienced a large migration wave following the discovery of gold in the late 17th century. The mining of gold brought wealth and development to the then captaincy , providing its economic and cultural development; however, gold soon became scarce, causing

6090-404: The state: the region of the mines (Minas), and the "general" region ("Matos Gerais" or "Campos Gerais", roughly meaning "General Fields"). The latter corresponded to the areas of sertão which were farther and hard to access (with an economy based on farming and agriculture) from the mining spots, whose economic space was urban in origin. Part of the history of the current state of Minas Gerais

6177-483: The theory that the peopling of the Americas was due to a wave of individuals with Australoid traits and another of Mongoloid individuals. The indigenous peoples of Minas Gerais, as well as throughout Brazil and South America, are descendants of the groups who migrated there through North America. In the region of the municipalities of Januária , Montalvânia , Itacarambi and Juvenília , in northern Minas Gerais, archaeological excavations have led to estimates that

6264-478: The trade in slaves brought from the African continent to work in the mines intensified. Many slaves tried and managed to escape, which led to the emergence of quilombos throughout Minas Gerais. It is estimated that during the 18th century more than 120 of these communities emerged throughout the captaincy. These settlements were not so far from mining centers, which made it easier for more slaves to escape. There

6351-401: The value of this precious stone for decades. However, the Portuguese Crown, upon recognizing the region's mineral production, soon established a way of charging taxes in a similar way to the gold tax. The main diamond exploration center was close to where Arraial do Tijuco (today Diamantina ) emerged. At the height of gold mining, enslaved labor was essential for large landowners. In this way,

6438-603: The whole state): The discovery of the Maxakalisaurus topai (Dinoprata) fossils was a significant paleontological find. The fossil is a genus of titanosaurid dinosaur found 45 kilometers (28 mi) from the city of Prata , in the state of Minas Gerais in 1998. It was closely related to Saltasaurus , a sauropod considered unusual because it had evolved apparently defensive traits, including bony plates on its skin and vertical plates along its spine; such osteoderms have also been found for Maxakalisaurus. The genus name

6525-638: The world. A replica has been displayed at the National Museum of Brazil , since August 28, 2006. In the 1940s, fossil records from the Late Cretaceous period began to be unearthed in the territory of Uberaba , many of them exceptionally well-preserved. Subsequently, extensive research efforts were initiated by the National Department of Mineral Production (DNPM), which appointed paleontologist Llewellyn Ivor Price to work in

6612-495: Was 0.780, placing it in the high human development category. Among its components, the HDI-M for income was 0.755, longevity was 0.800, and education was 0.906. By 2011, the majority of residents lived in urban areas, totaling 315,355, while 5,657 lived in rural zones. The school enrollment rate for children between 6 and 14 years old was 98.2%. The life expectancy was 73.03 years with a literacy rate of 96.37%. The fertility rate

6699-439: Was 2.26 children per woman. The infant mortality rate was 12.66 per 1,000 live births, equivalent to 1.26%. As of the census of 2022, the infant mortality rate stood at 7.09 per 1,000 live births, while hospitalizations for diarrhea reached 6.2 per 1,000 residents. In 2011, the racial and ethnic composition consisted of 69.15% White , 23.84% Mixed-race (Pardo), 6.30% Black , 0.58% Asian , and 0.12% Indigenous . As of 2022,

6786-632: Was 35.02 inhabitants per square kilometre (90.7/sq mi). Urbanization : 85% (2006); Population growth : 1.4% (1991–2000); Houses: 5,741,000 (2006). The last PNAD (National Research for Sample of Domiciles) census revealed the following numbers: 9,605,151 Brown ( Multiracial ) people (46.8%), 8,437,697 White people (41.1%), 2,432,877 Black people (11.8%), 31,885 Amerindian people (0.2%), 31,681 Asian people (0.2%). Ethnicities of Minas Gerais in 2022. Ethnic groups found in Minas Gerais include: Amerindians , Portuguese , Africans , Italians , Germans and Lebanese . The ethnic composition of

6873-405: Was R$ 31,450.10, while external revenue, including federal and state transfers, accounted for 58.65% of total revenue in 2023. The average monthly earnings of formal workers in 2022 were 2.1 times the value of the national minimum wage in Brazil. The city is served by Ten. Lund Presotto Airport . The railway system in the city ceased operations in 1980, and its train station, first opened in 1887,

6960-467: Was also a trade in subsistence products between slaves and traders, who took advantage of the lower price offered by the former. In 1753, Rosa Egipcíaca , was enslaved and forced to work as a prostitute in a mine in the region, until she became ill and began to have religious visions. These visions led to her arrest and imprisonment and ultimately interrogation by the Inquisition. She recorded them in

7047-461: Was an explosion of musical activity in Minas Gerais in the 18th century. Printed copies of European music, as well as accomplished musicians, made the journey to the area, and soon a local school of composition and performance was born and achieved considerable sophistication. Several composers worked in Minas Gerais in the 18th century, mainly in Vila Rica, Sabará, Mariana, and other cities. Some of

7134-473: Was classified as having a humid subtropical climate (Cwa). The lowest recorded temperature was 0 °C on July 5, 1953, and the highest temperature was 37.8 °C on October 15, 2014. Occurrence of rain is high and it is one of the rainiest cities in the State of São Paulo. The highest recorded rainfall reached 146 millimeters on March 28, 1931, and recently, 133.7 millimeters was recorded on November 21, 2018. As of

7221-480: Was determined by the exploration of the great mineral wealth found in its territory. Its name, in fact, comes from the large quantity and variety of mines present, which began to be explored since the 17th century and to this day drive an important fraction of the state's economy. In the mid-19th century, Danish paleontologist Peter Wilhelm Lund discovered, in the Lagoa Santa region, human remains belonging to

7308-619: Was extracted from riverbeds, which forced miners to move as the deposits ran out. After some time, exploration also began to be carried out on mountain slopes, which forced the permanent settlement of miners, leading to the emergence of the first settlements. The news of the discovery of gold soon spread, initiating a gold rush , and in the following decades hundreds of thousands of people eager for wealth, mainly Portuguese (which included New Christians ), but also colonial Brazilians from São Paulo, Bahia, Pernambuco and Rio de Janeiro, settled in Minas Gerais. The arrival of large numbers of people in

7395-523: Was founded on December 03, 1805, being part of the territory of Vila de Mogi Mirim until 1824, when it was emancipated by João VI and named Vila Franca do Imperador in honor of the Emperor Pedro I of Brazil . It received the status of city on April 24, 1856. Around 1890, Franca was served by the Estrada de Ferro Mogiana , however, the railroad branch was deactivated after the construction of

7482-453: Was massive. During the colonial period, the disproportion between the number of men and women was quite sharp. The census of 1738 in Serro do Frio, which included Diamantina, revealed that of the 9,681 inhabitants, 83.5% were men and 16.5% women. Among the slaves, women were only 3.1%. The number of free "women of color" (Black and "Mulatto") was very high. The same census revealed that 63% of

7569-562: Was officially closed in 1983. Franca is located in the northeastern region of the state of São Paulo, the fifth highest municipality in the state with an altitude of 1,040 m above the sea level. The territory of Franca is covered by sandy soils dominated by the sandstones of Bauru , and Botucatu . Vegetation is dominated by grasses, and the forests are restricted to mountainous slopes. The municipality of Franca borders Batatais , Cristais Paulista , Patrocínio Paulista , Ibiraci and Claraval . The basin of Rio Canoas provide water for

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