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50-448: Theater am Kärntnertor or Kärntnertortheater ( Carinthian Gate Theatre) was a prestigious theatre in Vienna during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Its official title was Kaiserliches und Königliches Hoftheater zu Wien (Imperial and Royal Court Theatre of Vienna). The theatre was built in 1709 to designs by Antonio Beduzzi on a site near the former Kärntnertor, on

100-470: A long time. The Habsburgs divided up their territories within the family twice, according to the 1379 Treaty of Neuberg and again in 1564. Each time, the Duchy of Carinthia became part of Inner Austria and was ruled jointly with the adjacent duchies of Styria and Carniola . Empress Maria Theresa of Austria and her son Joseph II attempted to create a more unitary Habsburg state, and in 1804 Carinthia

150-506: A relatively high number of war deaths: thirty-seven for every 1,000 inhabitants. This was higher than in most other German-speaking areas of Austria-Hungary (except German South Moravia ). Following the end of the war and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, the 1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain stipulated the Carinthian Canal Valley stretching from Tarvisio as far as Pontafel (187 square miles) go to Italy and that

200-673: A ritual in Slovene was performed at the Prince's Stone; then a mass was held at the cathedral of Maria Saal ( Gospa Sveta ); and subsequently, a ceremony took place at the Duke's Chair ( Vojvodski stol , German: Herzogsstuhl ), where the new Duke swore an oath in German and where he also received the homage of the estates . The Duke's Chair is located at Zollfeld valley, north of Klagenfurt in modern Carinthia , Austria. The ceremony

250-476: A synonym for both Carinthia and Carantania well into the 19th and early 20th century. Nowadays, Karantanija is used for the early medieval Slavic principality, while Koroška for the duchy and region that emerged from it from the 10th century onward. The name, like most toponyms beginning with * Kar(n)- in this area of Europe, are in turn most likely linked to the pre-Roman tribe of the Carni that once populated

300-689: Is particularly notable for the ancient ritual of installing Carantanian dukes (or princes, both an approximate translation of Knez / Knyaz / Fürst ), a practice that continued after Carantania was incorporated into the later Duchy of Carinthia . It was last performed in 1414, when the Habsburg Ernest the Iron was enthroned as Duke of Carinthia. The ritual took place on the Prince's Stone (Slovene Knežji kamen , German Fürstenstein ), an ancient Roman column capital near Krnski grad (now Karnburg ) and

350-559: Is that it may have been formed from a toponymic base carant- which ultimately derives from pre- Indo-European root * karra meaning 'rock', or that it is of Celtic origin and derived from * karant- meaning 'friend, ally'. Its Slavic name * korǫtanъ was adopted from the Latin * carantanum . The toponym Carinthia (Slovene: Koroška < Proto-Slavic *korǫt’ьsko ) is also claimed to be etymologically related, deriving from pre-Slavic * carantia . In Slovenian, Korotan remained

400-660: The 7th century , in the territory of present-day southern Austria and north-eastern Slovenia . It was the predecessor of the March of Carinthia , created within the Carolingian Empire in 889. The name Carantania is of proto- Slavic origin. Paul the Deacon mentions Slavs in Carnuntum , which is erroneously called Carantanum ( Carnuntum, quod corrupte vocitant Carantanum ). A possible etymological explanation

450-718: The Bohemian king Ottokar II Přemysl . In spite of being supported by the Habsburg king Rudolf I of Germany , who defeated Ottokar II at the Battle on the Marchfeld in 1278, Philip never gained actual power. The duchy was seized by Rudolph and Philip died a year later in 1279. Rudolf, after being elected King of the Romans and defeating King Ottokar II, at first gave Carinthia to Count Meinhard II of Gorizia-Tyrol . In 1335, after

500-464: The Eastern Alps region is assumed to be connected to the collapse of local dioceses in the late 6th century, a change in population and material culture , and most importantly, in the establishment of a Slavic language group in the area. The territory settled by Slavs, however, was also inhabited by the remains of the indigenous Romanized population, which preserved Christianity. Slavs in both

550-761: The German king Henry the Fowler . After Berthold became Duke of Bavaria in 938, both territories were ruled by him. Upon his death in 948 the Luitpoldings, though heirs of the royal Ottonian dynasty , were not able to retain their possessions, as King Otto I bought the loyalty of his younger brother Henry I with the Bavarian lands. Duke Henry's son Henry II "the Quarreller" from 974 onwards, revolted against his cousin Emperor Otto II , whereupon he

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600-718: The Habsburg monarchy and of the Austrian Empire , it remained a Cisleithanian crown land of Austria-Hungary until 1918. By the 1920 Carinthian plebiscite in October 1920, the main area of the duchy formed the Austrian state of Carinthia . In the seventh century the area was part of the Slavic principality of Carantania , which fell under the suzerainty of Duke Odilo of Bavaria in about 743. The Bavarian stem duchy

650-545: The House of Sponheim , who ruled as Henry IV, from 1122 to his early death the following year. The most outstanding of the Spanheim dukes was Bernhard , the first Carinthian duke who was actually described and honoured in documents as "prince of the land". The last Spanheim duke was Ulrich III ; he signed an inheritance treaty with his brother Archbishop Philip of Spanheim of Salzburg , who, however, could not prevail against

700-652: The Vienna State Opera ) was built on the adjoining grounds. It was completed in 1869, and in 1870, the former theatre was razed, making way for the apartment building that became the Hotel Sacher . Gerhard Bronner 's cabaret stadtTheater walfischgasse  [ de ] used the name Neues Theater am Kärntnertor (New Theatre at the Kärntnertor) from 1959 to 1973, before adopting its present name. During its heyday, several composers conducted

750-714: The 6th century Chur was also conquered by the Franks . Between the 9th and 10th centuries, the Alpine Slavs , who are reckoned to be among the ancestors of present-day Slovenes, settled the eastern areas of the Friuli region. They settled in the easternmost mountainous areas of Friuli, known as the Friulian Slavia , as well as the Karst Plateau and the area north and south from Gorizia. Slavic settlement in

800-543: The Avars were defeated at Constantinople . In 658 Samo died and his Tribal Union disintegrated. A smaller part of the original March of the Slavs, centred north of modern Klagenfurt, preserved independence and came to be known as Carantania . The name Carantania itself begins to appear in historical sources soon after 660. The first clear indication of a specific ethnic identity and political organisation may be recognised in

850-662: The Carinthian March (later Styria) since about 1000, was vested with the duchy by the last Ottonian emperor Henry II , while the Istrian march was separated and given to Count Poppo of Weimar . Adalbero was removed from office in 1035 after he had fallen out of favour with the Salian Emperor Conrad II . In 1039 Carinthia was inherited by Emperor Henry III himself, who split off the Carniolan march

900-548: The Eastern Alps and the Pannonian region are assumed to be originally subject to Avar rulers ( kagans ). After Avar rule weakened around 610, a relatively independent March of the Slavs ( marca Vinedorum ), governed by a duke , emerged in southern Carinthia in the early 7th century. Historical sources mention Valuk as the duke of Slavs ( Wallux dux Winedorum ). The year 626 brought an end to Avar dominance over Slavs, as

950-583: The German, assumed his title of King of the East Franks and became the first Duke of Carinthia. The city of Chur suffered several invasions by the Magyars in 925-926, when the cathedral was destroyed. In the area of Carantania 954–979 exist Slavic parish "pagus Crouuati" ( Croats ) which is mentioned in royal charters, ruled by count Hartwig in the name of the German king. The principality of Carantania

1000-697: The Slovene-speaking areas of the Meža Valley, the Drava Valley area around Unterdrauburg , which was afterwards renamed Dravograd , and the Jezersko area (128 square miles of territory) be ceded to the new SHS State. The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes , however, was not satisfied with these parts of the former duchy and also occupied land north of the Karawanks mountain range, including

1050-544: The ancestors of the present-day Slovenes and partially also Austrians . Other ethnic strong element included the descendants of the Romanised aboriginal peoples ( Noricans ), which is attestable on the basis of a recent DNA analysis and a number of place names. It is also possible that traces of Dulebes , Avars , Bulgars , Croats and the Germanic peoples were present among Carantanians . In its early stages,

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1100-878: The area of the Upper Sava River and in 591 they arrived in the Upper Drava region, where they soon fought the Bavarians under Duke Tassilo I . In 592 the Bavarians won, but three years later in 595 the Slavic-Avar army gained victory and thus consolidated the boundary between the Frankish and the Avar territories. By that time, today's East Tyrol and Carinthia came to be referred to in historical sources as Provincia Sclaborum (the Country of Slavs). In

1150-455: The area that was ceded to Italy as a part of the claimed " Julian March " belongs to the autonomous region of Friuli–Venezia Giulia . Most of the area awarded to Yugoslavia (cf. Slovenian Carinthia ) now forms part of the larger Carinthia Statistical Region in Slovenia . Area: Population (1910 Census): According to the last Austrian Imperial census of 1910, the Duchy of Carinthia

1200-561: The capital city of Klagenfurt. The Entente powers decided on a two-stage referendum, of which the first stage, the Carinthian Plebiscite was held on 10 October 1920 to determine the fate of Carinthia. The outcome in favour of Austria did not change the borders as decided upon in the Treaty of Saint-Germain. The Austrian part of the former duchy today forms the federal state of Carinthia ( German : Land Kärnten ), while

1250-584: The centuries, the name 'Carinthia' ( Kärnten ) gradually replaced former 'Carantania'. The realm of the Carinthian dukes initially comprised a vast territory including the marches of Styria ( marchia Carantana ), Carniola and Istria ; they also ruled over the Italian March of Verona in the south. Nevertheless, Henry the Younger was the first and also the last Luitpolding duke; as he chose to join

1300-504: The death of Henry , the last male of this line, Emperor Louis the Bavarian gave Carinthia and the southern part of the Tyrol as an imperial fief to the Habsburg family on 2 May in Linz . The Habsburgs would continue to rule Carinthia until 1918. As with the other component parts of the Habsburg monarchy , Carinthia remained a semi-autonomous state with its own constitutional structure for

1350-544: The early nineteenth century, ballets were added to the repertory, as well as Italian and German operas. From 1811 to 1814, Ignaz Franz Castelli served as Hoftheaterdichter (poet of the court theatre). From 1821, the Italian impresario Domenico Barbaia added the venue to the string of theatres under his management and presented Italian operas . Beginning in 1861, the Vienna Court Opera House (now

1400-712: The eastern Alps. Carantania's capital was most likely Karnburg ( Slovene : Krnski grad ) in the Zollfeld Field ( Slovene : Gosposvetsko polje ), north of modern-day town of Klagenfurt ( Slovene : Celovec ). The principality was centered in the area of modern Carinthia , and included territories of modern Styria , most of today's East Tyrol and of the Puster Valley , the Lungau and Ennspongau regions of Salzburg , and parts of southern Upper Austria and Lower Austria . It most probably also included

1450-519: The famous chronicler Giovanni Villani (c. 1275–1348), and Giovanni Boccaccio (1313–1375), who wrote that the Brenta River rises from the mountains of Carantania, a land in the Alps dividing Italy from Germany. The population of ancient Carantania had a polyethnic structure. The core stratum was represented by two groups of Slavs who had settled in the Eastern Alps region in 6th century and are

1500-825: The first known bishop is one Asinio in AD 451. In the aftermath of the Gothic War (535-554), the Byzantine Empire found itself unable to prevent the Germanic tribe of the Lombards from invading Italy and founding a kingdom there . The territory left behind by the Lombards in Pannonia was subsequently settled by Slavs (with the help of their Avar overlords) in the last decades of the 6th century. In 588 they reached

1550-629: The following year and granted it to Margrave Poppo of Istria. In 1077, the duchy was given to Luitpold , again a member of the Eppensteiner family, which, however, became extinct with the death of Luitpold's younger brother Henry III of Carinthia in 1122. Upon his death the duchy was further reduced in area: a large part of the Eppenstein lands in what is today Upper Styria passed to Margrave Ottokar II of Styria . The remainder of Carinthia passed from Duke Henry III to his godchild Henry from

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1600-405: The geographical term Carantanum which Paul the Deacon used in reference to the year 664, and in connection to which he also mentioned a specific Slavic people ( gens Sclavorum ) living there. When about 740 Prince Boruth asked the Bavarian duke Odilo for help against the pressing danger posed by Avar tribes from the east, Carantania lost its independence. Boruth's successors had to accept

1650-519: The grounds of the present Hotel Sacher . The expenses of building the theatre were borne by the City of Vienna, and it was intended (as Eva Badura-Skoda notes) to be "frequented by the Viennese population of all classes". However, at the command of the emperor, the first performances were of Italian operas, an elite form of entertainment. In 1711, the theatre was redirected to its original purpose when it

1700-608: The language of Carantanian Slavs was essentially Proto-Slavic . In Slovenian linguistic literature and reference books it is sometimes provisionally termed Alpine Slavic ( alpska slovanščina ). Its Proto-Slavic character can be deduced from language contacts of Alpine Slavs with the remainders of the Romanised aboriginal population, later also with Bavarians . The adopted Pre-Slavic placenames and river names and their subsequent phonetic development in Alpine Slavic, as well as Bavarian records of Alpine Slavic names, shed light on

1750-480: The later Carantania state, which was under the feudal overlordship of the Carolingians , and its successor (the March of Carinthia , 826–976), as well as of the later Duchy of Carinthia (from 976), extended beyond historical Carantania. In the 4th century Chur became the seat of the first Christian bishopric north to the Alps . Despite a legend assigning its foundation to an alleged Briton king, St. Lucius,

1800-424: The overlordship of Bavaria and the semifeudal Frankish kingdom , ruled by Charlemagne from 771 to 814. Charlemagne also put an end to the invasions undertaken by the Avars, who had regained eastern parts of Carantania between 745 and 795. In 828, Carantania finally became a margraviate of the Carolingian Empire . The local princes were deposed for following the anti-Frankish rebellion of Ljudevit Posavski ,

1850-534: The prince of Slavs of Lower Pannonia , and replaced by a Germanic (primarily Bavarian) ascendancy. By the 843 Treaty of Verdun , it passed into the hands of Louis the German (804–876) who, according to the Annales Fuldenses (863), gave the title of a "prefect of the Carantanians" ( praelatus Carantanis ) to his eldest son Carloman . In 887 Arnulf of Carinthia (850–899), a grandson of Louis

1900-501: The territory of the modern Slovenian province of Carinthia . The few existing historical sources distinguish between two separate Slavic principalities in the Eastern Alpine area: Carantania and Carniola . The latter, which appears in historical records dating from the late 8th century, was situated in the central part of modern Slovenia. It was (at least by name) the predecessor of the later Duchy of Carniola . The borders of

1950-565: The theatre orchestra, including the young Franz Lachner and Ferdinando Paer . Notes Sources 48°12′12″N 16°22′15″E  /  48.20333°N 16.37083°E  / 48.20333; 16.37083 Duchy of Carinthia Carinthia remained a State of the Holy Roman Empire until its dissolution in 1806, though from 1335 it was ruled within the Austrian dominions of the Habsburg dynasty. A constituent part of

2000-450: The unsuccessful War of the Three Henries against Emperor Otto II , he lost Carinthia two years later and was succeeded by the Emperor's nephew Otto I , a scion of the Salian dynasty . Though Henry once again managed to regain the ducal title in 985, Carinthia upon his death in 989 fell back to the Imperial Ottonian dynasty in Bavaria. Carinthia, however, remained a separate entity, and in 1012 Count Adalbero I of Eppenstein , Margrave of

2050-475: The western part of Austria-Hungary (see History of Austria ). Over the centuries, the German language , which carried more prestige, expanded at the expense of Slovene , but the fact that in the 16th century the Estates of Carinthia could still point out that Carinthia was "a Windic Archduchy ", i.e. a sovereign Slovene principality, shows that the Carinthian people were aware of their ancient and pre-German roots. During World War I , Carinthia experienced

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2100-536: Was composed of the following linguistic communities: Total: 396,228 The Austrian censuses did not count ethnic groups , nor the mother tongue , but the "language of daily interaction" ( Umgangssprache ). Total: 396,228 Luitpoldings Salian dynasty Luitpoldings Ottonian dynasty Salian dynasty House of Eppenstein Salian dynasty Elder House of Welf Ezzonids House of Zähringen House of Eppenstein Přemyslid dynasty House of Habsburg Carinthia

2150-412: Was deposed as Duke of Bavaria in favour of Otto's nephew Duke Otto I of Swabia . At the same time Emperor Otto II created a sixth duchy in addition to the original stem duchies , the new Duchy of Carinthia. He reverted the possession of the territories to the Luitpoldings, when he split Carinthia from the Bavarian lands and installed the former Duke Berthold's son Henry the Younger as duke in 976. Over

2200-438: Was first described by the chronicler John of Viktring on the occasion of the coronation of Meinhard II of Tyrol in 1286. It is also mentioned in Jean Bodin 's book Six livres de la République in 1576. Chronicle of Fredegar mentions Carantania as Sclauvinia , Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) mentions Carantania as Chiarentana . The same name was also used by Florentines, such as the poet Fazio degli Uberti (circa 1309–1367),

2250-410: Was incorporated into the Carolingian Empire when Charlemagne deposed Odilo's son Duke Tassilo III in 788. In the 843 partition by the Treaty of Verdun , Carinthia became part of East Francia under King Louis the German . From 889 to 976 it was the Carinthian March of the renewed Bavarian duchy, though in 927 the local Count Berthold of the Luitpolding dynasty was vested with ducal rights by

2300-406: Was integrated into the newly established Austrian Empire under Francis II/I . According to the 1809 Treaty of Schönbrunn , the Upper Carinthian territories around Villach formed part of the short-lived Napoleonic Illyrian Provinces ; Carinthia as a whole remained a part of the Habsburg Kingdom of Illyria until its dissolution in 1849. In 1867, the duchy became a crown land of Cisleithania ,

2350-434: Was leased to Selliers alone. In 1752, however, Maria Theresa withdrew the imperial privilege, placing the theatre under the direct scrutiny of the magistrates of Vienna. The first theatre burned in 1761 and was rebuilt by court architect Nicolò Pacassi ; two years later it reopened, again under protective privilege, as the Kaiserliches und Königliches Hoftheater zu Wien (Imperial and Royal Court Theatre of Vienna). From

2400-493: Was performed in Slovene by a free peasant who, selected by his peers, in the name of the people of the land questioned the new Prince about his integrity and reminded him of his duties. Later, when the Duchy of Carinthia had fallen to the Habsburgs, the idea that it was actually the people from whom the Duke of Carinthia received his legitimation was the basis of the Habsburgs' claim to the unique title of Archduke. The coronation of Carinthian Dukes consisted of three parts: first,

2450-406: Was placed under the direction of Josef Stranitzky , who put on a variety of entertainment, often embodying a German version of the Italian commedia dell'arte . The theatre was managed by Stranitzky's widow after his death. In 1728, court artists Borosini and Selliers, who had performed intermezzi in both German and Italian, became the Kärntnertortheater's directors. From 1742 to 1750, the theatre

2500-401: Was unified with the rest of the Habsburg territories again in 1619. See List of rulers of Austria Val Canale/Canal Valley - region of Carinthia now part of Italy Carantania Timeline Carantania , also known as Carentania ( Slovene : Karantanija , German : Karantanien , in Old Slavic * Korǫtanъ ), was a Slavic principality that emerged in the second half of

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