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102-842: It leads (parallel to the English Garden ) from Leopoldstraße at the Münchner Freiheit in the north-east direction past the Ungererbad and the Nordfriedhof to Freimann past the Studentenstadt to Freisinger Landstraße at the corner of the Frankfurter Ring . In the northern part, west of the road, lies Neuer Israelitische Friedhof. The street's subway stations are: Dietlindenstraße , Nordfriedhof , Alte Heide and Studentenstadt . The Ungererstraße

204-632: A "Schweizerey" (cattle farm), "Schäfery" (sheep farm) and "Ackerbauschule" (arable farming school) to improve farming techniques, and a "Vihearzneyschule" (veterinary school) for the treatment of cattle diseases. Most of these projects did not long survive the creation of the park, but the veterinary school went on to become what is now the Tierärztliche Fakultät (Veterinary Faculty) of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich . The gateway from 1790 can be seen at

306-683: A Japanese teahouse and a Japanese garden were created on a small island at the south end of the Englischer Garten , behind the Haus der Kunst . The island lies in a lake which had been created only a few years earlier, in 1969. The teahouse was a gift to Bavaria from Soshitsu Sen, head of the Urasenke tea school in Kyoto , and it was designed by Soshitsu Sen and Mitsuo Nomura. A traditional Japanese tea ceremony takes place here regularly. Between

408-426: A boathouse with food service. This was replaced with a new building by Rudolf Esterer in 1935; with a terrace overlooking the lake, this was very popular until 1970, when it was demolished. A competition for a new design was won by Alexander von Branca, with a design modelled on a Japanese village; but the work was found too costly and never executed. For fifteen years service was from temporary buildings, until in 1985

510-555: A design by von Klenze. A little south of it, on the bank of the lake, the Sckell-Säule ("Sckell pillar") honours Ludwig von Sckell. This, also designed by von Klenze, was erected in 1824, a year after Sckell's death; the design was executed by Ernst von Bandel , who would later be known as the creator of the Hermannsdenkmal . The English Garden is divided into two portions by the busy Isarring road. The southern part

612-745: A further 67 hectares from the Hirschauer Forst (Hirschau Wood). The century almost brought less welcome changes to the park. In the Second World War , Allied bombing damaged the Monopteros and destroyed the Chinese Tower, and 93,000 cubic metres of rubble were dumped in the Hirschanger . The area was only cleared in 1953, when a sports ground for schools was created there. (The park briefly had another sports ground, with

714-541: A great-grandson of Otto I, Count of Scheyern, became Duke of Merania in 1153 and was succeeded by his son Conrad II . It was the first duchy held by the Wittelsbach family (until 1180/82). Otto I's eldest son Eckhard I, Count of Scheyern was father of the count palatine of Bavaria, Otto IV (died 1156), who was the first Count of Wittelsbach and whose son Otto was invested with the Duchy of Bavaria in 1180 after

816-557: A guiding role from the beginning, many aspects of the execution differed from his ideas, which he set out in a memorandum of 1807. His long supervision of the garden (1804–1823) was marked by a movement away from agricultural uses and by concentration on the landscape garden. For instance, two mills at the point where the Schwabingerbach (Schwabing stream) leaves the Eisbach (Ice stream) were removed and an artificial waterfall

918-714: A little north of the Rumford-Saal, has not survived; this had been used primarily for fireworks exhibitions). The new amphitheatre is used for open-air performances in summer. To the east the Hirschau's border is formed by the Isar , which can be crossed at the Oberföhring dam ( Stauwehr Oberföhring ), built between 1920 and 1924, and at the Emmeram Bridge, a wooden pedestrian bridge first built in 1978. The bridge

1020-935: A member of the Bavarian branch. As a result, the Upper Palatinate had to be ceded to the Bavarian branch in 1623, along with the Imperial office of Arch-Steward. When the Thirty Years' War concluded with the Treaty of Münster (also called the Peace of Westphalia ) in 1648, a new additional electorate was created for the Count Palatine of the Rhine, along with the new office of Imperial Arch-Treasurer. During their exile Frederick's sons, especially Prince Rupert of

1122-618: A position that his younger brother Duke Max Emanuel in Bavaria , has since taken over, through which the House of Wittelsbach still maintains a connection to one of its former main territories, the Electoral Palatinate . With Duke Otto III of Lower Bavaria , who was a maternal grandson of Béla IV of Hungary and was elected anti-king of Hungary and Croatia as Bela V (1305–1308) the Wittelsbach dynasty came to power outside

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1224-487: A tram route through the garden north of the Chinese Tower, currently a road used only by buses; but it was opposed by the Bavarian government, which owns the land, and the Bayerische Verwaltungsgerichtshof rejected the plan. There were also natural disasters: many trees were destroyed by severe storms in 1964, 1988, and 1990 (the "Wiebke" storm); and Dutch elm disease has almost destroyed

1326-578: Is around 2 km long, while the northern part, called the Hirschau, is around 3 km long. In contrast to the southern part, which on sunny days contains as many people as one would find in a medium-sized town, the Hirschau has a peaceful character. In the southern part the grass in the open expanses (heavily used for sport and sunbathing) must be kept short; but in the Hirschau some meadows are allowed to grow and are mown for hay in June and August, while others are used as pasture for sheep. Two beer gardens ,

1428-537: Is constantly fed by water from the Eisbach . Three islands can be found within the lake's 86,410 square meters: Königsinsel ("King's Island", 2,720 m ), Kurfürsteninsel ("Elector's Island", 1,260 m ) and Regenteninsel ("Regent's Island", 640 m ). Sckell's enlargement of the lake brought it close to Kleinhesselohe; and the little beer garden there was to be a forerunner of the modern Seehaus ("lake house"), with 2,500 seats. In 1882 to 1883 Gabriel von Seidel built

1530-771: The Elector of Bavaria Maximilian III Joseph , the last ruler from the Bavarian branch of the Wittelsbach dynasty, died childless in 1777, his throne passed to Charles Theodore , count and elector of the Palatinate. The new ruler preferred his existing home in Mannheim on the Rhine to living in Bavaria and tried unsuccessfully to trade his unloved inheritance for the Austrian Netherlands . Understandably,

1632-659: The Electorate of Bavaria , the Electoral Palatinate , the Electorate of Cologne , Holland , Zeeland , Sweden (with Swedish-ruled Finland ), Denmark, Norway, Hungary , Bohemia , and Greece . Their ancestral lands of Bavaria and the Palatinate were prince-electorates , and the family had three of its members elected emperors and kings of the Holy Roman Empire . They ruled over the Kingdom of Bavaria which

1734-652: The German Empire was formed in 1871, Bavaria became the new empire's second most powerful state after Prussia. The Wittelsbachs reigned as kings of Bavaria until the German Revolution of 1918–1919 . On 12 November 1918 Ludwig III issued the Anif declaration (German: Anifer Erklärung ) at Anif Palace in Austria, in which he released his soldiers and officials from their oath of loyalty to him and ended

1836-614: The Holy Roman Empire for the first time. Otto had abdicated the Hungarian throne by 1308. The Bill of Rights 1689 and the Act of Settlement 1701 excluded non- Protestants from inheriting the throne of Great Britain , making Sophia of Hanover , a born princess of the House of Palatinate-Simmern , the heir presumptive upon Anne's death. Sophia died two months before Anne, however, and Sophia's eldest son George I of Great Britain succeeded

1938-660: The House of Luxembourg . On Duke Albert's death in 1404, he was succeeded in the Netherlands by his eldest son, William . A younger son, John III , became Prince- Bishop of Liège . However, on William's death in 1417, a war of succession broke out between John and William's daughter Jacqueline of Hainaut . This last episode of the Hook and Cod wars finally left the counties in Burgundian hands in 1433. Emperor Louis IV had reunited Bavaria in 1340 but from 1349 onwards Bavaria

2040-727: The Monopteros and the Japanisches Teehaus lies the Schönfeldwiese ("Beautiful field meadow"). In this part of the Gardens nude sunbathing has been permitted since the 1960s, something which many Germans practise. It caused quite a sensation at the time and also made the English Gardens well-known, even outside Munich. The Schönfeldwiese proper lies to the south of the Schwabingerbach , which crosses

2142-560: The Treaty of Pavia , Emperor Louis IV granted the Palatinate including the Bavarian Upper Palatinate to his brother Duke Rudolf's descendants, Rudolf II , Rupert I and Rupert II . Rudolf I in this way became the ancestor of the older (Palatinate) line of the Wittelsbach dynasty, which returned to power also in Bavaria in 1777 after the extinction of the younger (Bavarian) line, the descendants of Louis IV. Through

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2244-521: The Upper Palatinate for the Palatinate branch of the Wittelsbach in 1329. His six sons succeeded him as Duke of Bavaria and Count of Holland and Hainaut in 1347. The Wittelsbachs lost the Tyrol with the death of Duke Meinhard and the following Peace of Schärding – the Tyrol was finally renounced to the Habsburgs in 1369. In 1373 Otto , the last Wittelsbach regent of Brandenburg, released the country to

2346-615: The Veterinärstraße entrance to the garden. The park was initially named "Theodors Park", but it very quickly became known by the descriptive name of "the English Garden". By May, 1790 sufficient progress had been made to allow Charles Theodore to make an inspection tour; but it was first in the spring of 1792 that the park was officially opened to the approximately 40,000 citizens of Munich. Thompson left Munich in 1798. His successor, Baron von Werneck , attempted to make

2448-831: The War of the Jülich succession broke out, ended by the 1614 Treaty of Xanten , which divided the separate duchies between Palatinate-Neuburg and the Margraviate of Brandenburg . Jülich and Berg fell to the Wittelsbach Count Palatine Wolfgang William of Neuburg . In 1619, the Protestant Frederick V, Elector Palatine became King of Bohemia but was defeated by the Catholic Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria ,

2550-406: The " Aumeister ", built in 1810–11 by the court mason ( Hofmaurermeister ) Joseph Deiglmayr (1760–1814) and the "Hirschau", built in 1840, are located at the north and south end of the Hirschau respectively. The northern part of the garden also contains a small amphitheatre, built in 1985 and called the new amphitheatre. (An amphitheatre built in 1793 to a similar plan, but in a different position,

2652-417: The "Spiegelsaal" (mirror room), has room for 150 people. The building is currently used by the city of Munich as a children's centre ("Kinderfreizeitstätte"). The Kleinhesseloher See ("Kleinhesseloher Lake") was created under Werneck's direction around 1800 between the districts of Schwabing , at that time a village north of Munich, and Kleinhesselohe. Kleinhesselohe had been the original northern limit of

2754-534: The 738-year rule of the House of Wittelsbach in Bavaria. The republican movement thereupon declared a republic. Before and during the Second World War , the Wittelsbachs were anti-Nazi. Crown Prince Rupert had earned Hitler 's eternal enmity by opposing the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923. In 1933, shortly after Hitler's rise to power , he protested against the appointment of governors at the head of

2856-629: The Bavarian dukes became leaders of the German Counter-Reformation . From 1583 to 1761, the Bavarian branch of the dynasty provided the Prince-electors and Archbishops of Cologne and many other bishops of the Holy Roman Empire, namely Liège (1581–1763). Wittelsbach princes served at times as Bishops of Regensburg , Freising , Münster , Hildesheim , Paderborn and Osnabrück , and as Grand Master of

2958-630: The Bavarian prince Clement . In the imperial election a few days later Charles III Philip voted for his Bavarian cousin Prince-Elector Charles Albert . After extinction of the Neuburg branch in 1742, the Palatinate was inherited by Duke Charles Theodore of the branch Palatinate-Sulzbach . After the extinction of the Bavarian branch in 1777, a succession dispute and the brief War of the Bavarian Succession ,

3060-626: The British defeat had returned to England before moving to continental Europe and entering Charles Theodore's service in 1784. In 1788 Thompson proposed that in peacetime the majority of the soldiers of the Elector's army should be given leave to do civilian work, such as farming and gardening. In February 1789, Charles Theodore decreed that military gardens should be laid out in each garrison city, to provide soldiers with good agricultural knowledge and also to serve as recreation areas, accessible also to

3162-527: The Electoral residence moved to Düsseldorf in Berg. His brother and successor Charles III Philip, Elector Palatine moved the Palatinate's capital back to Heidelberg in 1718 and then to Mannheim in 1720. To strengthen the union of all lines of the Wittelsbach dynasty Charles Philip organized a wedding on 17 January 1742 when his granddaughters were married to Charles Theodore of Palatinate-Sulzbach and to

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3264-458: The Empire and also as Elector-Archbishop-Electors of Mainz and Archbishop-Electors of Trier . After the death of the Wittelsbach king Rupert of Germany in 1410 the Palatinate lands began to split under numerous branches of the family such as Neumarkt , Simmern , Zweibrücken , Birkenfeld , Neuburg and Sulzbach . When the senior branch of the Palatinate branch died out in 1559,

3366-532: The English Garden at this point before flowing northwards along its west side; but the name is sometimes used of the whole larger open space. The expanse to the north of the Schwabingerbach , the Carl Theodorswiese ("Carl Theodors meadow") has the oldest construction in the park: the "Burgfriedsäule", a boundary marker from 1724, topped with the Münchner Kindl stands in a grove of trees below

3468-696: The French victory over the Russians and Austrians at the Battle of Austerlitz (2 December), allowed Maximilian to raise Bavaria to the status of a kingdom. Accordingly, Maximilian proclaimed himself king on 1 January 1806. The King still served as an elector until Bavaria seceded from the Holy Roman Empire on 1 August 1806, joining the Confederation of the Rhine . The Duchy of Berg was ceded to Napoleon only in 1806. The Congress of Vienna 1814−15 led to

3570-485: The Holy Roman Empire (1 August 1806). The Bavarian Army was involved in the Austrian defeat at Hohenlinden , and General Jean Victor Marie Moreau once more occupied Munich. By the Treaty of Lunéville (9 February 1801), Bavaria lost the Palatinate and the duchies of Zweibrücken and Jülich . In view of the scarcely disguised ambitions and intrigues of the Austrian court, prime minister Montgelas now believed that

3672-469: The Monopteros. In one of the artificial streams flowing through the Englischer Garten, there is a standing wave (a stationary hydraulic jump ) in which there is a transition from laminar to turbulent flow. Surfers line up along the bank taking turns entering the water with their boards. After a minute or so, successful surfers will voluntarily drop out returning to the end of the line allowing

3774-595: The Palatinate-Sulzbach branch under Elector Charles Theodore succeeded also in Bavaria. With the death of Charles Theodore in 1799 all Wittelsbach land in Bavaria and the Palatinate was reunited under Maximilian IV Joseph , a member of the branch Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld . At the time there were two surviving branches of the Wittelsbach family: Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (headed by Maximilian Joseph) and Palatinate-Birkenfeld-Gelnhausen (headed by Count Palatine William ). Maximilian Joseph inherited Charles Thedore's title of Elector of Bavaria, while William

3876-455: The Pinakotheken. The former Bavarian Royal Family receives around 14 million Euros in payments annually from the proceeds of the Wittelsbach Compensation Fund which also owns agricultural and forestry lands, while its main source of income is urban real estate in Munich. The respective head of the family decides on their distribution and use. He has the right to live in the castles mentioned. While Albrecht lived in Berg Palace from 1949 until

3978-401: The Rhine , gained fame in England. The house of Palatinate of Zweibrücken-Kleeburg as heir to the Swedish throne ruled simultaneously the Duchy of Bremen-Verden (1654–1719). In 1685, the Simmern line died out, and the Catholic Philip William , Count Palatine of Neuburg inherited the Palatinate (and also Duke of Jülich and Berg ). During the reign of Johann Wilhelm (1690–1716)

4080-434: The Rhine. When Henry's branch died out in 1340 the Emperor Louis IV , a son of Duke Louis II, reunited the duchy. The family provided two Holy Roman Emperors : Louis IV (1314–1347) and Charles VII (1742–1745), both members of the Bavarian branch of the family, and one German King with Rupert of Germany (1400–1410), a member of the Palatinate branch. The House of Wittelsbach split into these two branches in 1329: Under

4182-431: The Romans (1400–1410), two Anti-Kings of Bohemia (1619–20/1742–43), one King of Hungary (1305–1308), one King of Denmark and Norway (1440–1448), and one King of Greece (1832–1862). The Wittelsbach dynasty ruled the German territories of Bavaria from 1180 to 1918 and the Electorate of the Palatinate from 1214 until 1805. In both countries they had succeeded rulers from the House of Welf . The Duchy of Bavaria

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4284-409: The Royal Gardener Friedrich Ludwig Sckell (ennobled in 1808) who had studied landscape gardening in England and had previously worked for Charles Theodore at Schwetzingen , had been summoned to Munich earlier in August. Various associated projects were made part of the park development, among them the Elevengarten ("Pupils' Garden", a garden for the students at the recently formed military academy),

4386-436: The Second World War: the Ducal Bavarian Brewery of Tegernsee and the König Ludwig Schlossbrauerei . Since 2011, the Nymphenburg Porcelain Manufactory is also owned by a member of the family. The head of the house is also Grand Master of the Wittelsbach House Orders , the Royal Order of Saint George for the Defense of the Immaculate Conception , the Order of Saint Hubert and the Order of Theresa . Duke Franz maintained

4488-412: The Teutonic Order . In 1623 under Maximilian I the Bavarian dukes were invested with the electoral dignity and the duchy became the Electorate of Bavaria . His grandson Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria served also as Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands (1692–1706) and as Duke of Luxembourg (1712–1714). His son Emperor Charles VII also claimed the throne of Bohemia (1741–1743). With

4590-409: The Ungererbahn was replaced by a new horse-drawn carriage track , which continued on the Freisinger Landstraße to the Nordfriedhof. In 1900, the tram line in the Ungererstraße was the last Munich horse-drawn railway line to be converted to electric operation. In 1917, the tram was extended from the Nordfriedhof on the Ungererstraße to the Frankfurter Ring. In the course of the construction of the subway,

4692-432: The archery range that hosted the archery competitions for the 1972 Summer Olympics on the Werneckwiese by the Kleinhesseloher See .) Transport too has harmed the character of the garden, most notably with the construction in 1963 of the Isarring , part of Munich's central ring road, which divides the park just north of the Kleinhesseloher See. Towards the end of the 20th century the city of Munich wished to construct

4794-477: The claim. Christopher III of the House of Palatinate-Neumarkt was king of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway in 1440/1442–1448, but left no descendants. The House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken succeeded to the monarchy of Sweden again 1654–1720 when Queen Christina of Sweden abdicated her throne on 5 June 1654 in favour of her cousin Charles X Gustav . Under Charles X, Charles XI , Charles XII , Sweden reached its greatest power (see Swedish Empire ). Charles XII

4896-412: The current Seehaus was built to a design by Ernst Hürlimann and Ludwig Wiedemann. Today, the lake and the Seehaus are well-loved leisure destinations; pedal boats are also leased here to those who want to splash around. Two monuments near the lake honour its creators. The Werneck-Denkmal , a monument to Werneck, stands on a rise near the east side. It was erected in 1838 on Ludwig I 's suggestion to

4998-452: The curved bench. The Chinesischer Turm ("Chinese Tower") is a 25-metre-high wooden structure, first constructed in 1789 to 1790, from a design by the Mannheimer military architect Joseph Frey (1758–1819). It was modelled on the " Great Pagoda " in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew . The Pagoda, twice as high as the tower, was supposed to resemble a porcelain pagoda in the gardens of a Chinese emperor. The Munich tower has five storeys:

5100-410: The death of Charles' son Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria the Bavarian branch died out in 1777. The Palatinate branch kept the Palatinate until 1918, having succeeded also to Bavaria in 1777. With the Golden Bull of 1356 the Counts Palatine were invested with the electoral dignity, their county became the Electorate of the Palatinate . Princes of the Palatinate branch served as bishops of

5202-401: The efforts of Louis IV, the Wittelsbachs controlled the Duchy of Bavaria , the Electorate of the Palatine , the County of Tyrol , the Margraviate of Brandenburg , the County of Holland , County of Zeeland and the County of Hainault . This gave them a chance to dominate the Empire as the previous imperial houses of Hohenstaufen , Salians , Ottonians and Carolingians had. However, in

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5304-418: The electorate passed to Frederick III of Simmern , a staunch Calvinist , and the Palatinate became one of the major centers of Calvinism in Europe, supporting Calvinist rebellions in both the Netherlands and France . The Neuburg cadet branch of the Palatinate branch also held the Duchy of Jülich and Berg from 1614 onwards: When the last duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg died without direct heirs in 1609,

5406-415: The elm trees of the park. Both kinds of loss were compensated by a "tree donation" campaign organised by Munich's Abendzeitung ("Evening Paper") in 1989 to 1990 on the occasion of the park's 200th anniversary; among the 1500 new trees that were planted were a thousand elms, using only varieties resistant to Dutch elm disease. In April 1972, to celebrate the Summer Olympics of that year, held in Munich,

5508-456: The end of Wittelsbach rule in Sweden. Prince Otto of Bavaria was chosen by the London Conference of 1832 to be king of newly independent Greece . This was confirmed by the Treaty of Constantinople , whereby Greece became a new independent kingdom under the protection of the Great Powers (the United Kingdom , France and the Russian Empire ). Throughout his reign, Otto faced political challenges concerning Greece's financial weakness and

5610-548: The end of his life in 1996, his son and successor Franz primarily uses the side wing of the Nymphenburg Palace that is available to him. The administration of the House of Wittelsbach is also based there. The private assets of the House of Wittelsbach include the castles of Tegernsee Abbey , Wildenwart (near Frasdorf ), Leutstetten (near Starnberg ) and Kaltenberg as well as agricultural lands and forestry with an area of 12,500 hectares, real estate and industrial shares. These include two breweries that only became significant after

5712-409: The end of the kingdom, the Wittelsbach Compensation Fund (Wittelsbacher Ausgleichsfonds) was established through a compromise in 1923 and the Wittelsbach State Foundation for Art and Science was established by the former Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria . The Wittelsbach State Foundation received the Wittelsbach family's art treasures acquired before 1804 and has since been the owner, although not

5814-416: The establishment of significant territorial gains for the Kingdom of Bavaria . Although the Duchy of Berg remained lost, almost all of Franconia , previously ruled by a number of Prince-bishops , as well as parts of Swabia , which had belonged to various mediatised secular and ecclesiastic princes, came under Bavarian rule. In both areas a number of formerly free imperial cities were also integrated into

5916-767: The fall of Henry the Lion and hence the first Bavarian ruler from the House of Wittelsbach. Duke Otto's son Louis I, Duke of Bavaria acquired the Electorate of the Palatinate in 1214. Throughout history, members of the royal house have reigned as Dukes of Merania (1153–1180/82); Dukes, Electors, and Kings of Bavaria (1180–1918); Counts Palatine of the Rhine (1214–1803 and 1816–1918); Margraves of Brandenburg (1323–1373); Counts of Holland , Hainaut , and Zeeland (1345–1433); Elector-Archbishops of Cologne (1583–1761); Dukes of Jülich and Berg (1614–1794/1806); Kings of Sweden (1441–1448 and 1654–1720); and Dukes of Bremen-Verden (1654–1719). The family also provided two Holy Roman Emperors (1328–1347/1742–1745), one King of

6018-459: The federal states and thus the de facto abolition of German federalism. In 1938, he emigrated to Italy and, after the German Army occupied Italy in September 1943, went into hiding in Florence. His son, Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria , initially left Germany for Hungary with his family, but was eventually arrested by the Gestapo in October 1944, after Germany had occupied Hungary in March. With his wife, four children and three half-sisters, he

6120-421: The former was given to monks to establish Scheyern Abbey . The origins of the Counts of Scheyern are unclear. Some speculative theories link them to Margrave Henry of Schweinfurt and his father Berthold , whose background is also disputed. Some speculate that the Schweinfurters may be descendants of the Luitpolding dynasty, the Bavarian dukes of the 10th century. The Wittelsbach Conrad of Scheyern-Dachau ,

6222-483: The foundation Wittelsbach Compensation Fund . He also appoints one of the 3 board members of the Wittelsbach State Foundation for Art and Science , while the other two are a representative of the Bavarian Ministry of Culture and a museum specialist appointed by the latter. There are around 13,500 cultural items belonging to the Wittelsbach State Foundation while another 43,000 are owned by the Wittelsbach Compensation Fund , mainly shown in museums and collections such as

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6324-454: The garden itself through its agricultural use. To that end he expanded the park in December 1799 to encompass the Hirschau, which was improved to provide pasture. The fields of the military gardens were added to the Englischer Garten in January 1800. Werneck's improvements had been costly, and in 1804 he was replaced by Sckell, who was given the post of Bayerischer Hofgärtenintendant ("Bavarian Court Garden Supervisor"). Although Sckell had had

6426-421: The ground storey roof has a diameter of 19 m, the topmost storey of 6 m. On July 13, 1944, the original tower burned down after heavy bombing; but a society aiming to rebuild it was formed in 1951 and the new tower, copied accurately from the original by consulting photographs and old drawings, was completed in September 1952. A wooden Chinesische Wirtschaft (restaurant in Chinese style), designed by Lechner,

6528-414: The interests of Bavaria lay in a frank alliance with the French Republic ; he succeeded in overcoming the reluctance of Maximilian Joseph; and, on 24 August, a separate treaty of peace and alliance with France was signed at Paris, which allied Bavaria with France. The 1805 Peace of Pressburg (now Bratislava ) between Emperor Napoleon of France and Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor , as a consequence of

6630-463: The kingdom. The previously heavily fragmented Palatinate territory was rounded off and partially moved. Smaller, mostly ecclesiastical territories on the southern border with Austria were also added. In this way, the border of Bavaria, which largely still exists today, was redefined and the state grew by more than a third in size. Under Maximilian's descendants, Bavaria became the third most powerful German state, behind only Prussia and Austria . When

6732-402: The manager, of a large part of the holdings of the ancient and classical art museums in Munich, while more recent art collections came into the possession of the compensation fund, into which most of the possessions from the former Wittelsbach House Property Fund were transferred in 1923, including art treasures and collections (in particular the art collection of King Ludwig I , today mostly in

6834-411: The military garden was begun in July 1789, and an area of 800 by slightly less than 200 metres was quickly made ready for cultivation, but soon the idea was extended to the creation of a public park, of which the military garden should be only a small part. On August 13, 1789, Charles Theodore published a decree, devoting the Hirschanger to the amusement of the people of Munich. To advise on the project,

6936-466: The morning and ended around eight o'clock, so that servants could return to serve their employers' breakfast or go to church. As a dance for servants it was known as the "Kocherlball" (cooks' ball). In 1904 the custom was forbidden by the police on moral grounds. But in 1989, to celebrate the two hundredth anniversary of the park, a revival was made, with around 4000 attending, and the dance has since been celebrated each year in July. A children's carousel

7038-406: The museums Alte Pinakothek and Neue Pinakothek and in the Glyptothek in Munich), the Secret House Archives (today a department of the Bavarian State Archives) and the former royal castles of Berg , Hohenschwangau (including the Museum of the Bavarian Kings ), Berchtesgaden and Grünau hunting lodge. The respective head of the House of Wittelsbach appoints a board of up to 8 directors of

7140-538: The next generation they were outmaneuvered in Imperial politics by the Habsburgs and the most importantly by the Luxemburgs who both held compact and large possessions in the Duchy of Austria for the former and the Kingdom of Bohemia for the latter that allowed them to expand eastward. The Bavarian branch kept the Duchy of Bavaria until its extinction in 1777. The Wittelsbach Emperor Louis IV acquired Brandenburg (1323), Tyrol (1342), Holland , Zeeland and Hainaut (1345) for his House but he had also released

7242-453: The next person in line an opportunity. The signage states that surfing should only be done by expert or skilled surfers. When the nearby wooden Apollo temple had fallen into disrepair, an early idea of Sckell's for a hilltop temple was taken up and a new stone building of similar design was commissioned (an early plan even calls the Monopteros "Apollo Tempel", a name it never actually bore). This small (16 m high), round, Greek-style temple

7344-746: The only public park in Munich, that was not the primary motivation for the creation of the English Garden. Rather, it was part of a series of military reforms being pursued under the guidance of Sir Benjamin Thompson , the new Elector's chief military aide, later created Count Rumford and appointed as Bavarian war minister. Born in Massachusetts , Thompson had served on the Loyalist side in the American Revolutionary War , and after

7446-438: The park, with a watchhouse and a gate to the northern Hirschau . The park warden there had set up an improvised beer shop for workers in the park. This soon expanded to offer milk and cold meals and came to be a favoured stop for walkers in the park, especially after a wooden dance place had been added. Werneck's successor Sckell increased the size of the lake by one and a half times in 1807 to 1812, giving it its present form. It

7548-514: The people of Munich returned his disdain. To offset this unhappy atmosphere, Charles Theodore devoted much attention to improvements in the city. Among others, he created an art gallery in the northern arcades of the Residence's Hofgarten ("Court Garden") and made both the garden and the new gallery open to the public (the former in 1780, the latter in 1781). While the Hofgarten was then

7650-484: The project from its beginning, both extended and improved the park. With an area of 3.7 km (1.4 sq mi) (370 ha or 910 acres), the Englischer Garten is one of the world's largest urban public parks . The name refers to its English garden form of informal landscape , a style popular in England from the mid-18th century to the early 19th century and particularly associated with Capability Brown . When

7752-585: The public. The planned location of the Munich gardens was the area north of the Schwabinger city gate, a hunting ground of the Wittelsbach rulers since the Middle Ages. Known as the Hirschanger (or "deer park"), the higher part of the hunting ground closer to the city was included in the scheme, while the Hirschau (also meaning "deer park"), lower and further north, and a more densely wooded part to

7854-621: The role of the government in the affairs of the Church. The politics of Greece of this era was based on affiliations with the three Great Powers, and Otto's ability to maintain the support of the powers was key to his remaining in power. To remain strong, Otto had to play the interests of each of the Great Powers’ Greek adherents against the others, while not aggravating the Great Powers. Otto's standing amongst Greeks suffered when Greece

7956-671: The since 1935 driven "Straßenbahnlinie 6" route was moved between the Münchner Freiheit and Schenkendorfstraße to the parallel Leopoldstraße and Berliner Straße in 1965, at the same time, the section from the Nordfriedhof to the Freimanner platz was stopped. In 1967 the section from Schenkendorfstraße to the Wendeschleife at the Nordfriedhof was the last tram line on the Ungererstraße to be closed down. Since 1970,

8058-479: The south known as the Hirschangerwald ("Deer Park Wood") were originally not included. The whole area had been subject to flooding from the Isar , the river on which Munich stands, a little to the east. This problem was soon removed by the construction of a river wall in 1790, which became known as the "Riedl-Damm" after the engineer Anton von Riedl, who had supervised its construction. The laying out of

8160-470: The subway line 6 runs to the subway station Alte Heide under the Ungererstraße and in the north section parallel to the Ungererstraße. From 1901 to 1949, the railway connection of the locomotive factory J. A. Maffei in the Hirschau at the Munich-Schwabing station, crossed the Ungererstraße south of Schenkendorfstraße with a railway crossing . Through this, a rail crossing was created with

8262-404: The temple was tuff , the temple itself was wooden; and by the early nineteenth century, this had fallen into disrepair. In 1838, Leo von Klenze built an exedra or stone bench ( Steinerne Bank ) in place of the temple, with the inscription "Hier wo Ihr wallet, da war sonst Wald nur und Sumpf" ("Here where you meander was once only wood and marsh"). The temple's circular basis served as the basis for

8364-441: The throne in 1714. In this way, the House of Hanover inherited the British crown. It remained on the throne until the death of Queen Victoria in 1901. The line of Jacobite succession, which recognises the right for a Catholic monarch from the House of Stuart , acknowledges Franz, Hereditary Prince of Bavaria to be the rightful heir as "Francis II". However, no individual since Henry Benedict Stuart has publicly taken up

8466-522: The time, who intended the building to serve as a model for its use. Before the Monopteros was built, a small circular temple had stood by the Eisbach a little to the south of the Chinesischer Turm . Designed by Johann Baptist Lechner (1758–1809) and erected in 1789, it became known as the Apollo temple after an Apollo statue by Josef Nepomuk Muxel was added to it in 1791. While the basis of

8568-534: The tower are the Ökonomiegebäude ("Economy buildings"), which were designed by Lechner towards the end of the 18th century as a model farm. Today, the Ökonomiegebäude are occupied by the management of the Englischer Garten. A little to the north of the Chinesischer Turm , the Rumford-Saal (Rumford Hall) or Rumfordhaus (Rumford House) is a small building in Palladian style. During its construction it

8670-439: The tradition founded by his father of holding a large annual reception with a sit-down dinner at Nymphenburg Palace. Around 1,500 mostly changing guests from state politics, municipalities, churches and sciences, art and medicine as well as friends and relatives are invited. He also invites smaller groups of changing guests to Berchtesgaden Castle to discuss specific topics that are important to him. His 80th birthday party, in 2013,

8772-655: The tram rails. 48°10′39″N 11°36′06″E  /  48.177508°N 11.60166°E  / 48.177508; 11.60166 Englischer Garten The Englischer Garten ( German: [ˈʔɛŋlɪʃɐ ˈɡaʁtn̩] , English Garden ) is a large public park in the centre of Munich , Bavaria , stretching from the city centre to the northeastern city limits. It was created in 1789 by Sir Benjamin Thompson (1753–1814), later Count Rumford ( Reichsgraf von Rumford ), for Prince Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria . Thompson's successors, Reinhard von Werneck (1757–1842) and Friedrich Ludwig von Sckell (1750–1823), advisers on

8874-419: Was added in 1790. In 1912, this was replaced by the present-day stone building, which reflected the original design. With 7,000 seats, the beer garden at the Chinesischer Turm is the second largest in Munich. In the late 19th century up to 5000 servants, manual workers, soldiers, and students would come to the tower early on a Sunday morning to dance to the music of a brass band. The dance began around five in

8976-646: Was also skilled as a politician, he was reluctant in making peace. While Sweden achieved several large scale military successes early on, and won the most battles, the Great Northern War eventually ended in Sweden's defeat and the end of the Swedish Empire . Charles was succeeded to the Swedish throne by his sister, Ulrika Eleonora. Her abdication in favour of her husband Frederick I in 1720 marked

9078-731: Was blockaded by the British Royal Navy in 1850 and 1853 to stop Greece from attacking the Ottoman Empire during the Crimean War . As a result, there was an assassination attempt on his wife Queen Amalia in 1861. In 1862, Otto was deposed while in the countryside, and in 1863, the Greek National Assembly elected George I of the House of Glücksburg , aged only 17, King of the Hellenes , marking

9180-480: Was compensated with the title of Duke in Bavaria. The form Duke in Bavaria was selected because in 1506 primogeniture had been established in the House of Wittelsbach resulting in there being only one reigning Duke of Bavaria at any given time. Maximillian Joseph assumed the title of king as Maximilian I Joseph on 1 January 1806. The new king still served as a Prince-elector until the Kingdom of Bavaria left

9282-685: Was created in 1805 and continued to exist until 1918. The House of Windsor , the reigning royal house of the British monarchy , are descendants of Sophia of Hanover (1630–1714), a Wittelsbach Princess of the Palatinate by birth and Electress of Hanover by marriage, who had inherited the succession rights of the House of Stuart and passed them on to the House of Hanover . When Otto I, Count of Scheyern died in 1072, his third son Otto II, Count of Scheyern acquired Wittelsbach Castle (near Aichach ). The Counts of Scheyern left Scheyern Castle (constructed around 940) in 1119 for Wittelsbach Castle and

9384-472: Was created in 1814–1815. Under Sckell, the park took on its present form. The only significant addition since his time is the creation of the hill for the Monopteros by his nephew Carl August Sckell, who succeeded him as director of the park. In the 20th century, there were some minor additions to the park, most notably the addition in 1952 of some thirty hectares of land where the locomotive factory of Joseph Anton von Maffei had stood, and in 1958–1962 of

9486-513: Was designed by Leo von Klenze . It was built on a 15 m high foundation, around which a small hill was created in 1832, using leftover building material from recent work on the Munich Residenz (Royal Residence). Hill and temple were completed in 1836. Ten Ionic columns support a shallow copper-covered dome; palmettes adorn the sima . A particular feature of the Monopteros is the use of polychrome stone painting, an interest of Klenze at

9588-434: Was destroyed by arson in 2002, and replaced by a new design in 2004. 48°09′10″N 11°35′31″E  /  48.15278°N 11.59194°E  / 48.15278; 11.59194 Wittelsbach Palatinate branch : (extant) Löwenstein : (morganatic, extant) The House of Wittelsbach ( German : Haus Wittelsbach ) is a former Bavarian dynasty , with branches that have ruled over territories including

9690-563: Was elevated to the Electorate of Bavaria in 1623, and in 1806, Napoleon elevated it to the Kingdom of Bavaria . In 1815, the majority of the Palatinate was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Baden , with the remainder becoming the Circle of the Rhine . On Duke Otto II 's death in 1253, his sons divided the Wittelsbach possessions between them: Henry became Duke of Lower Bavaria , and Louis II Duke of Upper Bavaria and Count Palatine of

9792-688: Was formerly called Landshuter Straße and Freisinger Landstraße , before it was renamed after August Ungerer (1860–1921), the engineer and owner of the Ungererbad . In 1886, August Ungerer opened the Ungerer Tramway in the Freisinger Landstraße, which was the first electric tram in Munich to link Schwabing's Würmbad (today Ungererbad) to the horse-drawn railway network at the Schwabinger Großwirt. In 1895,

9894-688: Was held at the Schleissheim Palace near Munich. The party was attended by 2,500 guests including the then-incumbent Minister-President of Bavaria , Horst Seehofer . In addition to numerous honorary positions in Bavaria , including many cultural and scientific institutions, Franz was also a member of the European Foundation for the Imperial Cathedral of Speyer in the State of Rhineland-Palatinate for many years,

9996-495: Was known as the "großer Saal" (great hall) or "Militairsaal" (military hall); but it was later renamed to honour the garden's founder, Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford. It was built in 1791 by Lechner as an officers' mess ( Offiziers-kasino ) and was used first by the army, later by the court. The building, 30 m long and 10 m wide, has one and a half storeys; front and back have a portico with six wooden Ionic pillars. Its dining hall, adorned with many mirrors which give it its name,

10098-487: Was put up near the tower in 1823, similar in design to the current one. By 1912 a replacement was needed, which is still in use. It was designed by the Schwabinger sculptor Joseph Erlacher and the decoration painter August Julier. Alongside the usual horses, the carousel has less expected creatures to ride, such as an ibex , stork and flamingo . Its wooden roof and pillars were restored from 1979 to 1980. South of

10200-488: Was sent to a series of Nazi concentration camps , including Oranienburg , Flossenbürg and Dachau . Badly hit by hunger and disease, the family barely survived. At the end of April 1945, they were liberated by the United States Third Army . Albrecht's eldest son, Franz von Bayern (Francis of Bavaria) is the current head of the house. In the course of the division of state and house assets after

10302-597: Was split among the descendants of Louis IV, who created the branches Bavaria-Landshut , Bavaria-Straubing , Bavaria-Ingolstadt and Bavaria-Munich . With the Landshut War of Succession Bavaria was reunited in 1505 against the claim of the Palatinate branch under the Bavarian branch Bavaria-Munich . From 1549 to 1567 the Wittelsbach owned the County of Kladsko in Bohemia. Strictly Catholic by upbringing,

10404-429: Was succeeded by his sister Ulrika Eleonora . Sweden reached its largest territorial extent under the rule of Charles X after the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658. Charles's son Charles XI rebuilt the economy and refitted the army. His legacy to his son Charles XII was one of the finest arsenals in the world, a large standing army, and a large fleet. Charles XII was a skilled military leader and tactician. However, although he

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