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43-617: Freedomites began to divide from Doukhobors in 1902 in Saskatchewan, Canada, self-named as "God's people" and Svobodniki (Russian: "sovereign/ free people"). The faction, later called "Freedomites", opposed land ownership, public schools, using work animals, etc. and are mainly known for protesting nude. By 1920 the common English term for them became Sons of Freedom . Of about 20,000 active Doukhobors in Canada today, ancestors of about 2,500 were Freedomites, and many descendants have joined

86-612: A "baptism of the spirit", insisting that baptism was a purely spiritual experience instead of a physical one. Very few dry Baptists still exist in Georgia . Molokan-Adventisty are a hybrid sect of Molokans and Seventh Day Adventists, the sect was born because of German Adventist missionaries in the 20th century. The Pryguny (translation: Jumpers) were formed from several heterodox (sectarian) movements in Central Russia and Taurida Governorate , most of whom were isolated in

129-526: A form of protest against the materialist tendencies of society. Nudity is sometimes used as a tactic during a protest to attract media and public attention to a cause. Public nudity is used widely around the world today, with groups like the Ukrainian feminist activist group FEMEN , and the animal rights organization PETA . A small minority of the Freedomites were noted for their arson campaigns, as

172-470: A large network of outdoor activity operators, with the biggest facilities including lift, cat and heli-skiing. This includes some of the oldest resorts in North America such as Red Mountain , and largest Revelstoke Mountain . The highway that connects them all has been named the powder highway . With the emergence of fibre internet, digital nomads and technology developers are now a growing part of

215-537: A part. The strictest definition of the region is the drainage basin of the lower Kootenay River from its re-entry into Canada near Creston , through to its confluence with the Columbia at Castlegar (illustrated by a , right) . In most interpretations, however, the region also includes: Some or all of the following areas to the north, which drain into the Columbia River, are also commonly included in

258-665: A peaceful rural life, ecstatic religious doctrine when agitated for protest, and anarchic attitudes towards external regulation. Freedomites were strict vegetarians and oppose all government regulation. Although Canada at first provided a more tolerant religious environment than the Russian Empire , conflict soon developed, most importantly over the schooling of children and land registration. These Svobodniki generally refused to send their children to government-run schools. The governments of Saskatchewan and later British Columbia did not heed reports by sociologists to appease

301-622: A protest against materialistic life. They targeted belongings and other material possessions. The attacks occurred throughout the 20th century, but the periods of greatest activity were during the 1920s and 1960s. Both arson and bombing were used. The first use of explosives occurred in 1923, and two were killed by their own bombs in 1958 and 1962. Targets included their own property and unfortunate Doukhobor neighbors to further exhibit their loathing of materialism, attacks on schools to resist government pressure to school Svobodnik children, and attacks on transportation and communications. One such incident

344-464: A sect that was born out of the Khlysts. They emphasized ascetism. They branched into Staroizrail and New Israel . Skoptsy , now extinct, originally split off from the Khlysts and had a high following in the 19th century. The sect believed that forgiveness of sin came through self mutilation, like castration. They also believed that when enough people joined them, Jesus would return. The sect

387-917: Is in reference to the Kootenay Region . In practice the two terms are used interchangeably, although one indicates a geographical region and the other a legal boundary, the Kootenay Land District , which was identical with the original federal and provincial Kootenay ridings . Once settled by miners, loggers, and rail workers, the area experienced a silver rush in the 1890s. The district now contains important tourism, outdoor activity and fruit-growing regions ( Creston Valley ) and numerous commercial centres, including Grand Forks , Kaslo , Robson , Ymir , Warfield , Montrose , Fruitvale , Salmo , Trail , Nelson , Slocan , Playmor , Winlaw , Cranbrook , Kimberley , Fernie , Castlegar , Rossland , Erickson , and Creston . The region has

430-471: Is the group of belief systems held by so-called folk Protestants ( narodnye protestanty ), including non- Eastern Orthodox indigenous faith tribes and new religious movements that emerged in the Russian Empire . Their origins are varied: some come from Protestant movements imported from Europe to Russia by missionaries, travelers and workers; others from disgust at the behavior (absenteeism, alcoholism, profiteering) of Orthodox priests, still others from

473-616: The Bezpopovtsy Raskolniks . Those influences, mixed with folk traditions, resulted in communities that are collectively called sektanty (sectarians). Such communities were typically documented by Russian Orthodox clergy with a label that described their heresy such as not fasting, meeting on Saturday (sabbatarians), rejecting the spirit (spirit wrestlers), body mutilation (castigators), self-flagellation, or suicide. The heterodox (non- orthodox ) groups "rejected ritual and outward observances and believe instead in

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516-669: The German Peasants' War in the German Reformation of the 1500s. Many Spiritual Christians embraced egalitarian and pacifist beliefs, which were considered politically radical views by the Russian government. It deported some groups to internal exile in Central Asia. About one percent escaped suppression by emigrating (1898–1930s) to North America forming a diaspora that divided into many sub-groups. Among

559-858: The Okanagan and the Bonanza Pass and drained by the basins of the Kettle and Granby Rivers , is sometimes mentioned as being in the West Kootenay, and in other reckonings as being part of the Okanagan. In actuality, the settlement of the Boundary Country predates development in either of the regions it is now attached to, as is also the case with the Similkameen Country to the west of the Okanagan. In some descriptions,

602-603: The Popovtsy and " Evangelical Christianity ". The Molokane are a sect that has been compared to the Radical Reformation , to the Quakers , and often confused with other Spiritual Christian faiths from Russia. They have a Protestant-like view of the authority of scripture, however interpreting the bible allegorically or "spiritually", they see the sacraments "spiritually", reject the use of icons, images of

645-637: The direct revelation of God to the inner man". Adherents are called Spiritual Christians ( Russian : духовные христиане ) or, less accurately, malakan in the Former Soviet Union , and "Molokans" in the United States, often confused with " Doukhobors " in Canada. Molokane proper constituted the largest and most organized of many Spiritual Christian groups in the Russian Empire. Spiritual Christians have been compared to

688-668: The 1950s about 200 of their children were "Snatched" and painfully punished and forced to be English schooled in a Japanese internment camp in New Denver , British Columbia. The Khlysts (whips, flagellants) were a 17th-century sect that left the Russian Orthodox Church, they held extremely ascetic views, the Khlyst sect became extinct during the Soviet Union . The Khlysty imposed self denial and focused on

731-726: The Boundary Country includes Osoyoos and Oliver in the South Okanagan (rather than the other way around). The Boundary Country is (illustrated by h ) In the event of its inclusion, the Kootenays could be described as the complete Canadian portion of the Columbia Basin minus lands drained by the Okanagan River . Contingent on the above boundaries, the Kootenays are commonly split either into East and West, or East, Central and West. In general use amongst locals of

774-654: The European Radical Reformation . Extant Spiritual Christian sects include: Dukhobors , Molokans , New Israel , Sukhie Baptisty , Sons of Freedom and the Dukh-i-zhizniki . The historian Pavel Milyukov traced the origins of Spiritual Christianity to the Doukhobors , who were first recorded in the 1800s but originated earlier. Milyukov believed the movement reflected developments among Russian peasants similar to those underlying

817-631: The Kootenays: When the above regions are added, sometimes the region's name is morphed into Columbia-Kootenay or Kootenay-Columbia , although that terminology also includes the Big Bend Country and Kinbasket Lake, to the north of Golden and Revelstoke, which is not generally considered part of the Kootenays, though part of the Kootenay Land District . Finally, the Boundary Country , a southern east–west corridor between

860-529: The Orthodox Church or ancient rites of Popovtsy . Their saying was, "The church is not within logs, but within ribs". The movement was popular with intellectuals such as Tolstoy . Nikolai Leskov was also drawn to Spiritual Christianity after visiting Protestant Europe in 1875. Separate from Spiritual Christianity were other strands of Russian sektanstvo ("sectarianism" in the sense "splitting into sects" rather than " sectarian bigotry ") including

903-506: The Sons of Freedom children, it was in an attempt to respond to the widespread civil disorder happening in the Kootenays . The Federal Department of Justice faced two problems with the apprehension and conviction of the Sons of Freedom: where should the adult convicts be confined and what should be done with their children? In the years leading up to the creation of the residential schools,

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946-431: The Sons of Freedom had become a concern for the province of British Columbia as a whole; they seemed to have a problem with any sort of government, in addition to the laws and policies that were being enforced. Public and Authorities were unhappy because the Sons of Freedom did not register their births, deaths or marriages that occurred within their communities; nor did they send their children to public schools. Public alarm

989-570: The USCC Community Doukhobors. Freedomite meetings were similar to other spiritual Christian folk- Protestants from Russia. They met in simple buildings, sat on benches, men and women separated facing each other, prayed in Russian, sang religious hymns and songs in Russian, and spoke about matters of religious and community interest mostly in Russian. The ideals of the Freedomites emphasized basic traditional Russian communal living and action — growing food, building homes, living

1032-404: The area, the "East/West" convention is more common as a descriptor of where someone is from or where a town is located (rather than splitting the region into "East/Central/West" subregions). That being said: It remains unclear why both Kootenay and Kootenay s are used somewhat interchangeably to describe the area. The plural form is in reference to The Kootenays , both East and West; the singular

1075-556: The authority of church and state. One-third mass migrated to Canada (1899-1938), and about 15-20k Dukhobortsy still exist in Russia. Sons of Freedom were an extremist group born from the Canadian Doukhobors beginning in 1902 for a century. They performed extreme protests, long treks to return to Russia, some in the nude, burned their own buildings, and bombed schools and government property to protest materialism . In

1118-466: The concerns of parents, and chose to legally charge many of the parents for not sending the children to school. The Svobodniki became famous for various public protests—sometimes publicly burning their own money and possessions and parading nude in public. There was a doctrinal justification for nudity: that human skin, as God's creation, was more perfect than clothes, the imperfect work of human hands. This public nudity has generally been interpreted as

1161-621: The cross and Church hierarchy along with venerating the saints. Molokane believe each has their own inner light , therefore do not need someone to "jump in the spirit" for them. In Russia, they advocated for pacifism, held home meetings, did not drink or smoke, opposed contraception and some modern technology. Many Molokans follow the Old Testament food laws, refusing to eat pork, shellfish or unclean foods. They were named for consuming dairy products ( moloko : Russian for "milk") during most Orthodox fasting days. About 40,000 continue

1204-625: The economy. Several coworking and innovation centres have sprouted including Kootenay Lake Innovation Centre . A number of Community Radio stations exist in the region, most notably CJLY-FM in Nelson, CIDO-FM in Creston and Stoke FM in Revelstoke. These stations usually operate either as Cooperatives or as non-profit Societies . Since 2001, The Kootenay Mountain Culture has brought

1247-667: The faith in Russia, and one meeting hall continues to meet on Potrero Hill, San Francisco, since 1928. Mokrye Molokane are a Molokan subsect that split off from the Molokans in the year 2000, that is nearly identical to the Molokans but practice water baptism. Sukhie Baptisty was a 19th-century Spiritual Christian movement, which was born from Molokans who merged with the Russian Union of Evangelical Christians . They were called "dry baptists", because they refused to baptize believers in physical water, but instead believing in

1290-524: The federal government in "Operation Snatch". These children were confined in New Denver, BC in a prison-like setting. The Sons of Freedom children are alleged to have lost their human rights throughout their imprisonment by the BC government. The following is a timeline of the actions that were taken leading up to, during, and after the confinement of the children. When the government made a decision to seize

1333-723: The movement moved to Uruguay, the movement still exists in Uruguay . Shalaputy were a radical reform movement in Imperial Russia during 1830-1890 AD. They demanded that sinful people should not be allowed to attend Church meetings ( Novatianism ), and opposed the formalism of Orthodoxy . They also emphasized the Jewish roots of Christianity. The Shalaputs became an evangelical movement made up of peasants who wanted to create their own version of Christianity that opposed Russian Orthodoxy. Dukh-i-zhizniki (Spirit and Lifers) are

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1376-478: The new Dukh-i-zhiznik movement formed in Los Angeles, California in the 1930s by adherents who migrated there from 1905 through 1912. Dukhobortsy were an 18th-century Spiritual Christian movement that evolved from ikonobortsy , opposed all external authorities and the literal Bible, instead being in favour of direct individual revelation. They abolished priests and sacraments, were pacifists and opposed

1419-586: The newest Spiritual Christian movement born from a mixture of ecstatic Spiritual Christian faith tribes who migrated to the Boyle Heights district of Los Angeles from the South Caucasus from 1904 through 1912. Some classify Dukh-i-zhizniki as a cult due to the prominence of one spiritual leader, Maksim G. Rudomyotkin (1818-1877). Along with related tribes in Arizona and Southern California,

1462-645: The newly acquired South Caucasus to not infect the Orthodox. Named for their ecstatic spiritual jumping dances, these new tribes variously embraced a few essential "Christ's holidays" from Orthodoxy, "God's holidays" from the Old Testament and Subbotniks , adding new prophecies and rituals similar to Khlysty . They have some similarities to western Pentecostalism . One outspoken Prygun leader in Erivan Governorate , Maksim G. Rudomyotkin (1818-1877), formed his own Maksimist faith, which merged with

1505-542: The next four years in what she said felt like a jail. They were housed with nearly 200 other in a residential school in New Denver, B.C. " Spiritual Christian Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches de jure : Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches: Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church: Semi-Autonomous: Spiritual Christianity ( Russian : духовное христианство , romanized :  dukhovnoye khristianstvo )

1548-586: The organizers negotiated from 1915 to 1932 to combine their spiritual writings and a history into a contested book, which was titled: Kniga solntse, dukh i zhizn ( Book of the Sun, Spirit and Life , 1928). This book was placed on the altar tables of all member congregations as a third testament to their Russian Bibles, and defines their family of faiths. In the 1930s the book was sent to Prygun and Maksimist congregations in Kars province, Turkey, and Soviet Armenia where it

1591-539: The reception of the Holy Spirit through constant prayer, they were denounced as "Quaker heretics" and practices such as ecstatic forms of worship, rhythmic dancing, chants and celibacy resembled the practice of the Shakers . The Khlyst practices also resembled Pentecostal sects. C. L. Sulzberger, in 1977, claimed that Rasputin "adopted the philosophy (if not proven membership)" of the Khlysts. Postniki were

1634-547: The removal, saying that it is not responsible for actions taken by the government in place 50 years ago. On February 1, 2024, the provincial British Columbian government formally apologized for the treatment of the Freedomite children. Between 1953 and 1959, roughly 200 Sons of Freedom (Freedomite) children, aged 7–15, were seized by the BC government, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), and

1677-458: The sects considered to practice Spiritual Christianity are the Doukhobors , Maksimisty , Molokans , Subbotniks , Pryguny (Jumpers), Khlysts , Skoptsy , Ikonobortsy ( Icon -fighters, " Iconoclasts ") and Zhidovstvuyushchiye (Жидовствующие: Judaizers). These sects often have radically different notions of "spirituality" and practices. Their common denominator is that they sought God in "Spirit and Truth" ( Gospel of John 4:24) rather than in

1720-617: Was accepted by many who interpreted it differently, divided and continue to divide. Kootenays The Kootenays or Kootenay ( / ˈ k uː t n i / KOOT -nee ) is a region of southeastern British Columbia . It takes its name from the Kootenay River , which in turn was named for the Kutenai First Nations people. The Kootenays are more or less defined by the Kootenay Land District , though some variation exists in terms of what areas are or are not

1763-539: Was increasing, based on the fears that the unruly incidents of nude protests, burning of homes and buildings and bombings of bridges and railways, were not being attended to by the RCMP. "It was between 5 a.m. and 6 a.m. and Elsie Ericson's mother had just begun lighting the stove when four RCMP officers barged into their tiny wooden home in the village of Krestova, B.C. The child jumped out of bed and hid under it, only to be dragged out by their feet. Elsie and her brother spent

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1806-632: Was the bombing of a railway bridge in Nelson, British Columbia in 1961. Most of these acts were committed in the nude. Among the reactions of the British Columbia and Canadian government was taking away Freedomite children and placing them in an internment center in New Denver . Abuse of these children was later alleged, and a formal apology demanded. The BC government made an official Statement of Regret that satisfied some, but not others. The Government of Canada has not apologized for its role in

1849-651: Was ultimately destroyed by Stalin . Some reported that the Skoptsy sect still exists in small numbers, but there is no serious proof. A few individuals still have similar beliefs in Russia . New Israel came to resemble Protestantism and the Dukhobors much more than Staroizrail, the New Israel movement rejects the Orthodox religious practices and aims to "worship God in spirit and truth". Because many adherents of

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