Social integration is the process during which newcomers or minorities are incorporated into the social structure of the host society.
117-510: France: 67,413,000 French diaspora and ancestry : c. 30 million Asia Middle East Europe North America South America Oceania The French people ( French : Les Français , lit. 'The French') are a nation primarily located in Western Europe that share a common French culture , history , and language , identified with the country of France . The French people, especially
234-456: A sizeable population can trace its ancestry to France, which was the second largest European contributor, after Spain. The bulk of French immigrants arrived in Mexico during the 19th and early 20th centuries. From 1814 to 1955, inhabitants of Barcelonnette and the surrounding Ubaye Valley emigrated to Mexico by the dozens. Many established textile businesses between Mexico and France. Around
351-610: A 78,000-strong community in a country still sparsely populated (including future presidents Juan Campisteguy and Juan Idiarte Borda , both born to French Basque parents). Although less important in proportion than before, immigration from France remained significant in the second half of the 19th century, particularly during the Paraguayan War (1864–1870) and until the 1890s. 2,718 French immigrants were recorded in 1866 and 1867 (10.2%), then 18,299 between 1878 and 1906 (5.7%). Additionally, 2,798 Frenchmen applied for work at
468-611: A French-creole) remain foreigners. Large numbers of people of French ancestry outside Europe speak other first languages, particularly English, throughout most of North America (with Quebec and Acadians in the Canadian Maritimes being notable, not the only, exceptions), Spanish or Portuguese in southern South America , and Afrikaans in South Africa . The adjective "French" can be used to mean either "French citizen" or "French-speaker", and usage varies depending on
585-617: A broader view, social integration is a dynamic and structured process in which all members participate in dialogue to achieve and maintain peaceful social relations. Social integration does not mean forced assimilation . Social integration is focused on the need to move toward a safe, stable and just society by mending conditions of social conflict , social disintegration , social exclusion , social fragmentation, exclusion and polarization , and by expanding and strengthening conditions of social integration towards peaceful social relations of coexistence, collaboration and cohesion . Integration
702-465: A common national origin myth . Myriam Krepps of the University of Nebraska-Omaha argues that the view of "a unified territory (one land since the beginning of civilization) and a unified people" which de-emphasized "all disparities and the succession of waves of invaders" was first imprinted on the masses by the unified history curriculum of French textbooks in the late 1870s. Since the beginning of
819-585: A community of French Huguenots settled in South Africa . Most of these originally settled in the Cape Colony , but have since been quickly absorbed into the Afrikaner population. After Champlain's founding of Quebec City in 1608, it became the capital of New France . Encouraging settlement was difficult, and while some immigration did occur, by 1763 New France only had a population of some 65,000. From 1713 to 1787, 30,000 colonists immigrated from France to
936-433: A decade later, there were still 29,000 living in the country, involved with French aid and capital investment; their presence reflected the continued dependence of France's African colonies on the métropole. Some Senegalese people of French descent had illnesses of meningoencephalitis , staphylococcal infection of the skin, and the like, worsened by their failure or inability to seek medical attention. There are still some of
1053-520: A demographic and cultural standpoint, recent longitudinal studies suggest that social isolation or integration has shown to increase in older Spanish individuals, especially those whom may be suffering from neurocognitive disorders such as dementia and overall cognitive decline. The United Nations has a Social Integration Branch, which is a part of the Division for Social Policy and Development (Department of Economic and Social Affairs). It also issues
1170-630: A different cultural context, this work is also significant for social educators, social workers, teachers, counselors, family helpers, committed volunteers, caregivers, authorities and the police - as it is in general in social coexistence. Communication problems caused by the different cultures arise from the perspective of non-migrants when working in the above-mentioned areas with refugees, migrants and asylum seekers from different cultures. Misunderstandings can be caused; or actions, expressions, attitudes or statements of values or behaviors can be unintentionally misunderstood or misinterpreted. These obstacles in
1287-587: A lasting influence in Costa Rican society in the cultural, artistic and political fields. For instance, Costa Rican flag design was inspired by the French flag. This strong common ground of values also set the base for 20th- and 21st-century relations between both countries supported institutionally through several organizations such as the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie , as well as through
SECTION 10
#17327651429091404-482: A patchwork of local customs and regional differences, and while most French people still speak the French language as their mother tongue , languages like Picard , Poitevin-Saintongeais , Franco-Provencal , Occitan , Catalan , Auvergnat , Corsican , Basque , French Flemish , Lorraine Franconian , Alsatian , Norman , and Breton remain spoken in their respective regions. Arabic is also widely spoken, arguably
1521-516: A population of 14,000, 7,000 to 8,000 Acadians were deported . Around 1,800 of them fled to Louisiana where their descendants are known as Cajuns . At the end of the 19th century, French Canadians started to settle in Northeastern and Eastern Ontario , creating the modern-day Franco-Ontarian communities, and in the Prairies . At the same time, immigration from France was encouraged and
1638-515: A powerful force on individuals. He concluded that a people's beliefs, values, and norms make up a collective consciousness, a shared way of understanding each other and the world. A 2012 research review found that working-class students were less socially integrated than middle-class students at university. Recent research also shows that immigrants should be independent and proactive in order to achieve better social integration in their host countries. For further information, see here. From
1755-621: A quarterly publication named Bulletin on Social Integration Policies . The UN Alliance of Civilizations initiative works on Migration and Integration as a key for intercultural understanding. An Online Community on Migration and Integration shows Good Practices from around the world. In migration and integration education and in social institutions such as community organizations, in schools, engaged volunteers, social workers, social pedagogues and helpers, one encounters different perspectives and migration backgrounds again and again. Not only people who help asylum seekers work together with people from
1872-435: A report on immigration. Intermarriage is also an indicator of social integration. For those who are unmarried, they will be asked: "Would you consider marrying a local people?"; for those married, question will be like "Would you like your children to consider marrying a local people?" Answers to these questions are a good predictor of immigrants' willingness to be integrated into the host society. In many instances education
1989-568: A social integration function in mass societies. The 2005 documentary "Utan gränser – en film om idrott och integration" ( Without Borders – A Film About Sports and Integration ) was a film described by Swedish newspaper Aftonbladet as "a documentary on how to succeed with integration" of migrants into Swedish society. The term "social integration" first came into use in the work of French sociologist Émile Durkheim . He wanted to understand why rates of suicide were higher in some social classes than others. Durkheim believed that society exerted
2106-646: A third of the population can trace their roots back to France and in Ontario which is home to the second largest community of French Canadians in the country. French immigration to Canada dates back to the 16th century, with the foundation of Charlesbourg-Royal in 1541. Tadoussac , the oldest surviving French settlement in the Americas, was established in 1599. From 1627 to 1663, the French population in Canada rose from 100 to 2,500 inhabitants. Within this period, it
2223-427: A tiny portion of actual immigrants numbers (less than 7% from 1913 to 1921 in comparison). As the proportion of French immigrants within the total population decreased, the rate of marriages outside the community increased and became the norm in the 1900s, leading to a quicker cultural assimilation than for other ethnic groups. Mass immigration from Europe lasted until the 1930s, when Uruguayan economy collapsed due to
2340-739: A unified ethnic group by any scientific gauge." The modern French are the descendants of mixtures including Romans , Celts , Iberians , Ligurians and Greeks in southern France, Germanic peoples arriving at the end of the Roman Empire such as the Franks and the Burgundians , and some Vikings who mixed with the Normans and settled mostly in Normandy in the 9th century. According to Dominique Schnapper , "The classical conception of
2457-594: Is also found within the gens de couleur community with many having predominantly French ancestors—a further 30,000 people with considerable French bloodline. Within the Afro-Creole community, a large number of people have some French ancestors from slavery. According to estimates, there are more than 8 million people with French ancestry living in Latin America, three-quarters of them in Argentina. Following
SECTION 20
#17327651429092574-495: Is another important variable to access the degree of immigrants' social integration. A higher level in grasping local language results in more chances to communicate with local people and a better understanding of local culture. A typical question used in survey is as "Do you understand the local people's language?" In the United States, for instance, the fluency of English is a widely used indicator and can be easily found in
2691-505: Is distinct from being a French citizen. Thus, francophonie , or the speaking of French, must not be confused with French citizenship or ethnicity. For example, French speakers in Switzerland are not "French citizens". Native English-speaking Blacks on the island of Saint-Martin hold French nationality even though they do not speak French as a first language, while their neighbouring French-speaking Haitian immigrants (who also speak
2808-682: Is estimated that 20,000 settlers were living in Saigon in 1945, and there were 68,430 European settlers living in Madagascar in 1958. 1.6 million European pieds noirs settlers migrated from Algeria , Tunisia and Morocco . In just a few months in 1962, 900,000 pied noir settlers left Algeria in the most massive relocation of population in Europe since the World War II . In the 1970s, over 30,000 French settlers left Cambodia during
2925-502: Is estimated that around 1,250 French people immigrated to Canada, most of them coming from the provinces of Normandy, Aunis , Perche, Île-de-France , Poitou, Maine and Saintonge . Between 1665 and 1673, 900 Filles du Roy , half of them coming from Île-de-France , were sent to Canada to marry farmers and soldiers. In 1760, the colony had a population of 60,000 inhabitants. It is estimated that from 1633 to 1760, an average of 56 Frenchmen emigrated to Canada each year. Between 1608, date of
3042-616: Is happening as part of a background evolution and recent studies confirmed the results of their assimilation, showing that "North Africans seem to be characterized by a high degree of cultural integration reflected in a relatively high propensity to exogamy " with rates ranging from 20% to 50%. According to Emmanuel Todd the relatively high exogamy among French Algerians can be explained by the colonial link between France and Algeria. A small French descent group also subsequently arrived from Latin America ( Argentina , Chile and Uruguay ) in
3159-708: Is made up of several distinct groups, including Huguenot refugees in the Thirteen British Colonies , French settlers in Louisiana , Acadian exiles , French colonists fleeing Saint-Domingue following the Haitian Revolution , and French Canadian immigrants between the 1840s and the 1930s, as well as a steady immigration from continental France since the American Revolution . Around 2 million French people immigrated to
3276-496: Is my home". Indeed, the country has long valued its openness , tolerance and the quality of services available. Application for French citizenship is often interpreted as a renunciation of previous state allegiance unless a dual citizenship agreement exists between the two countries (for instance, this is the case with Switzerland : one can be both French and Swiss). The European treaties have formally permitted movement and European citizens enjoy formal rights to employment in
3393-402: Is of French origin, as was former dictator Augusto Pinochet . Several prominent politicians, businessmen and professionals in the country have French ancestry. French immigration before the 19th century was scarce. This situation changed over the turn of the 19th century with French migrating mainly from South of France and Bordeaux as a consequence of international trade increase across
3510-553: Is thought to have survived into the 6th century in France, despite considerable Romanization of the local material culture. Coexisting with Latin, Gaulish helped shape the Vulgar Latin dialects that developed into French, with effects including loanwords and calques (including oui , the word for "yes"), sound changes, and influences in conjugation and word order. Today, the last redoubt of Celtic language in France can be found in
3627-427: Is used as a mechanism for social promotion. Neither education nor work can be ensured without a form of law. In relation to tolerant and open societies, members of minority groups often use social integration to gain full access to the opportunities, rights and services available to the members of the mainstream of society with cultural institutions such as churches and civic organizations. Mass media content also performs
French people - Misplaced Pages Continue
3744-647: The 2011 Polish census , 7,999 people declared French nationality, of which 6,754 declared both Polish and French nationality. Social integration Social integration, together with economic integration and identity integration, are three main dimensions of a newcomers' experiences in the society that is receiving them. A higher extent of social integration contributes to a closer social distance between groups and more consistent values and practices, bringing together various ethnic groups irrespective of language, caste, creed, etc. It gives newcomers access to all areas of community life and eliminates segregation. In
3861-638: The Americas , with the exception of the Huguenots , due to a lower birthrate than in the rest of Europe. However, significant emigration of mainly Roman Catholic French populations led to the settlement of the Province of Acadia , Canada (New France) and Louisiana , all (at the time) French possessions, as well as colonies in the West Indies , Mascarene islands and Africa . On 30 December 1687,
3978-718: The Atlantic and the independence from the Spanish Empire . Official relations between France and Costa Rica began in 1848 in a context of geopolitical stakes for the region as its importance increased as a cross way between the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean . Costa Rica also started to export coffee , and several French emigrants got involved in this activity with The Tournon Company as the leading firm from this community. The 19th-century French emigrants and their descendants, as well as France relevant international role had
4095-525: The Danelaw in the region known today as Normandy in the 9th and 10th centuries. This later became a fiefdom of the Kingdom of France under King Charles III . The Vikings eventually intermarried with the local people, converting to Christianity in the process. The Normans, two centuries later, went on to conquer England and Southern Italy . Eventually, though, the largely autonomous Duchy of Normandy
4212-546: The French West Indies ( French Caribbean ), and in foreign countries with significant French-speaking population groups or not, such as the United States ( French Americans ), Canada ( French Canadians ), Argentina ( French Argentines ), Brazil ( French Brazilians ), Mexico ( French Mexicans ), Chile ( French Chileans ) and Uruguay ( French Uruguayans ). To be French, according to
4329-745: The Great Depression . By then, the population, that had doubled since 1900 (but had its foreign component divided by almost two), had acquired its present aspect, with a strong Spanish and Italian mark in the ethnic composition, and a significant French influence. According to incomplete figures cited above (figures from 1843 to 1877 missing – apart for 1866 and 1867 – as well as from 1907 to 1912, and after 1921), Uruguay therefore received at least around 44,000 to 48,000 French immigrants from 1833 to 1924, and more likely 59,000 to 63,000 (including prospective numbers for 1868–1877, 1907–1912 and 1922–1924), representing about 8 to 9% of total immigrants to
4446-525: The Great Siege of Montevideo : at least 13,922 and as much as 17,536 of them arrived between 1833 and 1842, representing from 36.5% to 41.5% of all immigrants these years. French immigrants, and notably Basques, had a great demographic impact on the population of the country at that time, since Uruguay only had 74,000 inhabitants in 1830 and 200,000 in 1842. According to various estimates, there were between 14,000, 18,000 or 25,000 Frenchmen living in
4563-474: The Industrial Revolution . The pace of industrial growth attracted millions of European immigrants over the next century, with especially large numbers arriving from Poland , Belgium , Portugal , Italy , and Spain . In the period from 1915 to 1950, many immigrants came from Czechoslovakia , Hungary , Russia , Scandinavia and Yugoslavia . Small but significant numbers of Frenchmen in
4680-528: The Khmer Rouge regime as the Pol Pot government confiscated their farms and land properties. In the 1960s, a second wave of immigration came to France, which was needed for reconstruction purposes and for cheaper labour after the devastation brought on by World War II . French entrepreneurs went to Maghreb countries looking for cheap labour, thus encouraging work-immigration to France. Their settlement
4797-689: The Middle East and East Asia , and the government, defining France as an inclusive nation with universal values, advocated assimilation through which immigrants were expected to adhere to French values and cultural norms. Nowadays, while the government has let newcomers retain their distinctive cultures since the mid-1980s and requires from them a mere integration , French citizens still equate their nationality with citizenship as does French law. In addition to mainland France, French people and people of French descent can be found internationally, in overseas departments and territories of France such as
French people - Misplaced Pages Continue
4914-675: The Saint-Domingue . In 1805, when the French were forced out of Saint-Domingue ( Haiti ), 35,000 French settlers were given lands in Cuba . By the beginning of the 17th century, some 20% of the total male population of Catalonia was made up of French immigrants. In the 18th century and early 19th century, a small migration of French emigrated by official invitation of the Habsburgs to the Austro-Hungarian Empire , now
5031-528: The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of 1572. When French noblewomen Marie Louise Gonzaga and Marie Casimire Louise de la Grange d'Arquien were Queens consorts of Poland in the 17th century, there was a second significant wave of French migration to Poland. The third wave consisted of French monarchists, merchants and craftsmen fleeing the French Revolution . Two Polish cities owed their flourishing in
5148-565: The Third Republic (1871–1940), the state has not categorized people according to their alleged ethnic origins. Hence, in contrast to the United States Census , French people are not asked to define their ethnic appartenance, whichever it may be. The usage of ethnic and racial categorization is avoided to prevent any case of discrimination; the same regulations apply to religious membership data that cannot be compiled under
5265-640: The Western Hemisphere , the main communities of French ancestry are found in the United States, Canada and Argentina. Sizeable groups are also found in Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Uruguay, South Africa, Germany, the United Kingdom and Australia. Canal Academy (Institute of France) citing 2006 data Encyclopedia of the Nations everyculture.com In the Western Hemisphere ,
5382-550: The independence of Latin American countries in the first decades of the 19th century, a great wave of French immigration towards the region appeared, mainly directed to the River Plate basin . It lasted until the 1960s, when the economic situation in Latin America deteriorated and military dictatorships came into power. During this period of time, Argentina and Uruguay received more than 300,000 French immigrants, appearing as
5499-485: The 16th century, a trend that dramatically increased following the 1685 revocation of the Edict of Nantes . French colonization, especially in the Americas , was prominent in the late 17th and 18th centuries. At the end of the 18th century, French emigration (1789–1815) was a massive movement of émigrés mostly to neighboring European countries, as a result of the violence caused by the French Revolution . Later emigration
5616-401: The 1789 French Revolution . It replaced the ancient kingdom of France, ruled by the divine right of kings . The 1870 Franco-Prussian War , which led to the short-lived Paris Commune of 1871, was instrumental in bolstering patriotic feelings; until World War I (1914–1918), French politicians never completely lost sight of the disputed Alsace-Lorraine region which played a major role in
5733-553: The 17th and 19th centuries, as well as Argentina and Uruguay . Although less important than in other European countries, immigration from France to the New World was numerous from the start of the 19th century to the middle of the 20th century. As of 2013, French authorities estimate that between 2 and 3.5 million French nationals are living abroad but the diaspora includes over 30 million people. Several events have led to emigration from France. The Huguenots started leaving in
5850-558: The 17th century. French presence in Northern America dates back to the 16th century, when France established a colonial empire that eventually became absorbed within the United States and Canada (except for Saint Pierre and Miquelon ). Nowadays, both countries host the second and seventh largest communities of French expatriates abroad, with a notable concentration in Quebec where they form the largest foreign group. Canada has
5967-528: The 1840s and the 1890s. This is now the third largest European ancestry among Uruguayans , after Spanish (60% of them) and Italian (40%). Although declining by the turn of the 20th century, French immigration left a strong cultural and ideological mark in Uruguay, and the country, long considered the most Francophile in Latin America, has been an observing member of the Francophonie since 2012. During
SECTION 50
#17327651429096084-904: The 18th century, arriving at Concepción as merchants, and in the mid-19th century, to cultivate vines in the haciendas of the Central Valley , the homebase of Chilean wine . The Araucanía Region also has an important number of people of French ancestry, as the area hosted settlers arrived by the second half of the 19th century, as farmers and shopkeepers. With akin Latin culture , the French immigrants quickly assimilated into mainstream Chilean society. From 1880 to 1930, around 25,000 Frenchmen immigrated to Chile. 80% of them were coming from Southwestern France, especially from Basses-Pyrénées ( Basque country and Béarn ), Gironde , Charente-Inférieure and Charente and regions situated between Gers and Dordogne . Most of French immigrants settled in
6201-644: The 1970s. Most French people speak the French language as their mother tongue , but certain languages like Norman , Occitan languages , Corsican , Euskara , French Flemish and Breton remain spoken in certain regions (see Language policy in France ). There have also been periods of history when a majority of French people had other first languages (local languages such as Occitan , Catalan , Alsatian , West Flemish , Lorraine Franconian , Gallo , Picard or Ch'timi and Arpitan ). Today, many immigrants speak another tongue at home. According to historian Eric Hobsbawm , "the French language has been essential to
6318-399: The 19th century to French immigrants, i.e. Sopot to doctor Jean Georg Haffner , who established its first spa, and Żyrardów to inventor and engineer Philippe de Girard , who co-founded its textile industry. According to the 1921 Polish census, main concentrations of French people included Warsaw (686), Łódź (111), Częstochowa (92), Dąbrowa Górnicza (85) and Lwów (80). In
6435-640: The 7th century BCE or earlier, and non-Celtic peoples including the Ligures , Aquitanians and Basques in Aquitaine. The Belgae , who lived in the northern and eastern areas, may have had Germanic admixture; many of these peoples had already spoken Gaulish by the time of the Roman conquest. Gaul was militarily conquered in 58–51 BCE by the Roman legions under the command of General Julius Caesar , except for
6552-537: The Commissariat-General of Immigration upon arrival in Montevideo from 1868 to 1877, although only a minority of immigrants received these years were going through this procedure (about one-fifth between 1878 and 1890, as a comparison) and actual figures were largely higher. In 1908, the French community (French immigrants and their children) had dropped to 40,000, i.e. 4% of the total population, as
6669-654: The Franks, led by the Merovingian king Clovis I and his sons, had consolidated their hold on much of modern-day France. The other major Germanic people to arrive in France, after the Burgundians and the Visigoths , were the Norsemen or Northmen . Known by the shortened name " Norman " in France, these were Viking raiders from modern Denmark and Norway . They settled with Anglo-Scandinavians and Anglo-Saxons from
6786-562: The French far-right , in particular the nationalist Front National ("National Front" – FN / now Rassemblement National - "National Rally" - RN) party which claims that there is such a thing as a "French ethnic group". The discourse of ethno-nationalist groups such as the Front National (FN), however, advances the concept of Français de souche or "indigenous" French. The conventional conception of French history starts with Ancient Gaul, and French national identity often views
6903-656: The French Census. This classic French republican non- essentialist conception of nationality is officialized by the French Constitution , according to which "French" is a nationality , and not a specific ethnicity. France sits at the edge of the European peninsula and has seen waves of migration of groups that often settled owing to the presence of physical barriers preventing onward migration. This has led to language and regional cultural variegation, but
7020-628: The French population in Costa Rica, currently the largest French community in Central America with 2235 habitants. The first French immigrants were politicians such as Nicolas Raoul and Isidore Saget, Henri Terralonge and officers Aluard, Courbal, Duplessis, Gibourdel and Goudot. Later, when the Central American Federation was divided in 7 countries, Some of them settled to Costa Rica, others to Nicaragua, although
7137-630: The French who remained in Senegal. The first French settlers arrived in Mauritius (then Isle de France ) in 1722, after the previous attempts of settlement by the Dutch had failed, and the island had once again become abandoned. They lived and prospered on the island, ruling it until the British invasion of 1810. The French by now strongly identified with the island, and the terms of capitulation allowed
SECTION 60
#17327651429097254-530: The Gauls as national precursors, either as biological ancestors (hence the refrain nos ancêtres les Gaulois ), as emotional/spiritual ancestors, or both. Vercingetorix , the Gaulish chieftain who tried to unite the various Gallic tribes of the land against Roman encroachment but was ultimately vanquished by Julius Caesar , is often revered as a "first national hero". In the famously popular French comic Asterix ,
7371-680: The North and Northeast regions have relatives in Germany and Great Britain . Between 1956 and 1967, about 235,000 North African Jews from Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco also immigrated to France due to the decline of the French empire and following the Six-Day War. Hence, by 1968, Jews of North African origin comprised the majority of the Jewish population of France. As these new immigrants were already culturally French they needed little time to adjust to French society. French law made it easy for thousands of settlers ( colons in French), national French from former colonies of North and East Africa , India and Indochina to live in mainland France. It
7488-412: The Roman army and obtained important commands. Their language is still spoken as a kind of Dutch ( French Flemish ) in northern France ( French Flanders ). The Alamans , another Germanic people immigrated to Alsace , hence the Alemannic German now spoken there. The Alamans were competitors of the Franks, and their name is the origin of the French word for "German": Allemand . By the early 6th century,
7605-420: The US and the UK) but as social conflicts born out of socioeconomic problems endangering proper integration. Historically, the heritage of the French people is mostly of Celtic or Gallic , Latin ( Romans ) origin, descending from the ancient and medieval populations of Gauls or Celts from the Atlantic to the Rhone Alps , Germanic tribes that settled France from east of the Rhine and Belgium after
7722-561: The United States, both from France and from the former French colonies in North America. From 1830 to 1986, 772,000 Frenchmen immigrated to the United States. Between the 1840s and the 1930s, around 900,000 French Canadians emigrated to the United States, especially in New England . Half of them eventually returned home. Their descendants number 2.1 million people. Historically, there were three major surges of French migration to Poland, caused by various political factors. The first, consisting of persecuted Huguenots , occurred following
7839-442: The Western Pyrenees had shifted towards California and the Western United States, more particularly in the 1900s-1920s, and WW1 severely hit French demographics, limiting emigration abroad. Consequently, only 2,964 French immigrants settled in the country from 1913 to 1921 (3.8%). Besides them, 261 Frenchmen were housed at the immigrants' hostelry in Montevideo from 1908 to 1912, and 22 from 1922 to 1924, here again only representing
7956-477: The capital, Mexico D.F. , where French surnames such as Derbez, Pierres, Betancourt, Alaniz, Blanc, Jurado (Jure), Colo (Coleau), Marín (Marin), Caire, Dumas, Tresmontrels, and Moussier can be found. Nowadays, about 300,000 Uruguayans have French ancestry, i.e. almost 9% of the total population of the country, while they made up a third of it at the end of the 19th century, as a result of a significant immigration from France (quantitywise and percentagewise) between
8073-564: The colonial administration looked down on the rest of the European population. Aside from the administrators, the French population in Senegal during the period between the world wars contained rich merchant families from Bordeaux as well as smaller traders and their employees, as well as a large transient population of missionaries and travellers. The French required no identity cards or passports to travel in Senegal, making it easy to assume false identities and creating significant difficulties in policing them. Administrators expressed frustration with
8190-422: The concept of 'France'," although in 1789, 50 percent of the French people did not speak it at all, and only 12 to 13 percent spoke it fairly well; even in oïl languages zones, it was not usually used except in cities, and even there not always in the outlying districts . Abroad, the French language is spoken in many different countries – in particular the former French colonies . Nevertheless, speaking French
8307-412: The context, with the former being common in France. The latter meaning is often used in Canada, when discussing matters internal to Canada. Generations of settlers have migrated over the centuries to France, creating a variegated grouping of peoples. Thus the historian John F. Drinkwater states, "The French are, paradoxically, strongly conscious of belonging to a single nation, but they hardly constitute
8424-596: The country between 1875 and 1895. Between October 1882 and December 1897, 8,413 Frenchmen settled in Chile. At the end of the 19th century, they were almost 30,000. In World War II, a group of 10,000 to 20,000 Chileans of French descent joined the Free French Forces and fought the Nazi occupation of France. Today, it is estimated that there are to 800,000 Chileans of French descent. President Michelle Bachelet
8541-448: The country had attracted massive waves of immigration from Italy and Spain, and had its population multiplied by almost five over half a century. The proportion of Uruguayan people with French ancestry was obviously higher because these figures did not include grandchildren and further descendants of earlier French immigrants. By the turn of the 20th century, France was no longer the third source of immigration to Uruguay, as emigration from
8658-575: The country in the early 1840s, representing a significant part of the total population (7 to 12.5%), especially in the capital where they made up a third of the inhabitants. Immigration to Uruguay recovered in 1848 and 1,684 French Basques settled in the country from 1848 to 1850, still the exclusive destination for French immigration in the River Plate basin as the French blockade of Buenos Aires lasted until 1850, and around 1,415 between 1850 and 1855, when Argentina had finally overcome Uruguay as
8775-418: The country received over 144,000 French immigrants between 1881 and 1980. The United States is home to the largest community of people outside of France who have identified as being of French descent . According to the last census of 2010, more than 11.5 million Americans claim French ancestry (French and French Canadian combined), i.e. 4% of the total population. French Americans make up more than 10% of
8892-587: The country. These figures are consistent with another source estimating the net immigration from France between 1861 and 1925 at around 18,050. As stated above, the majority of these immigrants came from the Pyrenean region, notably the Basque Country, Béarn and Bigorre. Smaller groups hailed from neighboring Gascon départements , as well as from Provence and the Paris region . For many of them, Uruguay
9009-600: The decline of the Roman Empire in Western Europe, a federation of Germanic peoples entered the picture: the Franks , from which the word "French" derives. The Franks were Germanic pagans who began to settle in northern Gaul as laeti during the Roman era. They continued to filter across the Rhine River from present-day Netherlands and Germany between the 3rd and 7th centuries. Initially, they served in
9126-425: The definition of the French nation and therefore of the French people. The decrees of 24 October 1870 by Adolphe Crémieux granted automatic and massive French citizenship to all Jewish people of Algeria. Successive waves of immigrants during the 19th and 20th centuries were rapidly assimilated into French culture . France's population dynamics began to change in the middle of the 19th century, as France joined
9243-419: The degree to which immigrants adopt local customs, social relations, and daily practices. It is usually measured through social network, language, and intermarriage. The most commonly used indicator of social integration is social network, which refers to the connection that immigrants build with others in the host society. While some researchers use the total number of immigrants' friends as a measure, others use
9360-491: The extent to which this pattern of migrations showed up in population genetics studies was unclear until the publication of a study in 2019 that used genome wide data. The study identified six different genetic clusters that could be distinguished across populations. The study concluded that the population genetic clusters correlate with linguistic and historical divisions in France and with the presence of geographic barriers such as mountains and major rivers. A population bottleneck
9477-527: The fall of the Roman Empire such as the Franks , Burgundians , Allemanni , Visigoths , and Suebi , Latin and Roman tribes such as Ligurians and Gallo-Romans , Basques , and Norse populations largely settling in Normandy at the beginning of the 10th century as well as " Bretons " (Celtic Britons) settling in Brittany in Western France . The name "France" etymologically derives from
9594-507: The first French chamber of commerce abroad and the oldest Lycée français in the Americas. According to official censuses, nearly 20 million people in Northern America have French ancestry. A third of them live in the French-speaking province of Quebec , where they form a majority of the population, and where most of French Americans and French Canadians can trace their roots back to, through various waves of emigration since
9711-559: The first article of the French Constitution , is to be a citizen of France, regardless of one's origin, race, or religion ( sans distinction d'origine, de race ou de religion ). According to its principles, France has devoted itself to the destiny of a proposition nation , a generic territory where people are bounded only by the French language and the assumed willingness to live together, as defined by Ernest Renan 's " plébiscite de tous les jours " ('everyday plebiscite') on
9828-526: The first half of the 19th century, Uruguay was the main destination for French immigrants in South America and received about 20,000 French immigrants, second only to the United States in the New World , the latter country receiving 195,971 French immigrants between 1820 and 1855. 80% of these immigrants came from the Basque Country , Béarn and Bigorre and mainly settled in Uruguay prior to
9945-515: The foundation of Quebec , and 1756, only 10,000 French people emigrated to Canada, most of modern-day French Canadians can trace their roots back to them. French first settled in Acadia in 1604. In 1667, when the colony went back to France, 441 inhabitants were registered. In 1713, as France ceded the territory to the British Crown, the population had risen to 2,500 Acadians. In 1755, out of
10062-488: The frequency of interaction with friends. One thing worth noting is that more and more studies differentiate local friends from immigrant friends because the former is considered more important in integrating immigrants into the local society than the latter. Recent studies, published in 2020, use access to social activities (e.g., being able to join a local sports team) as a measurement for social integration. Comparable results are available for 23 European countries. Language
10179-696: The host society economically, socially and culturally over successive generations, others developed a multiculturalism theory, anticipating that immigrants could maintain their ethnic identities through the integration process to shape the host society with a diversified cultural heritage. Extending from the assimilation theory, a third group of scholars proposed a segmented integration theory, stressing that different groups of migrants might follow distinct trajectories towards upward or downward mobility on different dimensions, depending on their individual, contextual and structural factors. Compared with other dimensions of integration, social integration focuses more on
10296-833: The influx of criminals and other "undesirables" from metropolitan France, which ran counter to what they saw as the French "civilising mission" to present "morally upright" role models for Africans to emulate. During the Independence of Senegal , there were estimated to be 40,000 French people in the country, three-quarters in Dakar alone in 1960. Though Dakar in particular featured a far higher proportion of non-indigenous population than many surrounding African countries in which racial conflict had become apparent, inter-ethnic relations there were characterised by an "apparent absence of any colour problem". It had been expected that most French citizens would soon return to France after independence, but
10413-486: The largest group of immigrants to the country until 1854) and lasted until the end of the 1960s. Unlike the United States where the immigration from France was more diverse, half of French immigrants to Argentina were from the Southwestern part of the country. As of 2006 , it is estimated that more than 8 million Argentines have some degree of French ancestry (17% of the total population). The French came to Chile in
10530-399: The largest minority language in France as of the 21st century (a spot previously held by Breton and Occitan ). Modern French society is a melting pot . From the middle of the 19th century, it experienced a high rate of inward migration , mainly consisting of Spaniards , Portuguese , Italians , Arab-Berbers , Jews , Sub-Saharan Africans , Chinese , and other peoples from Africa ,
10647-527: The main characters are patriotic Gauls who fight against Roman invaders while in modern days the term Gaulois is used in French to distinguish the "native" French from French of immigrant origins. However, despite its occasional nativist usage, the Gaulish identity has also been embraced by French of non-native origins as well: notably, Napoleon III , whose family was ultimately of Corsican and Italian roots, identified France with Gaul and Vercingetorix, and declared that "New France, ancient France, Gaul are one and
10764-492: The main communities of French ancestry are found in Canada, the United States and Argentina. Sizeable groups are also found in Australia, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, South Africa and Uruguay. During the period of French rule, there were almost no official controls on settlement by French nationals into the colonies. The European community of Dakar was ruled by the French, but also including Whites from outside France. French men in
10881-441: The main destination for French immigrants in South America. Until 1853, French Basques formed the most numerous group among all immigrants in Uruguay, and French immigration as a whole remained predominant until 1862, when it definitely became surpassed in numbers by Spaniards and Italians . As a consequence, French immigrants and their Uruguayan-born children made up more than a third of Uruguay's population by 1860, representing
10998-474: The majority still remained in Guatemala. The relationships start to 1827, politicians, scientists, painters, builders, singers and some families emigrated to Guatemala. Later in a Conservative government, annihilated nearly all the relations between France and Guatemala, and most of French immigrants went to Costa Rica, but these relationships were again return to the late of the nineteenth century. In Mexico,
11115-405: The nation is that of an entity which, opposed to the ethnic group, affirms itself as an open community, the will to live together expressing itself by the acceptation of the rules of a unified public domain which transcends all particularisms". This conception of the nation as being composed by a "will to live together," supported by the classic lecture of Ernest Renan in 1882, has been opposed by
11232-595: The nations of Austria , Czech Republic , Hungary , Slovakia , Serbia and Romania . Some of them, coming from French-speaking communes in Lorraine or being French Swiss Walsers from the Valais canton in Switzerland , maintained for some generations the French language and a specific ethnic identity, later labelled as Banat (French: Français du Banat ). By 1788, there were eight villages populated by French colonists. The French First Republic appeared following
11349-693: The native speakers of langues d'oïl from northern and central France, are primarily descended from Romans (or Gallo-Romans , western European Celtic and Italic peoples ), Gauls (including the Belgae ), as well as Germanic peoples such as the Franks , the Visigoths , the Suebi and the Burgundians who settled in Gaul from east of the Rhine after the fall of the Roman Empire , as well as various later waves of lower-level irregular migration that have continued to
11466-475: The northwestern region of Brittany , although this is not the result of a survival of Gaulish language but of a 5th-century AD migration of Brythonic speaking Celts from Britain . The Vulgar Latin in the region of Gallia took on a distinctly local character, some of which is attested in graffiti, which evolved into the Gallo-Romance dialects which include French and its closest relatives. With
11583-498: The population in New England , through the emigration from Quebec between 1840 and 1930, and in Louisiana , through the French colonization of the region, the relocalization of deported Acadians and later immigration from Saint-Domingue and from continental France . French is the fourth most spoken language in the United States, after English, Spanish and Chinese with over 2 million speakers. The French American community
11700-803: The present day. The Norsemen also settled in Normandy in the 10th century and contributed significantly to the ancestry of the Normans . Furthermore, regional ethnic minorities also exist within France that have distinct lineages, languages and cultures such as Bretons in Brittany , Occitans in Occitania , Basques in the French Basque Country , Catalans in northern Catalonia , Germans in Alsace , Corsicans in Corsica and Flemings in French Flanders . France has long been
11817-509: The same moral person." It has been noted that the French view of having Gallic origins has evolved over history. Before the French Revolution, it divided social classes, with the peasants identifying with the native Gauls while the aristocracy identified with the Franks. During the early nineteenth century, intellectuals began using the identification with Gaul instead as a unifying force to bridge divisions within French society with
11934-415: The second destination for French immigration worldwide after the United States. From the beginning of the 19th century, to the middle of the 20th century, Argentina received the second largest group of French immigrants after the United States. According to official figures 239,000 Frenchmen immigrated to Argentina from 1857 to 1946 but the numbers are higher as immigration started in the 1820s (they formed
12051-419: The second largest community of people outside of France who have identified as being of French descent , close behind the United States. 8.5 million Canadians claim French heritage. The French-speaking province of Quebec has the highest concentration of people with French ancestry in the world: 90% of Quebecers have French roots. They are also found in large numbers in the province of New Brunswick where
12168-500: The settlers to live on as a distinct francophone ethnic group for the next 158 years under British rule before Mauritius attained independence. Not all Franco-Mauritians have pure French lineage, many also have British or other European ancestors that came to Mauritius and were absorbed in the Franco-Mauritian community or the gens de couleur (Coloureds). There are an estimated 15,000–20,000 Franco-Mauritians; French lineage
12285-515: The south-east which had already been conquered about one century earlier. Over the next six centuries, the two cultures intermingled, creating a hybridized Gallo-Roman culture . In the late Roman era, in addition to colonists from elsewhere in the Empire and Gaulish natives, Gallia also became home to some immigrant populations of Germanic and Scythian origin, such as the Alans . The Gaulish language
12402-652: The start of the 20th century, there were 5,000 French from the Barcelonnette region registered with the French Consulate in Mexico. While 90% stayed in Mexico, some returned, and from 1880 to 1930, built grand mansions called Maisons Mexicaines and left a mark upon the city. Today, there are 60,000 descendants of the French "Barcelonnettes ". In the 1860s, during the Second Mexican Empire ruled by Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico – which
12519-639: The state sector (though not as trainees in reserved branches, e.g., as magistrates ). Seeing itself as an inclusive nation with universal values, France has always valued and strongly advocated assimilation . However, the success of such assimilation has recently been called into question. There is increasing dissatisfaction with, and within, growing ethno-cultural enclaves ( communautarisme ). The 2005 French riots in some troubled and impoverished suburbs ( les quartiers sensibles ) were an example of such tensions. However they should not be interpreted as ethnic conflicts (as appeared before in other countries like
12636-406: The way of understanding with people from a different cultural background have major potential to have negative effects that need to be overcome. Therefore, it is also the responsibility of migration and integration counselors to practice a form of intercultural communication that is acceptable to all parties involved. In a society where many people with a migration background live, mutual understanding
12753-520: The willingness to live together, in Renan's 1882 essay " Qu'est-ce qu'une nation? "). The debate concerning the integration of this view with the principles underlying the European Community remains open. France has been historically open to immigration, although this has changed in recent years. Referring to this perceived openness, Gertrude Stein , wrote: "America is my country but Paris
12870-524: The word Francia , the territory of the Franks . The Franks were a Germanic tribe that overran Roman Gaul at the end of the Roman Empire . In the pre-Roman era, Gaul (an area of Western Europe that encompassed all of what is known today as France, Belgium, part of Germany and Switzerland, and Northern Italy) was inhabited by a variety of peoples who were known collectively as the Gaulish tribes . Their ancestors were Celts who came from Central Europe in
12987-494: Was also identified in the fourteenth century, consistent with the timing for the Black Death in Europe. French diaspora The French diaspora (French: Diaspora française ) consists of French people and their descendants living outside France. Countries with significant numbers of people with French ancestry include Canada and the United States , whose territories were partly colonized by France between
13104-452: Was first studied by Valle and Burgess in 1921 through the concept of assimilation. They defined it as "a process of interpenetration and fusion in which persons and groups acquire the memories, sentiments, and attitude of other persons and groups and by sharing their experience and history, are incorporated with them in a common cultural life." While some scholars offered an assimilation theory, arguing that immigrants would be assimilated into
13221-483: Was incorporated back into the royal domain (i. e. the territory under direct control of the French king) in the Middle Ages . In the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem , founded in 1099, at most 120,000 Franks, who were predominantly French -speaking Western Christians, ruled over 350,000 Muslims, Jews, and native Eastern Christians. Unlike elsewhere in Europe, France experienced relatively low levels of emigration to
13338-406: Was not a final destination, since a substantial part later emigrated to Argentina or traveled back to France, such as Uruguayan-born French poets Comte de Lautréamont , Jules Laforgue and Jules Supervielle . A majority of them however permanently settled in Uruguay, where they left a lasting influence and established strong cultural and economical ties between both countries, creating for instance
13455-641: Was officialized with Jacques Chirac 's family regrouping act of 1976 ( regroupement familial ). Since then, immigration has become more varied, although France stopped being a major immigration country compared to other European countries. The large impact of North African and Arab immigration is the greatest and has brought racial , socio-cultural and religious questions to a country seen as homogenously European, French and Christian for thousands of years. Nevertherless, according to Justin Vaïsse , professor at Sciences Po Paris , integration of Muslim immigrants
13572-531: Was often associated with economic conditions. From 1847 to 1857, almost 200,000 French people emigrated abroad. From 1821 to 1920, around 121,000 Basques and Bearnese people from Basses-Pyrénées emigrated to America—more than 108,000 from 1835 to 1901. As of 2016, the exact number of people who fled from France during the Revolutionary-era is not known. Between 1848 and 1939, 1 million people with French passports emigrated to other countries. In
13689-533: Was part of Napoleon III 's scheme to create a Latin empire in the New World (indeed responsible for coining the term or Amérique latine , or "Latin America") – many French soldiers, merchants, and families set foot upon Mexican soil. Emperor Maximilian's consort, Carlota of Mexico , a Belgian princess, was a granddaughter of Louis-Philippe of France . Many Mexicans of French descent live in cities such as Zacatecas , San Luis Potosí , Puebla , Guadalajara , and
#908091