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58-452: The knife is produced according to NATO regulations by the German company Eickhorn-Solingen GmbH The assembly consists of three components: the laser cut 172 mm Black Kalgard coated, forged X55CrMo14 or 1.4110 (440A) stainless steel Westernized tantō blade, the ergonomic ambidextrous polyamide handle and screw. The entire knife weighs approximately 320 grams (11 oz). The sheath for

116-418: A constant laser beam were used, the heat could reach the point of melting the whole piece being cut. Most industrial lasers have the ability to pulse or cut CW (continuous wave) under NC ( numerical control ) program control. Double pulse lasers use a series of pulse pairs to improve material removal rate and hole quality. Essentially, the first pulse removes material from the surface and the second prevents

174-402: A cut edge. While typically used for industrial manufacturing applications, it is now used by schools, small businesses, architecture, and hobbyists. Laser cutting works by directing the output of a high-power laser most commonly through optics. The laser optics and CNC (computer numerical control) are used to direct the laser beam to the material. A commercial laser for cutting materials uses

232-408: A die, the size varying with the size of the saw. The teeth were sharpened with a triangular file of appropriate size, and set with a hammer or a wrest. By the mid 18th century rolling the metal was usual, the power for the rolls being supplied first by water, and increasingly by the early 19th century by steam engines. The industry gradually mechanized all the processes, including the important grinding

290-424: A factor in measurements when making cuts. For example, cutting an 8 foot (2.4 meter) piece of wood into 1 foot (30 cm) sections, with 1/8 inch (3 mm) kerf will produce only seven sections, plus one that is 7/8 inch (21 mm) too short when factoring in the kerf from all the cuts. The kerf depends on several factors: the width of the saw blade; the set of the blade's teeth; the amount of wobble created during cutting; and

348-473: A flying optic machine and may permit a simpler beam delivery system. This can result in reduced power loss in the delivery system and more capacity per watt than flying optics machines. Flying optics lasers feature a stationary table and a cutting head (with a laser beam) that moves over the workpiece in both of the horizontal dimensions. Flying optics cutters keep the workpiece stationary during processing and often do not require material clamping. The moving mass

406-536: A given blade can be changed by adjusting the set of its teeth with a tool called a saw tooth setter . The kerf left behind by a laser beam can be changed based on the laser's power and type of material being cut. A toothed saw or tooth saw has a hard toothed edge. The cut is made by placing the toothed edge against the material and moving it back and forth, or continuously forward. This force may be applied by hand , or powered by steam , water , electricity or other power source. The most common measurement of

464-478: A handle on each end or a frame saw . A pit-saw was also sometimes known as a whipsaw . It took 2-4 people to operate. A "pit-man" stood in the pit, a "top-man" stood outside the pit, and they worked together to make cuts, guide the saw, and raise it. Pit-saw workers were among the most highly paid laborers in early colonial North America. Hand saws typically have a relatively thick blade to make them stiff enough to cut through material. (The pull stroke also reduces

522-517: A laser can be up to thirty times faster than standard sawing. kerf A saw is a tool consisting of a tough blade , wire , or chain with a hard toothed edge used to cut through material . Various terms are used to describe toothed and abrasive saws . Saws began as serrated materials, and when mankind learned how to use iron, it became the preferred material for saw blades of all kind. There are numerous types of hands saws and mechanical saws, and different types of blades and cuts. A saw

580-524: A lens or a mirror to a very small spot of about 0.001 inches (0.025 mm) to create a very intense laser beam. In order to achieve the smoothest possible finish during contour cutting, the direction of the beam polarization must be rotated as it goes around the periphery of a contoured workpiece. For sheet metal cutting, the focal length is usually 1.5–3 inches (38–76 mm). Advantages of laser cutting over mechanical cutting include easier work holding and reduced contamination of workpiece (since there

638-409: A motion control system to follow a CNC or G-code of the pattern to be cut onto the material. The focused laser beam is directed at the material, which then either melts, burns, vaporizes away, or is blown away by a jet of gas, leaving an edge with a high-quality surface finish. In 1965, the first production laser cutting machine was used to drill holes in diamond dies . This machine was made by

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696-415: A particular job depends on the material type, thickness, process (reactive/inert) used, and desired cutting rate. The maximum cutting rate (production rate) is limited by a number of factors including laser power, material thickness, process type (reactive or inert), and material properties. Common industrial systems (≥1 kW) will cut carbon steel metal from 0.51 – 13 mm in thickness. For many purposes,

754-929: A positioning accuracy of 10 micrometers and repeatability of 5 micrometers. Standard roughness Rz increases with the sheet thickness, but decreases with laser power and cutting speed . When cutting low carbon steel with laser power of 800 W, standard roughness Rz is 10 μm for sheet thickness of 1 mm, 20 μm for 3 mm, and 25 μm for 6 mm. R z = 12.528 ⋅ S 0.542 P 0.528 ⋅ V 0.322 {\displaystyle Rz={\frac {12.528\cdot S^{0.542}}{P^{0.528}\cdot V^{0.322}}}} Where: S = {\displaystyle S=} steel sheet thickness in mm; P = {\displaystyle P=} laser power in kW (some new laser cutters have laser power of 4 kW); V = {\displaystyle V=} cutting speed in meters per minute. This process

812-517: A pulsed Nd:YAG laser , the wavelength of which (1064 nm) is well adapted to the electronic band gap of silicon (1.11 eV or 1117 nm). Reactive cutting is also called "burning stabilized laser gas cutting" and "flame cutting". Reactive cutting is like oxygen torch cutting but with a laser beam as the ignition source. Mostly used for cutting carbon steel in thicknesses over 1 mm. This process can be used to cut very thick steel plates with relatively little laser power. Laser cutters have

870-399: A saw with 14 points per inch will have 13 teeth per inch, and a saw with 10 points per inch will have 9 teeth per inch). Some saws do not have the same number of teeth per inch throughout their entire length, but the vast majority do. Those with more teeth per inch at the toe are described as having incremental teeth, in order to make starting the saw cut easier. An alternative measurement of

928-454: A single point from which to remove cutting effluent. It requires fewer optics but requires moving the workpiece. This style of machine tends to have the fewest beam delivery optics but also tends to be the slowest. Hybrid lasers provide a table that moves in one axis (usually the X-axis) and moves the head along the shorter (Y) axis. This results in a more constant beam delivery path length than

986-431: A static gas field that requires no pressurization or glassware, leading to savings on replacement turbines and glassware. The laser generator and external optics (including the focus lens) require cooling. Depending on system size and configuration, waste heat may be transferred by a coolant or directly to air. Water is a commonly used coolant, usually circulated through a chiller or heat transfer system. A laser microjet

1044-434: A strip of diamond sharpener used for field sharpening of the knife. The handle end has a glass breaker tip which is actually the end of the knife blade tang. The handle end also has a lanyard hole. The scabbard is MOLLE and IDZ military vest compatible. [REDACTED] Media related to KM2000 at Wikimedia Commons Laser cutting Laser cutting is a technology that uses a laser to vaporize materials, resulting in

1102-515: A type of solid-state laser that is rapidly growing within the metal cutting industry. Unlike CO 2 , Fiber technology utilizes a solid gain medium, as opposed to a gas or liquid. The “seed laser” produces the laser beam and is then amplified within a glass fiber. With a wavelength of only 1064 nanometers fiber lasers produce an extremely small spot size (up to 100 times smaller compared to the CO 2 ) making it ideal for cutting reflective metal material. This

1160-422: Is a tool consisting of a tough blade , wire , or chain with a hard toothed edge. It is used to cut through material , very often wood , though sometimes metal or stone. A number of terms are used to describe saws. The narrow channel left behind by the saw and (relatedly) the measure of its width is known as the kerf . As such, it also refers to the wasted material that is turned into sawdust, and becomes

1218-499: Is a water-jet-guided laser in which a pulsed laser beam is coupled into a low-pressure water jet. This is used to perform laser cutting functions while using the water jet to guide the laser beam, much like an optical fiber, through total internal reflection. The advantages of this are that the water also removes debris and cools the material. Additional advantages over traditional "dry" laser cutting are high dicing speeds, parallel kerf , and omnidirectional cutting. Fiber lasers are

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1276-492: Is capable of holding quite close tolerances , often to within 0.001 inch (0.025 mm). Part geometry and the mechanical soundness of the machine have much to do with tolerance capabilities. The typical surface finish resulting from laser beam cutting may range from 125 to 250 micro-inches (0.003 mm to 0.006 mm). There are generally three different configurations of industrial laser cutting machines: moving material, hybrid, and flying optics systems. These refer to

1334-457: Is constant, so dynamics are not affected by varying the size of the workpiece. Flying optics machines are the fastest type, which is advantageous when cutting thinner workpieces. Flying optic machines must use some method to take into account the changing beam length from the near field (close to the resonator) cutting to the far field (far away from the resonator) cutting. Common methods for controlling this include collimation, adaptive optics, or

1392-420: Is focused on the surface causing localized heating and thermal expansion. This results in a crack that can then be guided by moving the beam. The crack can be moved in order of m/s. It is usually used in the cutting of glass. The separation of microelectronic chips as prepared in semiconductor device fabrication from silicon wafers may be performed by the so-called stealth dicing process, which operates with

1450-411: Is generally focused using a high-quality lens on the work zone. The quality of the beam has a direct impact on the focused spot size. The narrowest part of the focused beam is generally less than 0.0125 inches (0.32 mm) in diameter. Depending upon the material thickness, kerf widths as small as 0.004 inches (0.10 mm) are possible. In order to be able to start cutting from somewhere other than

1508-419: Is no cutting edge which can become contaminated by the material or contaminate the material). Precision may be better since the laser beam does not wear during the process. There is also a reduced chance of warping the material that is being cut, as laser systems have a small heat-affected zone . Some materials are also very difficult or impossible to cut by more traditional means. Laser cutting for metals has

1566-399: Is one of the main advantages of Fiber compared to CO 2 . Fibre laser cutter benefits include: There are many different methods of cutting using lasers, with different types used to cut different materials. Some of the methods are vaporization, melt and blow, melt blow and burn, thermal stress cracking, scribing, cold cutting, and burning stabilized laser cutting. In vaporization cutting,

1624-458: Is used for boring and where high energy but low repetition are required. The Nd:YAG laser is used where very high power is needed and for boring and engraving. Both CO 2 and Nd/Nd:YAG lasers can be used for welding . CO 2 lasers are commonly "pumped" by passing a current through the gas mix (DC-excited) or using radio frequency energy (RF-excited). The RF method is newer and has become more popular. Since DC designs require electrodes inside

1682-476: The Early Dynastic Period , c.  3,100 –2,686 BC. Many copper saws were found in tomb No. 3471 dating to the reign of Djer in the 31st century BC. Saws were used for cutting a variety of materials, including humans ( death by sawing ), and models of saws were used in many contexts throughout Egyptian history. Particularly useful are tomb wall illustrations of carpenters at work that show

1740-609: The Western Electric Engineering Research Center . In 1967, the British pioneered laser-assisted oxygen jet cutting for metals. In the early 1970s, this technology was put into production to cut titanium for aerospace applications. At the same time, CO 2 lasers were adapted to cut non-metals, such as textiles , because, at the time, CO 2 lasers were not powerful enough to overcome the thermal conductivity of metals. The laser beam

1798-419: The axe , adz , chisel , and saw were clearly established more than 4,000 years ago." Once mankind had learned how to use iron, it became the preferred material for saw blades of all kinds; some cultures learned how to harden the surface ("case hardening" or "steeling"), prolonging the blade's life and sharpness. Steel , made of iron with moderate carbon content and hardened by quenching hot steel in water,

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1856-777: The KM2000 (as of 2008) use a different stainless blade steel alloy with better edge-holding properties, X105CrMo17 or 1.4125 (440C) Böhler N695 (HRC 57). Additionally, Eickhorn has introduced several new variants, like the KM1000 without a blade-coating, and the KM3000 with a spear-point blade instead of the KM2000's westernized-tanto point. The latter two are also being produced with sand-colored grips and scabbards intended in desert environments like Afghanistan. The newer version of KM2000 with improved Bohler N695 steel blade also has variants for desert environments, marketed as Desert Command I, and

1914-491: The KM2000 is turnable, and includes an adapter to allow it to be mounted onto the MOLLE / PALS load bearing system(s). The KM2000 owes a lot of its fame to the fact that it is among the few (if not the only) " tantō "-style military knives actually issued in significant numbers. Based on the popularity of the design, Eickhorn has developed the line-up introducing many variations in shape, material used, colors. Later revisions of

1972-743: The KM3000 as the Desert Command II. Apart from the hard polyamide sheath, a special leather sheath is available from Eickhorn. Models other than KM2000 are also introduced by Eickhorn such as Para-Commando, KM5000, FS knife etc. Most of these variations are not actually issued in the German Army. The newer version of the KM2000 has a modified tip for greater strength and stability while thrusting and prying windows and containers open. The blade of both models has two versions: plain and partially serrated. The serrations are used for cutting ropes and fabric fibers for survival techniques. The scabbard has

2030-415: The advantage over plasma cutting of being more precise and using less energy when cutting sheet metal; however, most industrial lasers cannot cut through the greater metal thickness that plasma can. Newer laser machines operating at higher power (6000 watts, as contrasted with early laser cutting machines' 1500-watt ratings) are approaching plasma machines in their ability to cut through thick materials, but

2088-402: The amount of material pulled out of the sides of the cut. Although the term "kerf" is often used informally, to refer simply to the thickness of the saw blade, or to the width of the set, this can be misleading, because blades with the same thickness and set may create different kerfs. For example, a too-thin blade can cause excessive wobble, creating a wider-than-expected kerf. The kerf created by

2146-445: The amount of stiffness required.) Thin-bladed handsaws are made stiff enough either by holding them in tension in a frame, or by backing them with a folded strip of steel (formerly iron) or brass (on account of which the latter are called "back saws.") Some examples of hand saws are: "Back saws" which have a thin blade backed with steel or brass to maintain rigidity, are a subset of hand saws. Back saws have different names depending on

2204-556: The blade's teeth can be adjusted with a tool called a saw set . An abrasive saw has a powered circular blade designed to cut through metal or ceramic. Saws were at first serrated materials such as flint, obsidian, sea shells and shark teeth. Serrated tools with indications that they were used to cut wood were found at Pech-de-l'Azé cave IV in France. These tools date to 90,000-30,000 years BCE. In ancient Egypt, open (unframed) pull saws made of copper are documented as early as

2262-409: The capital cost of such machines is much higher than that of plasma cutting machines capable of cutting thick materials like steel plate. There are three main types of lasers used in laser cutting. The CO 2 laser is suited for cutting, boring, and engraving. The neodymium (Nd) and neodymium yttrium-aluminium-garnet ( Nd:YAG ) lasers are identical in style and differ only in the application. Nd

2320-473: The cavity, they can encounter electrode erosion and plating of electrode material on glassware and optics . Since RF resonators have external electrodes they are not prone to those problems. CO 2 lasers are used for the industrial cutting of many materials including titanium, stainless steel, mild steel, aluminium, plastic, wood, engineered wood, wax, fabrics, and paper. YAG lasers are primarily used for cutting and scribing metals and ceramics. In addition to

2378-459: The century, due to superior mechanisation, better marketing, a large domestic market, and the imposition of high tariffs on imports. Highly productive industries continued in Germany and France. Early European saws were made from a heated sheet of iron or steel, produced by flattening by several men simultaneously hammering on an anvil. After cooling, the teeth were punched out one at a time with

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2436-419: The cut easily without binding (getting stuck). The set may be different depending on the kind of cut the saw is intended to make. For example, a ripsaw has a tooth set that is similar to the angle used on a chisel , so that it rips or tears the material apart. A "flush-cutting saw" has no set on one side, so that the saw can be laid flat on a surface and cut along that surface without scratching it. The set of

2494-410: The cutting area, greatly decreasing the power requirement. First, the material is heated to melting point then a gas jet blows the molten material out of the kerf avoiding the need to raise the temperature of the material any further. Materials cut with this process are usually metals. Brittle materials are particularly sensitive to thermal fracture, a feature exploited in thermal stress cracking. A beam

2552-424: The edge, a pierce is done before every cut. Piercing usually involves a high-power pulsed laser beam which slowly makes a hole in the material, taking around 5–15 seconds for 0.5-inch-thick (13 mm) stainless steel , for example. The parallel rays of coherent light from the laser source often fall in the range between 0.06–0.08 inches (1.5–2.0 mm) in diameter. This beam is normally focused and intensified by

2610-471: The ejecta from adhering to the side of the hole or cut. The main disadvantage of laser cutting is the high power consumption. Industrial laser efficiency may range from 5% to 45%. The power consumption and efficiency of any particular laser will vary depending on output power and operating parameters. This will depend on the type of laser and how well the laser is matched to the work at hand. The amount of laser cutting power required, known as heat input , for

2668-497: The focused beam heats the surface of the material to a flashpoint and generates a keyhole. The keyhole leads to a sudden increase in absorptivity quickly deepening the hole. As the hole deepens and the material boils, vapor generated erodes the molten walls blowing ejection out and further enlarging the hole. Nonmelting materials such as wood, carbon, and thermoset plastics are usually cut by this method. Melt and blow or fusion cutting uses high-pressure gas to blow molten material from

2726-441: The frequency of teeth on a saw blade is point per inch (25 mm ). It is taken by setting the tip (or point ) of one tooth at the zero point on a ruler, and then counting the number of points between the zero mark and the one-inch mark, inclusive (that is, including both the point at the zero mark and any point that lines up precisely with the one-inch mark). There is always one more point per inch than there are teeth per inch (e.g.,

2784-420: The frequency of teeth on a saw blade is teeth per inch . Usually abbreviated TPI, as in, "a blade consisting of 18TPI." (cf. points per inch.) Set is the degree to which the teeth are bent out sideways away from the blade, usually in both directions. In most modern serrated saws, the teeth are set, so that the kerf (the width of the cut) will be wider than the blade itself. This allows the blade to move through

2842-447: The power source, the type of gas flow can affect performance as well. Common variants of CO 2 lasers include fast axial flow, slow axial flow, transverse flow, and slab. In a fast axial flow resonator, the mixture of carbon dioxide, helium, and nitrogen is circulated at high velocity by a turbine or blower. Transverse flow lasers circulate the gas mix at a lower velocity, requiring a simpler blower. Slab or diffusion-cooled resonators have

2900-515: The preferred material, due to its hardness, ductility, springiness and ability to take a fine polish. A small saw industry survived in London and Birmingham, but by the 1820s the industry was growing rapidly and increasingly concentrated in Sheffield, which remained the largest centre of production, with over 50% of the nation's saw makers. The US industry began to overtake it in the last decades of

2958-403: The saw plate "thin to the back" by a fraction of an inch, which helped the saw to pass through the kerf without binding. The use of steel added the need to harden and temper the saw plate, to grind it flat, to smith it by hand hammering and ensure the springiness and resistance to bending deformity, and finally to polish it. Most hand saws are today entirely made without human intervention, with

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3016-488: The sizes and use of different types of saws. Egyptian saws were at first serrated, hardened copper which may have cut on both pull and push strokes. As the saw developed, teeth were raked to cut only on the pull stroke and set with the teeth projecting only on one side, rather than in the modern fashion with an alternating set. Saws were also made of bronze and later iron. In the Iron Age , frame saws were developed holding

3074-400: The steel plate supplied ready rolled to thickness and tensioned before being cut to shape by laser. The teeth are shaped and sharpened by grinding and are flame hardened to obviate (and actually prevent) sharpening once they have become blunt. A large measure of hand finishing remains to this day for quality saws by the very few specialist makers reproducing the 19th century designs. A pit saw

3132-517: The thin blades in tension. The earliest known sawmill is the Roman Hierapolis sawmill from the third century AD and was for sawing stone. According to Chinese legend, the saw was invented by Lu Ban . In Greek mythology , as recounted by Ovid , Talos , the nephew of Daedalus , invented the saw. In archeological reality, saws date back to prehistory and most probably evolved from Neolithic stone or bone tools . "[T]he identities of

3190-490: The use of a constant beam length axis. Five and six-axis machines also permit cutting formed workpieces. In addition, there are various methods of orienting the laser beam to a shaped workpiece, maintaining a proper focus distance and nozzle standoff. Pulsed lasers which provide a high-power burst of energy for a short period are very effective in some laser cutting processes, particularly for piercing, or when very small holes or very low cutting speeds are required, since if

3248-455: The way that the laser beam is moved over the material to be cut or processed. For all of these, the axes of motion are typically designated X and Y axis . If the cutting head may be controlled, it is designated as the Z-axis. Moving material lasers have a stationary cutting head and move the material under it. This method provides a constant distance from the laser generator to the workpiece and

3306-516: Was a two-man ripsaw . In parts of early colonial North America, it was one of the principal tools used in shipyards and other industries where water-powered sawmills were not available. It was so-named because it was typically operated over a saw pit , either at ground level or on trestles across which logs that were to be cut into boards. The pit saw was "a strong steel cutting-plate, of great breadth, with large teeth, highly polished and thoroughly wrought, some eight or ten feet in length" with either

3364-520: Was used as early as 1200 BC. By the end of the 17th century European manufacture centred on Germany, (the Bergisches Land) in London, and the Midlands of England. Most blades were made of steel (iron carbonised and re-forged by different methods). In the mid 18th century a superior form of completely melted steel ("crucible cast") began to be made in Sheffield, England, and this rapidly became

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