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60-547: Francisco Manuel Oller y Cestero was born in Bayamón, Puerto Rico , the third of four children of aristocratic and wealthy Spanish parents Cayetano Juan Oller y Fromesta and María del Carmen Cestero Dávila. When he was eleven he began to study art under the tutelage of Juan Cleto Noa, a painter who had an art academy in San Juan, Puerto Rico . There, Oller demonstrated that he had an enormous talent in art and in 1848, when Oller

120-724: A certain amount of social exclusion . A map shows these communities occur in nearly every municipality of the commonwealth. Of the 742 places that were on the list in 2014, the following barrios, communities, sectors, or neighborhoods were in Bayamón: Abra Estrecha, Barriada Vista Alegre, Juan Sánchez, Nuevo, Bda. Cedeño in Pájaros, Collores in Santa Olaya, Corea, Dajaos, El Chícharo, Sector Gandul, El Volcán, La Cambija, La Caridad, La Morenita, Los Viejitos, Papito, Sergio Reyes, Parcelas Sabanas, and Punta Brava. Bayamón

180-882: A female volleyball team, named the Vaqueras de Bayamón , which plays for the Liga de Voleibol Superior Femenino . Bayamón was the home of the Puerto Rico Islanders and Puerto Rico FC of the North American Soccer League . The teams played at Juan Ramón Loubriel Stadium in Bayamón. The city's main soccer team, Bayamón FC , was founded in 1999, and play at matches at Bayamón Soccer Complex . The famous boxing fight between Alexis Argüello and Alfredo Escalera dubbed The Bloody Battle of Bayamon (their first; their equally legendary rematch

240-571: A number of works including El negro flageado (The negro being flogged), El castigo del negro enamorado (the punishment of the negro in love), and others depicting slavery in Puerto Rico. Oller spent nearly two decades in Europe working alongside the pioneers of Impressionism, and, through his travels, participated in a vibrant exchange of aesthetic ideas, forging his own brand of international modernism while engaging social issues unique to

300-747: A passport book with a page for each municipality. The Voy Turisteando Bayamón passport page lists Centro de Conservación de Manatíes , Paseo Lineal over the Bayamón River, and Ron Del Barrilito in the Hacienda Santa Ana , as places of interest. Ron del Barrilito located in the Hacienda Santa Ana is the oldest rum distillery in Puerto Rico. The hacienda features a nature trail . Bayamón celebrates its patron saint festival in May. The Festival de la Santa Cruz

360-510: A population of 185,187 as of the 2020 census , it is the second most populated municipality in the archipelago and island after the capital of San Juan . Two theories exist about the origin of the name Bayamón. According to one, it was named after the local cacique , Bahamon . The other theory states the name was derived from the Taino word Bayamongo , which is the native name of the river that runs across this region, implying that Bayamón

420-585: A short time, Paul Cézanne was one of Oller's students, although their professional relationship deteriorated with time. By 1865, Oller was the first Puerto Rican and Hispanic Impressionist artist. In 1868, he founded The Free Academy of Art of Puerto Rico. Oller’s paintings were a big contribution of history during this time.  His paintings showed conflicts and daily lives of people outside of his home country as well as subjects internally. The author Edward J. Sullivan describes in his book, From San Juan to Paris and Back: Francisco Oller and Caribbean Art in

480-595: A significant role throughout the development of visualization in a Caribbean context over a period of some 150 years. Oller was influenced by Barbizon school painter Jean-François Millet to paint in this way, allowing him to provide a realistic depiction of the life of Puerto Ricans in their historical context. In his early years, Francisco Oller was taught by European painters at the Academia, including French neoclassical painter Jean Baptiste Vermay . His main source of influence in his early years comes from two painters,

540-676: Is Ramón Luis Rivera Jr. , of the New Progressive Party (PNP). He was elected at the 2000 general elections , succeeding his father, Ramón Luis Rivera , after 23 years. For a list of all the mayors of Bayamón see "External Links". The city belongs to the Puerto Rico Senatorial district II , which is represented by two Senators. Migdalia Padilla and Carmelo Ríos Santiago have served as District Senators since 2005. The municipio has an official flag and coat of arms. The current flag of Bayamón features

600-514: Is Puerto Rico's second-most populous municipality and is part of the large metropolitan area centered around San Juan . Other cities included in the metropolitan area are Guaynabo , Cataño , Toa Baja , Canóvanas , Carolina and Trujillo Alto . Bayamón is served by the Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport . Despite the city's size, it has no weather station. The rivers that pass through Bayamón include

660-471: Is a city and municipality in Puerto Rico . Located on the northeastern coastal plain, it is bounded by Guaynabo to the east, Toa Alta and Naranjito to the west, Toa Baja and Cataño to the north, and Aguas Buenas and Comerío to the south. Part of the San Juan metropolitan area , Bayamón is spread over 11 barrios and the downtown area and administrative center of Bayamón Pueblo . With

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720-672: Is a major tourist activity in Bayamón. Plaza del Sol and Plaza Rio Hondo are large commercial centers in the city. A suspension bridge in Bayamón is a pedestrian-only bridge, at the time it was built, it was believed to be one of only three of its kind in Puerto Rico. To stimulate local tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic in Puerto Rico , the Puerto Rico Tourism Company launched the Voy Turistiendo (I'm Touring) campaign in 2021. The campaign featured

780-495: Is a religious and cultural celebration that generally features parades, games, artisans, amusement rides, regional food, and live entertainment. Other festivals and events celebrated in Bayamón include: There are several professional and amateur sports team based in Bayamón. The Vaqueros de Bayamón are the local basketball team that plays at the Baloncesto Superior Nacional league. They are currently

840-540: Is best known for his Impressionist works. Oller’s style of painting made him stand out among the many artists that took part in the depiction of Puerto Rico’s lush tropical landscapes of both rural and urban landscapes and provided a realistic image of Puerto Rico compared to the European artists that flocked over to the Caribbean to paint lush, idealized landscapes of the environment. Oller’s main subject matter of focus

900-462: Is the area around this main river, which later on became the center of the city's development. Bayamón is nicknamed "City of the Chicharrón " or " Pork Rind City" ( Ciudad del Chicharrón ) after the popular fried dish, locally known as chicharrón volao , that is often sold as street food. Other nicknames include "City of Cowboys" ( Ciudad de Vaqueros ), after the local sports team , "City of

960-644: Is the site of several notable Puerto Rican landmarks and places of interest. Bayamón Central Park is a public park where people gather and relax. Bayamon also hosts the Braulio Castillo Theater, the Francisco Oller Museum, and the José Celso Barbosa Monument. The Bayamón City Hall building is notable by being built across a major divided highway. While walking through a connecting corridor, right above

1020-829: The City of New York renamed P.S.61 in The Bronx P.S. Francisco Oller. There is also a Francisco Oller Library in the Escuela de Artes Plásticas (School of Plastic Arts) in San Juan. The Francisco Oller Museum where many artists, such as Tomás Batista , exhibit their work is located in the city of Bayamón . In Buffalo, New York there is a Francisco Oller and Diego Rivera Museum of Art where Manuel Rivera-Ortiz and other artists have exhibited their work. Bayam%C3%B3n, Puerto Rico Bayamón ( Spanish pronunciation: [baʝaˈmon] , locally [baʝaˈmoŋ] )

1080-528: The Goya Foods factory in Bayamón sustained significant damage. Bayamón lies on the northern coastal plain region and Northern Karst Belt in northeastern Puerto Rico. It is bordered by the municipalities of Toa Baja , Cataño , Comerío , Aguas Buenas , Toa Alta , Naranjito , and Guaynabo . Bayamón has a surface area of 43.5 square miles (113.1 km2). The terrain is mostly flat, but it does include some large hills such as La Peña and Vergaras. Bayamón

1140-697: The Juan Ramón Loubriel Soccer Stadium , home of Puerto Rico's only professional soccer team, the Ruben Rodríguez Coliseum , home of the city's male basketball team and female volleyball team, and the Miguel J. Frau Gymnasium . The Rafael Martínez Nadal Sports Complex's main feature is the Pepín Cestero indoor court, where much of the city's minor league basketball and volleyball major events take place. Also,

1200-546: The Juan Ramón Loubriel Stadium and the Ruben Rodríguez Coliseum . The city also has a trolley service with regular routes within Downtown Bayamón . There are 77 bridges in Bayamón. Bayamón serves as the host city for foreign consular representation in Puerto Rico for the following nations: Jos%C3%A9 Campeche José Campeche y Jordán (December 23, 1751 – November 7, 1809), is

1260-858: The Metropolitan University (Universidad Metropolitana), better known as UMET, has a campus in downtown Bayamón. The lone line of the Tren Urbano of the San Juan metropolitan area ends at Bayamón station , and three of its stops are located within the city. The Deportivo station , located off the PR-2 Highway, is near the Santa Rosa Mall , the Bayamón Court of First Instance, and the Onofre Carballeira Sports Complex which contains

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1320-587: The Musée d'Orsay in France. Oller died on May 17, 1917, in San Juan, Puerto Rico. He was buried at the Santa María Magdalena de Pazzis Cemetery in San Juan, Puerto Rico . Oller was a prolific painter with works ranging in topic from still-lifes and landscapes to historical events and portraiture. While he was involved with several painting movements, Realism , Naturalism and Impressionism ; he

1380-549: The Nordic cross found in many Northern European flags and is colored in blue and yellow over a white field. It was embroidered by Gloria M. León and maintains the design and colors of its coat of arms. This shield is a symbol and synthesis of the history and the values which distinguish the city of Bayamón. The main colors of the shield are blue and silver, representing the waters of the Bayamón River and recalling that it

1440-578: The PR-5 Highway . The Paseo del Rio (Paseo Lineal) near the Bayamón River is a 6-mile stretch shared by joggers, walkers and cyclists. It is divided in two lanes, one for the bicycles and the other for running or walking. The Rio Bayamón Golf Course is located near one of the endpoints of the trail and is home to most golf activity in the region. Julio Enrique Monagas Park has trails used by mountain bikers to train and compete. It also has cliffs where rappelling enthusiasts can practice. Monagas, as

1500-792: The Prado Museum . In 1858, he moved to Paris , France where he studied under Thomas Couture . Later he enrolled to study art in the Louvre under the instruction of Gustave Courbet . During his free time, Oller, who had a baritone type of singing voice, worked and participated in local Italian operas . He frequently visited cafés where he met with fellow artists. He also became a friend of fellow Puerto Ricans Ramón Emeterio Betances y Alacán and Salvador Carbonell del Toro, who were expatriates in France because of their political beliefs. In 1859, Oller exhibited some of his artistic works next to those of Bazille , Renoir , Monet , and Sisley . For

1560-895: The Río Bayamón , Río Hondo , Río Minillas , Río Bucarabones and Río Cuesta Arriba . Like all municipalities of Puerto Rico, Bayamón is subdivided into barrios . The municipal buildings, central square and large Catholic church are located in a small barrio referred to as "el pueblo" . Barrios (which are, in contemporary times, roughly comparable to minor civil divisions ) and subbarrios, are further subdivided into smaller areas called sectores ( sectors in English). The types of sectores may vary, from normally sector to urbanización to reparto to barriada to residencial , among others. Comunidades Especiales de Puerto Rico (Special Communities of Puerto Rico) are marginalized communities whose citizens are experiencing

1620-445: The "new" in art, is here going against that grain and inserting himself directly within a mode most often practiced by artists of a decidedly conservative personality. Nevertheless, he used this form as a way to experiment with the possibilities of a spontaneity and pictorial freedom within the framework of traditional subject matter. Oller was responsible for bringing Realism and Impressionism to San Juan, Puerto Rico. Combining them with

1680-761: The American School. Bayamón also has many higher-learning institutions such as the University of Puerto Rico at Bayamón , which is one of the eleven campuses that comprise the University of Puerto Rico public university system. Furthermore, the city is also home to some of the most recognized private universities in the island, such as the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico and its School of Optometry, Bayamón Central University , American University of Puerto Rico , Universidad Central del Caribe , and some community colleges. In addition,

1740-408: The Bayamón River in 1750. The Spanish colonist Juan Ramírez de Arellano formally established Bayamón as a Spanish settlement on May 22, 1772, on a hill known as Alto del Embarcadero . The establishment of its current parish church on that same spot also dates to this year. In 1821, Marcos Xiorro , an African slave , planned to lead a revolt against the sugarcane plantation owners and

1800-434: The Bayamón school region. On the other hand, the city is also home to numerous private schools of which most have a religious affiliation. Some of the better known religious private schools include Colegio De La Salle , Academia Santo Tomás de Aquino, Academia Santa Rosa, Colegio Beato Carlos Manuel Rodríguez, and Academia Discípulos de Cristo (non-Catholic). Non-religious schools in the city include Bayamón Military Academy and

1860-627: The Caribbean. During his three trips to Paris, Oller affiliated himself with Paul Cézanne, fellow Caribbean artist Camille Pissarro (born in St. Thomas ), and other members of the Impressionist and Post-Impressionist movements. Throughout his later life and after his death, Oller was compared to Jose Campeche as one of the most outstanding figures of the arts in his country. Campeche created an impressive body of portraits and religious subjects. In 1884, he founded an art school for young women which

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1920-712: The Efraín Calcaño Alicea Sports Complex located in the Lomas Verdes community is home to much of the track and field and swimming events in the region. The Honda Tennis Center, inaugurated in 2002, is composed of 16 tennis courts and is used by local tennis clubs as well as visitors. A pioneer in the development of soccer in Puerto Rico, mayor Ramón Luis Rivera Jr. inaugurated the Bayamón Soccer Complex in 2011, which consists of three professional soccer fields located off

1980-662: The Era of Impressionism : In the normal course of his day, the artist would have observed objects of quotidian use to the slaves and free persons of color with whom he regularly interacted. His world was not only the cultivated, Europeanized milieus of the Puerto Rican bourgeoisie, but also the realities of the relatively small city of San Juan, where he was born and where most of his career developed. Even during his many years of residence in Madrid and Paris, he would have carried with him

2040-578: The Puerto Rican society of the time appreciate Campeche's personal and artistic merits but he is now considered to be amongst the most gifted rococo artists in the Americas. His works of art can be found in museums, churches and chapels, such as Capilla del Cristo in San Juan, and in private collections in Puerto Rico and Venezuela . Campeche died in the city of San Juan on November 7, 1809. High-resolution images of works of art from Puerto Rico's museums are being digitized and made available online with

2100-464: The Sciences" ( Ciudad de las Ciencias ) after the popular tourist educational attraction , and, more recently, Ciudad del Tapón , due to the high amounts of road traffic congestion there. The Taino , the indigenous peoples who encountered European explorers and settlers, were the long-time settlers in this area. Before the foundation of the municipality, Hacienda Santa Cruz was established near

2160-587: The Spaniard Luis Paret y Alcázar and, most significantly, the Puerto Rican José Campeche y Jordán . The artwork of José Campeche provided Oller a major point of reference for him in his young years as a developing artist. Francisco Oller was compared to Campeche as one of the most prominent artists in his country’s history. Oller not only drew inspiration from the work of Campeche but copied works of art by him and even lived in

2220-465: The Spanish colonial government in Puerto Rico. The slave conspiracy was revealed and suppressed, but Xiorro became a hero among the slaves. He is part of Puerto Rico's folklore. Marco Xiorro was owned by Vicente Andino, a militia captain who owned a sugarcane plantation in Bayamón. An earthquake in 1867 caused damages in Bayamón, particularly to its parish church. Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in

2280-720: The aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became a territory of the United States. In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico finding that the population of Bayamón was 19,940. The city grew considerably during the start of the 20th century. The area became home to numerous factories specializing in textiles, fertilizer, aluminum between 1901 and 1920. During this time

2340-475: The artistic traditions of San Juan, he revolutionized the school of painting in Puerto Rico and throughout the Caribbean region. Oller also helped bring outside world events by drawing them and displaying them publicly. Many Puerto Rican artists have followed in Oller's footsteps, including Ramón Fradé (1875-1954) and Miguel Pou (1880-1968). The town of Cataño in Puerto Rico, named a high school after him and

2400-459: The artist’s former house. The Battle of Treviño denotes a significant moment for Oller within the world of Spanish art. The painting represents an official theme of recent national history, through which the artist places himself in the tradition of military images that was of great importance in later nineteenth-century Iberian painting. The genre of battle painting is one of the least avant-garde artistic forms. Oller, an artist often associated with

2460-783: The city also became home to financial institutions such as the Puerto Rico Commercial Bank (Banco Comercial de Puerto Rico), the American Colonial Bank, the First National City Bank of New York , the Chase Manhattan Bank and the Banco Popular de Puerto Rico . This developed and strengthened Bayamón's economy and turned it into both an industrial and commercial hub. The city's infrastructure also developed with

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2520-402: The community. The founding of the town of Bayamón is closely tied to the cultivation of sugarcane . The products currently grown in Bayamón include coffee , grapefruit , sugarcane, tobacco and vegetables. Bayamón was also the site where the first hydraulic sugar mill on the island was built in 1549. Notable malls are: Goya Foods has its Puerto Rico offices in Bayamón. Puerto Rico

2580-751: The cultural baggage of his place of origin. His familiarity with the different strata of society on the Caribbean island of his birth was a constant reality as he intermingled with Realist and Impressionist artists and others who constituted his world on the other side of the Atlantic. This aspect of his personality cannot be easily separated from the other. Oller was a person of multiple cultural affinities, which allowed him to embrace what he saw abroad, but also to interiorize and reformulate those elements for purposes that conformed to his vision of tropical reality. Upon his return to Puerto Rico from France in 1866 he found himself face-to-face with slavery and he would create

2640-559: The establishment of a bigger sewer system. The city was also host to some of the events of the VIII Pan American Games in 1979. Hurricane Maria struck Puerto Rico on September 20, 2017, causing large-scale damage and destruction to infrastructure. Numerous landslides occurred in Bayamón as a result of the hurricane's significant amount of rainfall. In Bayamón, around 300 homes were destroyed, and two people were killed by Hurricane María. Many municipal buildings, and

2700-436: The first known Puerto Rican visual artist and considered by art critics as one of the best rococo artists in the Americas. Campeche y Jordán loved to use colors that referenced the landscape of Puerto Rico, as well as the social and political crème de la crème of colonial Puerto Rico. Campeche was born in San Juan , colonial Puerto Rico . His parents were Tomás Campeche (1701–1780) and María Jordán y Marqués. His father

2760-576: The leaders as the team with the most championships in the history of the league (15), the last of which was achieved in 2020. The team's host venue is the Coliseo Rubén Rodríguez . The Vaqueros de Bayamón was also the name of the baseball club which played from 1974 through 2003 in the Professional Baseball League of Puerto Rico , and played its home games at Juan Ramón Loubriel Stadium . The city also has

2820-427: The locals refer to it, has trails for mountain bike riders of all skill levels. Unpaved roads for beginners, single tracks and very technical single tracks, some of them with downhills. After Hurricane Maria , the tracks were lost, yet by 2019, most of them had been repaired and reopened. The city also has many smaller baseball parks, open basketball courts, soccer fields, gymnasiums, and communal centers available to

2880-410: The origin and development of Bayamón. The five-tower crown, which is used for cities, was assigned to Bayamón as an exception for its extraordinary urban development, the magnitude of its population and for its religious dignity, which will possibly be raised to become Episcopal seat. The motto "IN HOC SIGNO VINCES" makes reference to Emperor Constantine when in the 4th century had the vision in which

2940-455: The pioneers of these art movements, drawing influence from them in the evolution of his artwork. One characteristic that is quite apparent in his work that he drew influence from another artist is his sober, unidealized depictions of rural workers in Puerto Rico. The "plantation portraits" by Oller, as well as those by Mendes Belisario in Jamaica and dozens of others throughout the Caribbean and

3000-554: The road, pedestrians can see passing cars underneath. It is believed to be the only building of its class in the world. One of the most popular attractions in Bayamón is the Parque de las Ciencias . It is a science-themed park with various exhibitions and attractions. It is located in the middle of karstic hills. An observation building on one of the hills provides a good view of the metropolitan area. The building hosts antennas for government and civil communication. El parque del tren

3060-474: The southern United States (where the plantations mostly served the cotton industry), were part of a long tradition of depictions of agriculture and servitude. Rarely, if ever, depicting the negative associations of enslaved or indentured labor, they attempted to create nostalgic views of the "old homestead," or a faraway venue of nostalgia. While Oller’s plantation pictures were executed in a somewhat different spirit, they nonetheless pertain to this genre that played

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3120-443: The victory was promised to him if it accepted the cross of Christianity as his banner. Like all municipalities, public education is administered by Puerto Rico Department of Education . Due to its population and location within the San Juan metropolitan region , Bayamón is home to many public and private schools. During the 2014–2015 academic year, over 150 public schools ranging from elementary school to high school were located in

3180-640: Was a freed slave born in Puerto Rico and his mother was a native of the Canary Islands so he was considered to be mulato . His father was a gilder who restored and painted religious statues, and had an influence on the young Campeche's interest in the arts. Campeche was trained by Luis Paret y Alcázar , a Spanish court painter banished from Spain. Campeche distinguished himself with his paintings related to religious themes and of governors and other important figures. His most famous paintings and his best known portraits are of: Not only did

3240-407: Was a park featuring what was then Puerto Rico 's only working train. It featured a DC-3 , which had been used by United Airlines . In 2001, the park was dismantled and destroyed in the course of major road construction. What is left of the park is a small plaza for activities and an area for jogging and passive entertainment. The area is now known as "Parque del Nino" or "Children's Park". Shopping

3300-469: Was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became a territory of the United States . In 1899, the United States conducted its first census of Puerto Rico finding that the population of Bayamón was 19,940. All municipalities in Puerto Rico are administered by a mayor , elected every four years. The current mayor of Bayamón

3360-485: Was everything within Puerto Rico, whether it was still life paintings of plantains and bananas or historical battle scenes. Oller's painting style provided a historical context for his painting, providing a cultural view through his own lens. Oller was involved with many art movements from the realist art movement, the naturalist art movement, and the impressionist art movement of which he is best known for. In his life, Oller spent nearly two decades in Europe working alongside

3420-545: Was fifteen years old, General Juan Prim , Governor of Puerto Rico , offered Oller the opportunity to continue his studies in Rome . However, the offer was not accepted as Oller's mother felt that he was too young to travel abroad alone. When Oller was eighteen, he moved to Madrid , Spain , where he studied painting at the Royal Academy of San Fernando , under the tutelage of Don Federico de Madrazo y Kuntz , director of

3480-597: Was held in Rimini, Italy) was held in Bayamón in 1978. Also, professional boxers Luis Del Valle , Wilfredo Vazquez and Wilfredo Vazquez Jr. are from Bayamón. International Boxing Hall of Fame member Hector Camacho was born in Bayamon. Current boxing prospect Jean "Chapito" Rivera is from the Bayamon. The municipal government of Bayamón manages a wide variety of recreational programs and recreational facilities for public use. The Onofre Carballeira Sports Complex consists of

3540-730: Was later to be known as the Universidad Nacional. In 1871, Spain honored Oller by naming him a member of the Caballeros de la Orden de Carlos III (which translates to Knighthood of the Order of Carlos III ), and a year later he became the official painter of the Royal Court of Amadeo I . Oller developed an interest in bringing out the reality of Puerto Rico's landscape, its people, and culture through his works of art. Oller's paintings can be found in museums worldwide, including

3600-437: Was on these banks that the first hydraulic sugarcane refinery of Puerto Rico was established in 1549. The center contains the Holy Cross (Santa Cruz), patron of the first church of the municipality and the name of the old sugarcane refinery "Santa Cruz", which was the historical origin of the town of Bayamón. The sugarcane flowers ( guajana ) allude directly to the sugarcane industry that is of social and economic importance to

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