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32-485: The flags of Frisia are the flags that are used to represent (the subdivisions of) Frisia , a cross-border cultural region in Northwestern Europe . Some designs are in official use on a local or provincial level, while others are used unofficially on a regional, linguistic or international level. As of today, two designs for an "Interfrisian flag" have been proposed. The first design was created in 2006 by

64-495: A group of ancient tribes in modern-day Northwestern Germany , possibly being a loanword of Proto-Germanic * frisaz , meaning "curly, crisp", presumably referring to the hair of the tribesmen. In some areas, the local translation of "Frisia" is used to refer to another subregion. On the North Frisian islands , for instance, "Frisia" and "Frisians" refer to (the inhabitants of) mainland North Frisia . In Saterland Frisian,

96-747: A sizeable minority of the population, though Lower German is far more widespread. A half-million Frisians in the province of Friesland in the Netherlands speak West Frisian . Several thousand people in Nordfriesland and Heligoland in Germany speak a collection of North Frisian dialects. A small number of Saterland Frisian language speakers live in four villages in Lower Saxony , in the Saterland region of Cloppenburg county, just beyond

128-481: A synonym of "English". The historian and sociologist George Homans has made a case for Frisian cultural domination in East Anglia since the 5th century, pointing to distinct land-holdings arrangements in carucates (these forming vills assembled in leets ), partible inheritance patterns of common lands held in by kin, resistance to manorialism and other social institutions. Some East Anglian sources called

160-439: Is a system of inheritance in which property is apportioned among heirs . It contrasts in particular with primogeniture , which was common in feudal society and requires that the whole or most of the inheritance passes to the eldest son, and with agnatic seniority , which requires the succession to pass to next senior male. Partible inheritance systems are common ones to be found in legal systems based on both common law and

192-615: The Groep fan Auwerk and is based on the flags of Norway and Iceland . In 2009, an alternative design was adopted by the Interfrisian Council , featuring elements of the flags of its three sections: North , East and West Frisia . This European flag –related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Frisia The contemporary name for the region stems from Latin Frisii , an ethnonym used for

224-479: The Napoleonic Code . In the latter case, there may be a further requirement implying division according to a scheme, such as equal shares for legitimate children. Partible inheritance has been common in ancient Celtic and Germanic tribal societies, an example of the latter pattern is the so-called Salic patrimony . Historically speaking, non-partible inheritance has been associated with monarchies and

256-458: The 840s, until these were expelled between 885 and 920. Recently, it has been suggested that the Vikings did not conquer Frisia, but settled peacefully in certain districts (such as the islands of Walcheren and Wieringen ), where they built simple forts and cooperated and traded with the native Frisians. One of their leaders was Rorik of Dorestad . During the 12th century Frisian noblemen and

288-811: The Elder , in Roman times, the Frisians (or rather their close neighbours, the Chauci ) lived on terps , man-made hills. According to other sources, the Frisians lived along a broader expanse of the North Sea (or "Frisian Sea") coast. At this time, Frisia comprised the present-day provinces of Friesland , Groningen , North Holland and parts of South Holland . Frisian presence during the Early Middle Ages has been documented from North-Western Flanders up to

320-569: The Frisian trade network played a significant role in maintaining regional peace during the late Middle Ages . While interpersonal violence was on the rise almost everywhere else in Europe, Northern Europe and especially Frisia managed to maintain low levels of violence due in part to its well-developed society and established rule of law , which were results of extensive trade. The Frisian coastal areas were partly occupied by Danish Vikings in

352-533: The Saxon leader Widukind . The Carolingians laid Frisia under the rule of grewan , a title that has been loosely related to count in its early sense of "governor" rather than " feudal overlord ". During the 7th to 10th centuries, Frisian merchants and skippers played an important part in the international luxury trade, establishing commercial districts in distant cities as Sigtuna, Hedeby, Ribe, York, London, Duisburg, Cologne, Mainz, and Worms. The establishment of

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384-655: The Weser River Estuary. According to archaeological evidence, these Frisians were not the Frisians of Roman times, but the descendants of Anglo-Saxon immigrants from the German Bight , arriving during the Great Migration . By the 8th century, ethnic Frisians also started to colonize the coastal areas North of the Eider River under Danish rule. The nascent Frisian languages were spoken all along

416-685: The boundaries of traditional East Frisia . Many Frisians speak Low Saxon dialects which have a Frisian substratum known as Friso-Saxon , especially in East Frisia, where the local dialects are called Oostfräisk ("East Frisian") or Oostfräisk Plat ( East Frisian Low Saxon ). In the provinces of Friesland and Groningen, and in North Frisia, there are also areas where Friso-Saxon dialects are predominantly spoken, such as Gronings . In West Frisia , there are West Frisian-influenced dialects of Dutch such as West Frisian Dutch and Stadsfries . While

448-795: The city of Groningen founded the Upstalsboom League under the slogan of " Frisian freedom " to counter feudalizing tendencies . The league consisted of modern Friesland , Groningen , East Frisia , Harlingerland , Jever and Rüstringen . The Frisian districts in West Friesland West of the Zuiderzee did not participate, neither did the districts North of the Eider River along the Danish North Sea coast ( Schleswig-Holstein ). The former were occupied by

480-434: The contemporary variety of the Frisian regions – North, South, West and East. The design was not accepted by the Interfrisian Council . Instead, the council adopted the idea of an Interfrisian flag and created a design of its own, containing elements of the flags of the council's three sections. Neither of the two flags is widely used. Partible inheritance Partible inheritance , sometimes also called partitive ,

512-515: The count of Holland in 1289, and the latter were governed by the Duke of Schleswig and the king of Denmark . The same holds true for the district of Land Wursten East of the Weser River . The Upstalsboom League was revived in the early 14th century, but it collapsed after 1337. By then, the non-Frisian city of Groningen took the lead of the independent coastal districts. The 15th century saw

544-557: The demise of Frisian republicanism. In East Frisia , a leading nobleman from the Cirksena-family managed to defeat his competitors with the help of the Hanseatic League. In 1464 he acquired the title of count of East Frisia. The king of Denmark was successful in subduing the coastal districts North of the Eider River. The Dutch provinces of Friesland and Groningen remained independent until 1498. By then Friesland

576-463: The early 16th century, the pirate and freedom fighter Pier Gerlofs Donia (Grutte Pier) challenged Saxon authority in Friesland during a prolonged guerrilla war, backed by the Duke of Guelders. He had several successes and was feared by Hollandic authorities, but he died as a farmer in 1520. According to the legend he was seven feet tall. A statue of Grutte Pier by Anne Woudwijk  [ fy ]

608-751: The kings Aldegisel and Redbad , had its centre of power in the city of Utrecht . Its ancient customary law was drawn up as the Lex Frisionum in the late eighth century. Its end came in 734 at the Battle of the Boarn , when the Frisians were defeated by the Franks , who then conquered the western part up to the Lauwers . Frankish troops conquered the area east of the Lauwers in 785, after Charlemagne defeated

640-594: The mainland inhabitants Warnii , rather than Frisians. During the 7th and 8th centuries, Frankish chronologies mention the northern Low Countries as the kingdom of the Frisians. According to Medieval legends, this kingdom comprised the coastal seelande provinces of the Netherlands , from the Scheldt River to the Weser River and further East. Archaeological research does not confirm this idea, as

672-505: The majority of the inhabitants. In East Frisia, the idea of "Frisian freedom" became entangled with regional sentiments as well, though the East Frisian language had been replaced by Low German dialects as early as the 15th century. In Groningen, on the other hand, Frisian sentiments faded away at the end of the 16th century. In North Frisia, regional sentiments concentrate around the surviving North Frisian dialects, which are spoken by

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704-408: The manner of serfs , but in later times might buy their freedom. The basic land-holding unit for assessment of taxes and military contributions was – according to Homans – the ploegg (cf. "plow") or teen (cf. tithing , cf. " hundred "), which, however, also passed under other local names. The teen was pledged to supply ten men for the heer , or army. Ploegg or teen formed a unit of which

736-429: The members were collectively responsible for the performance of any of the men. The ploegg or East Frisian rott was a compact holding that originated with a single lineage or kinship, whose men in early times went to war under their chief, and devolved in medieval times into a union of neighbors rather than kith and kin. Several, often three, ploeggs were grouped into a burar , whose members controlled and adjudicated

768-646: The petty kingdoms appear to have been rather small and short-lived. The earliest Frisian records name four social classes, the ethelings ( nobiles in Latin documents) and frilings , who together made up the "Free Frisians" who might bring suit at court, and the laten or liten with the slaves , who were absorbed into the laten during the Early Middle Ages , as slavery was not so much formally abolished, as evaporated. The laten were tenants of lands they did not own and might be tied to it in

800-447: The preservation of civil liberties. Actual power, however, was usurped by the landowning gentry. Protests against aristocratic rule led to a democratic movement in the 1780s. During the late 19th and early 20th century, "Frisian freedom" became the slogan of a regionalist movement in Friesland, demanding equal rights for the Frisian language and culture within the Netherlands. The West Frisian language and its urban dialects are spoken by

832-603: The southern North Sea coast. Today, the whole region is sometimes referred to as Greater Frisia ( Latin : Frisia Magna ). Distant authors seem to have made little distinction between Frisians and Saxons. The Byzantine Procopius described three peoples living in Great Britain: Angles, Frisians and Britons, and the Danish author of Knútsdrápa celebrating the 11th-century Canute the Great used "Frisians" as

864-496: The subdivisions of Frisia have their own regional flags, Frisia as a whole has not historically had a flag of its own. In September 2006, a flag for a united Frisia – known as the "Interfrisian Flag" – was designed by the Groep fan Auwerk . This separatist group supports the unification of Frisia as an independent country. The design was inspired by the Nordic Cross flag . The four pompeblêden (water lily leaves) represent

896-532: The term Fräislound specifically refers to Ostfriesland . During the French occupation of the Netherlands , the name for the Frisian department was Frise . In English, both "Frisia" and "Friesland" may be interchangeably used to refer to the region. Frisia is commonly divided into three sections: The people, later to be known as Frisii , began settling in Frisia in the 6th century BC. According to Pliny

928-444: The uses of pasturage (but not tillage) which the ploeggs held in common, and came to be in charge of roads, ditches and dikes. Twelve ploeggs made up a "long" hundred, responsible for supplying a hundred armed men, four of which made a go (cf. Gau ). Homans' ideas, which were largely based on studies now considered to be outdated, have not been followed up by Continental scholars. The 7th-century Frisian Realm (650–734) under

960-740: The wish for landed estates to be kept together as units. In the Middle Ages , the partible inheritance systems, for example of the Merovingian dynasty , the Carolingian Empire , and the Kievan Rus , had the effect of dividing kingdoms into princely states, and are often thought to be responsible for their gradual decline in power. Partible inheritance was the generally-accepted form of inheritance adopted in New England in

992-665: Was conquered by Duke Albert of Saxony-Meissen . The city of Groningen , which had started to dominate the surrounding rural districts, surrendered to count Edzard of East Frisia in 1506. The city conveyed its remaining privileges to the Habsburg Empire in 1536. The district of Butjadingen (formerly Rüstringen) was occupied by the Count of Oldenburg in 1514, the Land Wursten by the Prince-bishop of Bremen in 1525. In

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1024-685: Was erected in Kimswert in 1985. In the 1560s many Frisans joined the revolt led by William of Orange against the Habsburg monarchy. In 1577 the province of Friesland became part of the nascent Dutch Republic , as its representatives signed the Union of Utrecht . The city of Groningen was conquered by the Dutch in 1594. Since then, membership of the Dutch Republic was perceived as a guarantee for

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