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50-687: The Canons Regular of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem were sometimes referred to as crosiers with the double red cross. The order was founded in 1114 to care for the Church of the Holy Sepulchre built where Jesus was crucified . The male order was suppressed by Pope Innocent VIII in 1489 though the female order continues to exist. The Portuguese Canons Regular of the Holy Cross of Coimbra (Ordo Canonicorum Regularium Sanctae Crucis, ORC)

100-611: A bull of Pope Alexander VI (1492–1503). Because of this, the male branch of the Order of Canons Regular of the Holy Sepulchre existed in Europe until the 19th century, with many branches in Spain, Germany, and Poland. Tomasz de Nowina Novinski, last General of the Order and Auxiliary Bishop of Kraków (1816–1830) died on 4 January 1830 in Miechów (Poland). The Canonesses Regular of

150-599: A cross on their clothes and became members of the Brethren of the Cross. However, they all were killed and the order was liquidated. Five canons from Germany were inspired to restore the order and received approval from Pope Innocent who told them to follow the Rule of St. Augustine . Later accounts embellished the story. For example, one of the twelve men was identified as Judas Cyriacus who later became Bishop of Jerusalem, or that

200-455: A grant made by her son Amalric to the Holy Sepulchre, perhaps on the occasion of the birth of her granddaughter Sibylla to Agnes and Amalric. In the mid-12th century, the village of Bayt 'Itab was a fief of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre . It was sold to them by the wife of Johannes Gothman , a Frankish crusader knight who was captured by Muslim forces in 1161 and subsequently ransomed. A fortified mansion ( maison forte ) in

250-624: Is also made in the bull of several churches in the Holy Land and in Italy belonging to the canons. Cardinal de Vitry , a canon regular of Oignies and cardinal patriarch of Jerusalem, relates that among other churches the canons served the Church of the Holy Sepulchre as well as those on Mounts Zion and Olivet . The patriarch was also abbot of the Holy Sepulchre, elected by the canons regular. The organisation relied on donations, such as when Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem in 1160 gave her assent to

300-743: Is believed they had three houses in Scotland . The order is currently active in the Czech Republic and Austria ( Vienna ). The origin of the Polish–Lithuanian Canons Regular of the Penitence of the Blessed Martyrs (Ordo Canonicorum Regularium Mendicantium S. Mariae de Metro de Poenitentia Sanctorum Martyrum) is unknown. When it was first mentioned in 1256, it already had three monasteries. Originating from Rome, it

350-903: Is traditionally said to be founded by canon Theodore of Celles in Huy in 1210. The order was confirmed by Pope Innocent IV in 1248. Many monasteries were closed during the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars , but the order was revived. Its superior general is based at San Giorgio in Velabro in Rome. As well as surviving in Belgium and the Netherlands , it today maintains a presence in Germany, Austria, United States, Brazil,

400-845: The Americas as well as in Africa , India , Korea and the Philippines . In 2000 the Vatican Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life approved "The Trinitarian Way" rule of life which would guide all the lay groups associated with the Trinitarians: the Third Order Secular, the Trinitarian Movement, Confraternities, etc. There have been tertiaries of

450-534: The Congo , and Indonesia . The Bohemian Knights of the Cross with the Red Star (Ordo Militaris Crucigerorum cum Rubea Stella, OMCRS) was founded in 1233 by Agnes of Bohemia . Unlike the other orders, this is a military order dedicated to the protection and care of the sick, and was made an independent hospitaller order by Pope Gregory IX in 1237. They spread into Moravia , Silesia , Hungary , and Poland . It

500-633: The Duke of Eberhard of Württemberg , and in 1499 with a bull of the Pope Alexander VI [1] confirmed. In other countries than Italy, however, they appear to have continued. In France, they are assumed to have existed until about the time of the French Revolution in 1789, and in Poland after the monastery of Neisse was dissolved in the year 1810, the main monastery in Miechów was also dissolved in

550-580: The Frankopans , Babonići , and other local lords. The Canons Regular of the Holy Sepulchre settled in the province during his rule. In Italy, they seem to have been suppressed in 1489 by Pope Innocent VIII , he wanted to transfer all their property to the Knights of Malta . The independence of the Canons Regular of the Holy Sepulchre was maintained at the request of Emperor Maximilian I and

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600-620: The Kingdom of Jerusalem . William of Malines , Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem 1130–1145, may have preceded Gerard as prior of the order. By a papal bull dated 10 January 1143 and found in the Bullarium Lateranense , Pope Celestine II confirmed the church and the Canons Regular of the Holy Sepulchre in all the possessions they had received from Godfrey of Bouillon , King Baldwin   I , and other benefactors. Mention

650-629: The Low Countries . After the fall of Jerusalem to Saladin , the canons fled the Holy Land along with other Latin Christians . They first settled briefly on Cyprus , where they established Bellapais Abbey , before proceeding to Western Europe In Spain, the village of Torralba de Ribota belonged to the mother church at Calatayud of the Canons of the Holy Sepulchre, under the protection of Pedro Manrique de Lara , Dei gratia comes , "by

700-771: The Order of the Most Holy Trinity and of the Captives ( Latin : Ordo Sanctissimae Trinitatis et Captivorum ; abbreviated OSsT ), is a mendicant order of the Catholic Church for men founded in Cerfroid , outside Paris , in the late 12th century. From the very outset, a special dedication to the mystery of the Holy Trinity has been a constitutive element of the order's life. Papal documents refer to

750-554: The Order of the Most Holy Trinity and of the Captives since the beginnings of the Order though they were not known by that name. Lay confreres were admitted already in 1198 by the permission of Pope Innocent III . Statutes attributed to William the Scotsman, the third Minister General of the Order (1217–1222), give some idea of the primitive organization of the Trinitarian Fraternity. In the 1203 contract between

800-669: The Rule of Saint Augustine , said to have been founded in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem , then the capital of the Kingdom of Jerusalem , and recognised in 1113 by a Papal bull of Pope Paschal II . Other accounts have it that they were founded earlier, during the rule of Godfrey of Bouillon (1099–1100). After the fall of Jerusalem to Saladin , the Canons fled the Holy Land along with other Latin Christians . They first settled briefly on Cyprus , where they established Bellapais Abbey , before proceeding to settle in various countries of Europe . The Canons Regular of

850-718: The Bishop of Arles and St. John de Matha, reference is made to affiliates of the convent. There were Trinitarian Confraternities, of the Redemption, and of Our Lady of Remedy aggregated to the Order. The first known Statutes of the Trinitarian Third Order were published in 1584, and were approved by the General of the Order, Father Bernard Dominici. The first Rule of Life for the Third Order attached to

900-563: The Christian kingdoms of southern Europe and the Muslim polities of North Africa, Southern France, Sicily and portions of Spain. According to James W. Brodman, the threat of capture, whether by pirates or coastal raiders, or during one of the region's intermittent wars, was a continuous threat to residents of Catalonia , Languedoc , and the other coastal provinces of medieval Christian Europe. Raids by militias, bands, and armies from both sides

950-460: The Crociferi (Ordo Cruciferorum; Fratres Cruciferi) was established between 1160 and 1170 by Pope Alexander III . It became popular in Italy and had 208 monasteries divided into five provinces. They wore a blue habit and carried a silver cross. The order was abolished by Pope Alexander VII in 1656. The Belgian or Flemish Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross (Ordo Sanctae Crucis, OSC)

1000-732: The Cross or the Crutched Friars (also crossed or crouched friars) arrived to England sometime between 1230 and 1244. At least five of the Orders of the Holy Cross established some presence in England creating a great confusion as to which order they properly belonged. The Crutched Friars are sometimes further confused with the Trinitarians or the Hospitallers . The presence of the orders of Jerusalem, Bohemia, and Poland–Lithuania

1050-548: The Discalced Trinitarians was approved by Pope Leo XII on 6 June 1828. The Glory of the Most Holy Trinity and the ransom of Christian Captives. Along with the Order's mission of ransoming Christian captives, each Trinitarian Community served the people of its area by performing works of mercy; redemption and mercy are at the center of the Trinitarian charism. Our Lady of Good Remedy is the patroness of

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1100-621: The Holy Sepulchre , founded in the 14th century as a female branch of the Canons Regular of the Holy Sepulchre, still exist in convents in Belgium, the Netherlands, France, Spain, and England. It is the opinion of Helyot and others that no canons of the Holy Sepulchre existed before 1114, when some canons regular who had adopted the Rule of St. Augustine were brought from the West and introduced into Jerusalem by Godfrey of Bouillon . On

1150-480: The Holy Sepulchre was suppressed in 1489 by Pope Innocent VIII (1484–1492). On March 28, 1489, the pope, at the instigation of the Order of Malta , issued a bull by which the Order of Canons Regular of the Holy Sepulchre was to be dissolved and transferred to the Order of Malta. However, the independence of the Order of Canons Regular of the Holy Sepulchre was maintained at the request of Emperor Maximilian and Duke Eberhard of Württemberg and confirmed in 1499 with

1200-624: The Just after many Canons came to settle there after their expulsion from the Holy Land. After the ultimate fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem to the Muslims in 1291, the Superior of the convent at Miechów took the title of General of the order, later claiming the style of Grand Prior , and Miechów became the headquarters of the organisation for centuries. Here, the order initiated the custom of setting up, decorating, and visiting Christ's grave s on

1250-503: The Order and companion of John of Matha at Cerfroid, near Paris. In Cerfroid the first Trinitarian community was established and it is considered the mother house of the whole Order. Among the earliest recruits were some Englishmen, and the first to go on the special mission of the order were two English friars, who in 1200 went to Morocco and returned to France with 186 liberated Christian captives. The first generation of Trinitarians could count some fifty foundations. In northern France,

1300-582: The Order of the Most Holy Trinity. Devotion to Mary under this ancient title is widely known in Europe and Latin America. Her feast day is celebrated on 8 October. The Scapular of the Holy Trinity is a devotional scapular associated with the Confraternity of The Holy Trinity and the Third Order Secular of the Most Holy Trinity. It is a white scapular with a cross of which the transverse shaft

1350-567: The Order. Louis IX installed a house of their order in his château of Fontainebleau. He chose Trinitarians as his chaplains, and was accompanied by them on his crusades. The Master of the Trinity was taken captive together with Louis IX after the Battle of Al Mansurah . The rule initially was the Augustinian , supplemented by regulations of an austere character. The habit was white, with

1400-678: The Trinitarian Order and it declined significantly. During the last decades of the nineteenth century, the Trinitarians began to grow slowly in Italy and Spain. Its members dedicated themselves to fostering and promoting devotion to the Holy Trinity, evangelising non-Christians, assisting immigrants , educating the young, and to parish work. Today the Trinitarian family is composed of priests, brothers, women (cloistered nuns and active sisters) as well as committed laity . Members of

1450-583: The Trinitarian family include the Trinitarian religious; the Trinitarian contemplative nuns; the Trinitarian Sisters of Valence ; the Trinitarian Sisters of Rome , Valencia, Madrid, Mallorca, and Seville; the Oblates of the Most Holy Trinity; the Third Order Secular (tertiaries) and other Trinitarian laity. All are distinguished by the cross of red and blue which dates from the origins of the Order. Trinitarians are found throughout Europe and in

1500-471: The Trinitarians were known as "Mathurins" because they were based in the church of Saint-Mathurin in Paris from 1228 onwards. Ransoming captives required economic resources. Fundraising and economic expertise constituted important aspects of the Order's life. The Rule's requirement of "the tertia pars", or setting aside one-third of all income for the ransom of Christian captives, became a noted characteristic of

1550-672: The area. When it received the tithes from nearby Jericho two years later, however, it became the source of 5,000 bezants a year in income. The priory and pilgrim visitors to the Mount and nearby River Jordan were protected by the Templar fortress of Dok at the mountain's summit. After the Third Crusade , Joscius, Archbishop of Tyre , became chancellor of Jerusalem for Henry II of Champagne , who had married Queen Isabella I of Jerusalem after Conrad's murder, but had not taken

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1600-501: The five men participated in the Third Crusade . The stories of Cletus and Helena were merged by claiming that Helena only restored the order first established by Pope Anacletus. Later stories also added details significant and specific to the individual order. Canons Regular of the Holy Sepulchre The Canons Regular of the Holy Sepulchre were a Catholic religious order of canons regular of

1650-484: The founder only as Brother John, but tradition identifies him as John de Matha , whose feast day is celebrated on 17 December. The founding-intention for the order was the ransom of Christians held captive by Muslims , a consequence of crusading and of piracy along the Mediterranean coast of Europe. Between the eighth and the fifteenth centuries medieval Europe was in a state of intermittent warfare between

1700-529: The grace of God count". Also, possibly, the convent of Santa Anna in Barcelona , today a church, was originally a house of the Canons Regular of the Holy Sepulchre, or the Order of the Holy Sepulchre , under the guidance of the Patriarch of Jerusalem . In Poland, they were notably active in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Miechów , which received many privileges from Casimir of Bytom , and Casimir II

1750-528: The last days of the Passion Week . It was in Miechów that the oldest replica of the Holy Sepulchre in Europe , the goal of numerous pilgrims , has been preserved. In Poland, they also receives privileges from Przemysł II . In England , they were also active. According to William Dugdale 's Monasticon Anglicanum , (1655) the Canons had two houses in England, one at Holy Sepulchre Priory, Thetford and

1800-602: The leadership of St. John Baptist of the Conception, a movement at Valdepeñas (Ciudad Real) known as the Spanish Discalced Trinitarians at the very end of the sixteenth century. Far-reaching periods of growth and development followed this rebirth, and at the beginning of the 18th century there were still 250 houses. In succeeding centuries, European events such as revolution, government suppression and civil war had very serious consequences for

1850-426: The life of the Catholic Church. Its twenty-fifth session dealt with regulars and nuns and the reform of religious orders . Reforming interests and energies manifested themselves among Trinitarians in France with the foundation at Pontoise , north of Paris, during the last quarter of the sixteenth century. Reform-minded Trinitarians in Spain first established the movement known as the Recollection and then, under

1900-500: The modern village is thought to have served as Gothman's residence prior to its sale to the Church. The building had two stories, both vaulted . The ground floor entrance was protected by a slit- machicolation and had stairs leading to the basement and upper floor. The only priory the order held outside of Jerusalem, however, was that on the Mount of the Temptation , bestowed to it by the patriarch William of Malines in 1130, probably initially in order to rein in autonomous hermits in

1950-475: The order and its rule approval with his letter Operante divine dispositionis clementia, issued on 17 December 1198. Soon after papal approbation, the Trinitarian ministry to Christian captives was incorporated into the Order's title: Order of the Holy Trinity and of Captives . In addition to the Order's purpose of ransoming Christian captives, each local community of Trinitarians served the people of its area. And so, their ministry included hospitality, care of

2000-669: The other at Warwick . Further indications propose Caldwell Priory and the Nottingham Holy Sepulchre Priory . King Andrew II of Hungary used the funds that he inherited from his father to recruit supporters among the Hungarian lords. He also formed an alliance with Leopold VI, Duke of Austria , and they plotted against Emeric . Their united troops routed the royal army at Mački , Slavonia, in December 1197. Under duress, King Emeric gave Croatia and Dalmatia to Andrew as an appanage. In practice, Andrew administered Croatia and Dalmatia as an independent monarch. He minted coins, granted land and confirmed privileges. He cooperated with

2050-589: The other hand, Suarez and others recognise the tradition of the order, which maintains that St   James , the first Bishop of Jerusalem, established clerics living in common there, where also after the Crusades flourished the "Congregation of the Holy Sepulchre". Between c. 1119 and c. 1125, Prior Gerard of the Holy Sepulchre, along with Warmund, Patriarch of Jerusalem , wrote a letter to Diego Gelmírez , Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela , reporting crop failures and threats from their enemies. They requested food, money, and military aid in order to maintain

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2100-421: The red and blue cross depicted above on the breast. Through the centuries, the Trinitarian Rule underwent several revisions, notably in 1267 and in 1631. It has been complemented by statutes and constitutions . The thirteenth century was a time of vitality, whereas the following centuries brought periods of difficulty and even decline in some areas. The Council of Trent (1545–1563) was a major turning-point in

2150-455: The same legendary origins. The Italian order was founded by a certain Cletus who might have been a crusader. A later tradition identified this Cletus as the 1st-century Pope Anacletus . A 130-line Latin poem Ad colendam mente pura (To cultivate a pure mind) is the earliest record of the legend about the order's foundations. The poem states that when Empress Helena discovered the True Cross , she selected twelve men to protect it. These men wore

2200-448: The sick and poor, churches, education, etc. Eventually, the Trinitarians also assumed the work of evangelization . Brother John's founding intention expanded quickly beyond the three initial foundations (Cerfroid, Planels, Bourg-la-Reine ) into a considerable network of houses committed to the ransom of Christian captives and the works of mercy conducted in their locales. Trinitarian tradition considers St. Felix of Valois co-founder of

2250-434: The title of King. Henry was involved in a dispute with the Canons of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre over the election of a new Latin Patriarch , and had them arrested until Joscius intervened. Joscius was also present at the foundation of the Teutonic Knights in 1198, and probably died in 1202. In Europe, the Canons established themselves and had monasteries in Italy , France , Spain , Poland , England , Croatia and

2300-415: The year 1819. As regards men, the male congregation of Canons Regular is now regarded as extinct. Notwithstanding, the Canonesses Regular of the Holy Sepulchre , founded in the 14th century as a female branch of the Canons Regular of the Holy Sepulchre, still exists in convents in Belgium , the Netherlands , France , Spain and England . Trinitarians The Trinitarians , formally known as

2350-486: Was an almost annual occurrence. The redemption of captives is listed among the corporal works of mercy. The period of the Crusades , when so many Christians were in danger of falling into the hands of Muslims, witnessed the rise of religious orders vowed exclusively to this pious work. The Order of the Trinitarians (Order of the Holy Trinity and Captives) was founded by St. John de Matha after his vision of Christ with two captives around 1193. Pope Innocent III granted

2400-408: Was brief and episodic. Earlier literature attributed the Crutched Friars to the Italian Crosiers, but later it was proven that they were a branch of the Belgian order. The Crutched Friars were also present in Ireland where they established 17 priory hospitals by the early 13th century. The Crutched Friars were suppressed during the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1538. Several of the orders claimed

2450-420: Was founded by Saint Theotonius in Coimbra in 1132. The order was closed during the brief reign of Pedro IV in 1834, but restored in 1979. The order's mother house is the Monastery of Santa Cruz in Coimbra. It maintains presence in Europe (Germany, Austria, Holland, Italy, Portugal and Switzerland), in the Americas (Brazil, United States and Mexico), and in Asia (Philippines and India). The Italian Order of

2500-507: Was most popular in the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . It was suppressed by the Russian Empire in 1832 and the last monastery closed in 1845. The Bohemian Order of the Holy Cross with the Red Heart (Canonicus Ordo Crucigerorum cum Rubeo Corde) separated from the Canons Regular of Penance of the Blessed Martyrs and became an independent order in 1628. This order was closed in 1783 due to Josephinism reforms introduced by Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor . The first Friars of

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