(Class 110000)
96-467: 410 (SRT Class 120000) (SRT Class 130000) (Class 140000) The KTX-Sancheon ( Korean : KTX-산천 ; Hanja : KTX-山川 formerly called the KTX-II ) is a South Korean high-speed train built by Hyundai Rotem in the second half of the 2000s and operated by Korail since March 2010. With a top speed of 305 km/h (189.5 mph),
192-612: A system of speech levels and honorifics indicative of the formality of any given situation. Modern Korean is written in the Korean script ( 한글 ; Hangeul in South Korea, 조선글 ; Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea), a system developed during the 15th century for that purpose, although it did not become the primary script until the 20th century. The script uses 24 basic letters ( jamo ) and 27 complex letters formed from
288-484: A Korean influence on Khitan. The hypothesis that Korean could be related to Japanese has had some supporters due to some overlap in vocabulary and similar grammatical features that have been elaborated upon by such researchers as Samuel E. Martin and Roy Andrew Miller . Sergei Starostin (1991) found about 25% of potential cognates in the Japanese–Korean 100-word Swadesh list . Some linguists concerned with
384-440: A bridle, above the coupler pocket. Usual practice was to have a drawhook fitted to only one of the mating couplers and train crews therefore carried spare drawhooks and drawhook pins on the locomotive. While automatic coupling is possible, this rarely happens and manual assistance is required during coupling. Uncoupling is done manually by lifting the drawhook by hand to release it. The coupler could be adapted to be compatible with
480-759: A commercial version of the HSR-350x, was chosen over Alstom as preferred bidder for the ₩300 billion order in December 2005. The order for 10 trains for a price equal to $ 306 million was placed on June 6, 2006. Six of the trainsets were intended for the Honam KTX service from June 2009, four for the Jeolla KTX service from June 2010. A second batch of nine sets was ordered in December 2007, intended for Gyeongjeon KTX services between Seoul and Masan , to be delivered by December 2010. A third batch of five sets
576-544: A construction locomotive named Little Bess . The Natal Government Railways (NGR), established in the Colony of Natal in 1875, followed suit and all locomotives and rolling stock acquired by that railway were equipped with Johnston couplers, beginning with the NGR Class K 2-6-0T in 1877. Likewise, in 1889, when the first locomotives were obtained by the newly established Netherlands-South African Railway Company in
672-480: A core vowel. The IPA symbol ⟨ ◌͈ ⟩ ( U+0348 ◌͈ COMBINING DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE BELOW ) is used to denote the tensed consonants /p͈/, /t͈/, /k͈/, /t͡ɕ͈/, /s͈/ . Its official use in the extensions to the IPA is for "strong" articulation, but is used in the literature for faucalized voice . The Korean consonants also have elements of stiff voice , but it is not yet known how typical this
768-510: A driving trailer. The versions with two traction heads would have offered 500, 384 and 268 seats respectively. The active passenger compartment pressure control system of the HSR-350x wasn't deemed necessary for the proposed Honam high-speed train, only pressure isolation as in the KTX-I. The view that shorter trains have to be added to the KTX rolling stock for operational flexibility was reinforced by
864-463: A few extinct relatives which—along with the Jeju language (Jejuan) of Jeju Island and Korean itself—form the compact Koreanic language family . Even so, Jejuan and Korean are not mutually intelligible . The linguistic homeland of Korean is suggested to be somewhere in contemporary Manchuria . The hierarchy of the society from which the language originates deeply influences the language, leading to
960-468: A form that could be reliably coupled when the train was stationary. The Panama Canal mules , the locomotives used to guide the ships through the locks of the Panama Canal , have link and pin couplers and side buffers. This design was chosen so that these normally solo operating locomotives could be coupled to another locomotive in the event of a breakdown. On straight track, the link and pin coupler
1056-511: A high risk of serious injury or death to crew members, who had to go between moving vehicles to guide the link into the coupler pocket during coupling. Johnston couplers gradually began to be replaced on the South African Railways from 1927, but not on narrow gauge rolling stock. All new Cape gauge locomotives and rolling stock acquired from that year were equipped with AAR knuckle couplers. Conversion of all older rolling stock
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#17327901366311152-574: A possible relationship.) Hudson & Robbeets (2020) suggested that there are traces of a pre- Nivkh substratum in Korean. According to the hypothesis, ancestral varieties of Nivkh (also known as Amuric ) were once distributed on the Korean Peninsula before the arrival of Koreanic speakers. Korean syllable structure is (C)(G)V(C), consisting of an optional onset consonant, glide /j, w, ɰ/ and final coda /p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l/ surrounding
1248-591: A possible replacement of the buffers and chain coupling on European railways. Unicoupler was developed by Knorr from West Germany in the 1970s, in parallel with a compatible counterpart, the Intermat coupler, by VEB Waggonbau Bautzen from East Germany. The Unicoupler/Intermat coupler can automatically couple two pneumatic lines and up to six electrical connections. This coupler is mechanically compatible with SA-3 and Willison couplers (but pneumatic and electrical connections must be done manually). The Unicoupler
1344-419: A right-hand thread on the other. In the center of the screw is the handle housing with a hinged ball handle attached. This turnbuckle style arrangement allows the vehicles to be pulled together by tightening the screw with the attached handle. Typically, the screw is tightened until there are two threads left next to the handle housing. A support is attached to the trunnion nut on the coupling link side to rest
1440-433: A study focusing on the needs of the less frequented Honam Line proposed a modified, modular train that allows shorter configurations by removing traction equipment from the intermediate cars next to the traction heads, while reducing top speed to 300 km/h (186.4 mph). Possible configurations would have been 12-car, 10-car, and 8-car versions with two traction heads and 8-car, 6-car versions with one traction head and
1536-509: A switch in a tunnel 500 m (1,640 ft 5 in) before Gwangmyeong Station , when travelling at around 90 km/h (55.9 mph). Only one passenger suffered slight injury. Preliminary investigation found no problems with the train, but indicated that the accident was caused by human errors by maintenance workers. At the time, three cars of the train were reserved for the President of South Korea , Lee Myung-bak 's, entourage, but he
1632-533: A time. The traction force limit is typically 350 kN. Sometimes the Norwegian coupler is supplemented with auxiliary chains. The Norwegian coupler is also known as the Lloyd coupler named after its British manufacturer F.H. Lloyd & Co. Ltd near Wednesbury or as the meat chopper coupler named after the shape of the movable hook. The Norwegian coupler allows sharper curves than the buffer and chain coupler, which
1728-493: Is 305 km/h (189.5 mph), similar to the KTX-I. Braking distance from 300 km/h (186.4 mph) is 3,300 m (10,827 ft). The third intermediate car offers elevated comfort First Class seating, the others Standard Class. Swivelling seats, which can be rotated around at terminal stations so that they always face in the direction of travel, are installed in both classes, rather than only in First Class as on
1824-436: Is a coupler commonly used on narrow gauge railroads with tight curves. By swapping the pulling and pushing devices, the standard screw coupling used on standard gauge railroads became a center buffer coupling with one screw coupling on each side of the buffer. The screw couplers are connected to a compensating lever that pivots on a vertical trunnion on the center buffer rod, allowing an even distribution of tractive forces between
1920-703: Is a variation on the Janney coupler, introduced by Belgian engineer and entrepreneur Émile Henricot [ fr ] of Court-Saint-Étienne . It is used on certain EMUs of the National Railway Company of Belgium , including the Class 75 [ fr ] ). The Willison coupler was developed in the US in 1916 to address issues present in the Janney coupling. The Russian SA3 coupler works according to
2016-486: Is also known as a buckeye coupler , notably in the United Kingdom, where some rolling stock (mostly for passenger trains) is fitted with it. Janney was a dry goods clerk and former Confederate Army officer from Alexandria, Virginia , who used his lunch hours to whittle from wood an alternative to the link and pin coupler. The term buckeye comes from the nickname of the US state of Ohio , the "Buckeye State" and
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#17327901366312112-627: Is also used on the 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in ) standard gauge networks of Iran and on Malmbanan in Sweden for ore trains. Some 2 ft ( 610 mm ) gauge cane tramway vehicles in Queensland have been fitted with miniature Willison couplers. It was introduced on the 2 ft ( 610 mm ) narrow-gauge Avontuur Railway of the South African Railways in 1973. The SA3 coupler
2208-656: Is an agglutinative language . The Korean language is traditionally considered to have nine parts of speech . Modifiers generally precede the modified words, and in the case of verb modifiers, can be serially appended. The sentence structure or basic form of a Korean sentence is subject–object–verb (SOV), but the verb is the only required and immovable element and word order is highly flexible, as in many other agglutinative languages. Question 가게에 gage-e store- LOC 가셨어요? ga-syeo-sseo-yo go- HON . PAST - CONJ - POL 가게에 가셨어요? gage-e ga-syeo-sseo-yo store-LOC go-HON.PAST-CONJ-POL 'Did [you] go to
2304-719: Is an advantage on narrow gauge railways where low speeds and reduced train loads allow a simpler system. The Norwegian coupler is found only on narrow gauge railways of 1,067 mm ( 3 ft 6 in ), 1,000 mm ( 3 ft 3 + 3 ⁄ 8 in ) or less in Great Britain and its former colonies. For example, it is used on the Isle of Man Railway , the Western Australian Government Railways , in Tanzania , on
2400-511: Is closer to a near-open central vowel ( [ɐ] ), though ⟨a⟩ is still used for tradition. Grammatical morphemes may change shape depending on the preceding sounds. Examples include -eun/-neun ( -은/-는 ) and -i/-ga ( -이/-가 ). Sometimes sounds may be inserted instead. Examples include -eul/-reul ( -을/-를 ), -euro/-ro ( -으로/-로 ), -eseo/-seo ( -에서/-서 ), -ideunji/-deunji ( -이든지/-든지 ) and -iya/-ya ( -이야/-야 ). Some verbs may also change shape morphophonemically. Korean
2496-459: Is eight, and no intermediate car is powered. Two sets can be coupled together with automatic couplers of the Scharfenberg type. The couplers and the surrounding structure form an integral unit, the so-called front ends, which were supplied by German industrial company Voith . The vehicles received a new exterior front shape, designed by French design studio MBD Design. The aerodynamic shape
2592-399: Is mainly reserved for specific circumstances such as newspapers, scholarly papers and disambiguation. Today Hanja is largely unused in everyday life but is still important for historical and linguistic studies. The Korean names for the language are based on the names for Korea used in both South Korea and North Korea. The English word "Korean" is derived from Goryeo , which is thought to be
2688-563: Is meant as an improvement over ATS on conventional lines, and makes shorter braking distances possible by allowing braking from full speed to stop in one step. Domestic added value was increased from 58% for the KTX-I to 87%. According to the Korea Railroad Research Institute, the purchase of KTX-II trains was calculated to save 840 billion won compared to a forecast spending of 7,500 billion won until 2020 if high-speed trains had been imported. Following testing,
2784-399: Is of faucalized consonants. They are produced with a partially constricted glottis and additional subglottal pressure in addition to tense vocal tract walls, laryngeal lowering, or other expansion of the larynx. /s/ is aspirated [sʰ] and becomes an alveolo-palatal [ɕʰ] before [j] or [i] for most speakers (but see North–South differences in the Korean language ). This occurs with
2880-424: Is one of the strongest couplers in the world – maximum tonnage of a train that uses this type of coupler is about 8000 t – but provides only mechanical coupling. Adding automatic electrical and pneumatic connectivity is a complex challenge. There are many variations and brand names for these couplers. As of 2020 Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles is working on an automatic coupler based on SA3,
2976-429: Is similar to the Norwegian coupler . It is a radial coupler with a coupler pocket which is open at the top of the coupling face. Instead of a link and pins, it makes use of a drawhook which, upon coupling, slides over the drawhook pin in the coupler of the next vehicle in the train. To prevent the drawhook of the mating coupler from accidental uncoupling, the coupler bell is equipped with a drawhook guard, commonly known as
KTX-Sancheon - Misplaced Pages Continue
3072-549: Is still widespread in Western and Central Europe and in parts of Northern Africa, the Middle East and South Asia. The link-and-pin coupling was the original style of coupling used on North American railways. After most railroads converted to semi-automatic Janney couplers , the link-and-pin survived on forest railways . While simple in principle, the system suffered from a lack of standardisation regarding size and height of
3168-581: Is the national language of both North Korea and South Korea . Beyond Korea, the language is recognized as a minority language in parts of China , namely Jilin , and specifically Yanbian Prefecture , and Changbai County . It is also spoken by Sakhalin Koreans in parts of Sakhalin , the Russian island just north of Japan, and by the Koryo-saram in parts of Central Asia . The language has
3264-489: Is used. Since the vertical curve between the straight track sections and the ramp between the lock chambers has a very small radius, the difference in height would be too great for a link and pin coupler, so the locomotives must be pushed through these sections uncoupled by using the side buffers. They have an extra high buffer plate to prevent the buffers from buffer-locking in tight vertical curves. The balance lever coupling, also central buffer coupling with two screw coupling,
3360-747: Is well attested in Western Old Japanese and Northern Ryukyuan languages , in Eastern Old Japanese it only occurs in compounds, and it is only present in three dialects of the Southern Ryukyuan language group . Also, the doublet wo meaning "hemp" is attested in Western Old Japanese and Southern Ryukyuan languages. It is thus plausible to assume a borrowed term. (See Classification of the Japonic languages or Comparison of Japanese and Korean for further details on
3456-671: The Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek , they were fitted with Johnston couplers. Unlike the 2 ft ( 610 mm ) narrow gauge railways of the CGR, those of the NGR also made use of Johnston couplers. The first of these narrow gauge lines came into operation in 1906, when the first NGR Class N 4-6-2T locomotives entered service on the Weenen branch out of Estcourt . Coupling and uncoupling were done manually, which posed
3552-503: The Association of American Railroads (AAR) coupler, is also commonly known as a buckeye , knuckle , or Alliance coupler. The AAR/APTA TypeE, TypeF, and TypeH couplers are all compatible Janney couplers, but used for different rail cars (general freight, tank cars, rotary hoppers, passenger, etc.). The knuckle coupler or Janney coupler was invented by Eli H. Janney , who received a patent in 1873 ( U.S. patent 138,405 ). It
3648-731: The Ffestiniog Railway , on the Lynton and Barnstaple Railway , and on the Welsh Highland Railway , Two versions of radial coupler were used in South Africa. One, the Johnston coupler, commonly known as a bell link-and-pin coupler, was introduced in 1873 and is similar in operation to and compatible with link-and-pin couplers, but bell-shaped with a circular coupler face. The other, the bell-and-hook coupler,
3744-524: The Korean dialects , which are still largely mutually intelligible . The Chinese language , written with Chinese characters and read with Sino-Xenic pronunciations , was first introduced to Korea in the 1st century BC, and remained the medium of formal writing and government until the late 19th century. Korean scholars adapted Chinese characters (known in Korean as Hanja ) to write their own language, creating scripts known as idu , hyangchal , gugyeol , and gakpil. These systems were cumbersome, due to
3840-549: The Siemens Velaro high-speed train family, and the China Railways CRH2 . The pantographs were eventually replaced with Faiveley CX-NG, another standard high speed pantograph used in many railway systems. The train can accelerate from 0 to 300 km/h (0.0 to 186.4 mph) in 316 seconds, in contrast to 365 seconds for the KTX-I. Design speed is 330 km/h (205.1 mph), and revenue service speed
3936-498: The TGV Réseau , and built both by Alstom and Rotem. The technology transfer agreement did not provide for a complete control of manufacturing processes, and construction involved the import of parts. To increase the domestic added value, in 1996, an alliance of South Korean government research agencies, universities, and private companies started a project called G7 to develop domestic high-speed rail technology. The main element of
KTX-Sancheon - Misplaced Pages Continue
4032-568: The Three Kingdoms of Korea (not the ancient confederacies in the southern Korean Peninsula), while " -eo " and " -mal " mean "language" and "speech", respectively. Korean is also simply referred to as guk-eo , literally "national language". This name is based on the same Han characters ( 國語 "nation" + "language") that are also used in Taiwan and Japan to refer to their respective national languages. In North Korea and China ,
4128-968: The 16th century for all Korean classes, including uneducated peasants and slaves. By the 17th century, the yangban had exchanged Hangul letters with slaves, which suggests a high literacy rate of Hangul during the Joseon era. In the context of growing Korean nationalism in the 19th century, the Gabo Reform of 1894 abolished the Confucian examinations and decreed that government documents would be issued in Hangul instead of literary Chinese. Some newspapers were published entirely in Hangul, but other publications used Korean mixed script , with Hanja for Sino-Korean vocabulary and Hangul for other elements. North Korea abolished Hanja in writing in 1949, but continues to teach them in schools. Their usage in South Korea
4224-557: The 19th century by the assemblage known as the Miller platform , which included a new coupler called the Miller hook. The Miller platform (and hook coupler) was used for several decades before being replaced by the Janney coupler . The Norwegian coupler consists of a central buffer with a movable hook that drops into a slot in the central buffer. There may also be a U-shaped safety catch on
4320-578: The G7 project was the 7-car experimental high-speed train HSR-350x , originally intended as the prototype of a train with 20-car and 11-car versions for 350 km/h (217.5 mph) commercial service. The experimental train was used for trials from 2002, and achieved the South Korean rail speed record of 352.4 km/h (219.0 mph) on December 16, 2004. Already before HSR-350x was finished, in 2001,
4416-404: The HSR-350x programme. The traction motors are asynchronous induction motors like those of the HSR-350x, rather than synchronous motors as on the KTX-I. Final drive gearboxes were supplied by Voith. The power electronics in the converters use newly available IGBTs , supplied by American semiconductor manufacturer IXYS Corporation , rather than the originally foreseen but unreliable IGCTs of
4512-467: The HSR-350x. Each traction converter consists of two parallel-switched four-quadrant converters, which function as rectifier modules by converting single-phase alternating current (AC) from one main transformer winding each to direct current (DC), a 2,800 V DC intermediate circuit, and one inverter module converting the DC supply to the three-phase AC supply for traction motors. Each converter supplies
4608-534: The Johnston coupler by replacing the drawhook with a U-shaped adapter link, which was attached using the same drawhook pin. Bell-and-hook couplers began to be replaced on the Avontuur Railway upon the introduction of Class 91-000 diesel-electric locomotives on the narrow gauge system in 1973. All new narrow gauge rolling stock acquired for that line from that year were equipped with Willison couplers . Older rolling stock were not converted and an adapter
4704-581: The KTX-I, the KTX-II passenger compartments were fitted with fire detectors. Toilet doors were automatised, and the toilet in the first passenger car is suited for disabled persons. In addition to Automatic Train Control (ATC) for high-speed lines and traditional Automatic train stop (ATS) for conventional lines, the trains were among the first to be equipped with the new domestically developed ATP automatic train protection system. The ERTMS -compatible system
4800-581: The KTX-I. Compared to the KTX-I, seat distance was increased from 930 to 980 mm (36.61 to 38.58 in ) to provide more leg room. The fourth passenger car houses a snack bar and family compartments with separated facing seats. Other passenger comfort features include wireless internet access and digital multimedia broadcasts, and business compartments with small tables. Like on the KTX-I, all passenger compartments are equipped with ceiling-mounted video displays, but 19-inch (483 mm) LCD screens are used instead of 17-inch (432 mm) ones. Unlike those of
4896-403: The KTX-II carried its first passengers in a preview run on February 11, 2010. After a naming competition held in the next ten days, the KTX-II was officially renamed as KTX-Sancheon (KTX 산천 ). Sancheon comes from sancheoneo ( 산천어 ), the Korean word for cherry salmon ( Oncorhynchus masou masou ). Commercial KTX-Sancheon service started on March 2, 2010. In contrast to the original plans,
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#17327901366314992-646: The KTX-Sancheon is the second commercial high-speed train operated in South Korea and the first domestic high-speed train that is designed and developed in South Korea. When South Korea started its high-speed rail project, rolling stock and infrastructure was built in the framework of a technology transfer agreement between GEC-Alsthom (today Alstom ), the main maker of French TGV high-speed trains, and South Korean companies. Thus Korea Train Express (KTX) began operating with KTX-I trains, which were derived from
5088-895: The North American standard, there were 8,000 patented alternatives to choose from. Many AAR coupler designs exist to accommodate requirements of various car designs, but all are required to have certain dimensions in common which allow for one design to couple to any other. The Janney coupler is used in the United States , Canada , Mexico , Japan , India , Taiwan , Australia , New Zealand , South Africa , Saudi Arabia , Cuba , Chile , Brazil , Portugal , China and many countries in Africa both standard gauge and narrow gauges. The Janney coupler generally provides only mechanical coupling, only Type H adds automatic connections of pneumatic and electrical lines. The Henricot coupler
5184-661: The Ohio Brass Company which originally marketed the coupling. In 1893, satisfied that an automatic coupler could meet the demands of commercial railroad operations and, at the same time, be manipulated safely, the United States Congress passed the Safety Appliance Act . Its success in promoting switchyard safety was stunning. Between 1877 and 1887, approximately 38% of all railworker accidents involved coupling. That percentage fell as
5280-541: The actual Honam KTX seat occupation trends after the launch of KTX services on April 1, 2004, with the 20-car KTX-I trains. In July 2005, the Ministry of Construction and Transportation earmarked ₩ 80 billion for two 10-car commercial trains for 300 km/h (186.4 mph), destined for planned KTX services on the Jeolla Line from 2008. In October 2005, however, Korail called competitive bids. Rotem, offering
5376-421: The air compressor, the constant voltage constant frequency (CVCF) inverters for the cab air-conditioning, the battery charge, the on-board AC supply and the oil pumps are connected to the head end power within the auxiliary unit. The pantograph, supplied by Austrian company Melecs MWW, is a standard type certified for 350 km/h (217 mph) and also used on Deutsche Bahn 's ICE S experimental and test train,
5472-469: The basic ones. When first recorded in historical texts, Korean was only a spoken language . Since the turn of the 21st century, aspects of Korean culture have spread to other countries through globalization and cultural exports . As such, interest in Korean language acquisition (as a foreign language ) is also generated by longstanding alliances, military involvement, and diplomacy, such as between South Korea–United States and China–North Korea since
5568-455: The beginnings of words. /l/ becomes alveolar flap [ɾ] between vowels, and [l] or [ɭ] at the end of a syllable or next to another /l/ . A written syllable-final ' ㄹ ', when followed by a vowel or a glide ( i.e. , when the next character starts with ' ㅇ '), migrates to the next syllable and thus becomes [ɾ] . Traditionally, /l/ was disallowed at the beginning of a word. It disappeared before [j] , and otherwise became /n/ . However,
5664-469: The consist (one or more cars coupled together) of cars is in compression; opposite of tension. The basic type of coupling on railways following the British tradition is the buffer and chain coupling. A large chain of three links connects hooks on the adjoining wagons. These couplings followed earlier tramway practice but were made more regular. Buffers on the frame of the wagon absorbed impact loads, as
5760-519: The decision by the Cape government to expand the railways into the interior and to convert the existing tracks from 4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in ( 1,435 mm ) standard gauge to 3 ft 6 in ( 1,067 mm ) Cape gauge. All new Cape gauge locomotives and rolling stock acquired from 1873 were equipped with these or similar couplers, beginning with the CGR 0-4-0ST of 1873 ,
5856-733: The end of World War II and the Korean War . Along with other languages such as Chinese and Arabic , Korean is ranked at the top difficulty level for English speakers by the United States Department of Defense . Modern Korean descends from Middle Korean , which in turn descends from Old Korean , which descends from the Proto-Koreanic language , which is generally suggested to have its linguistic homeland somewhere in Manchuria . Whitman (2012) suggests that
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#17327901366315952-399: The first Korean dynasty known to Western nations. Korean people in the former USSR refer to themselves as Koryo-saram or Koryo-in (literally, " Koryo/Goryeo persons"), and call the language Koryo-mal' . Some older English sources also use the spelling "Corea" to refer to the nation, and its inflected form for the language, culture and people, "Korea" becoming more popular in
6048-524: The first trains are used both in Honam and Gyeongbu KTX service. Korail started to operate its first pair of non-stop services on the Seoul–Busan relation on December 1, 2010, using KTX-Sancheon trains. Gyeongjeon KTX service to Masan started on December 15, 2010. Until December 2010, KTX-Sancheon trains broke down 15 times, with most incidents related to the signal device. Domestic observers expressed fear that
6144-772: The former Soviet Union use SA3 couplers and the European countries use Scharfenberg and screw couplers . Challenges and complications arise when coupling vehicles with different couplers. Barrier cars , also called match cars , cars with dual couplers , or adapters are used to accomplish this task. Compatible and similar couplings or couplers are frequently referred to using widely differing make, brand, or regional names, or nicknames, which can make describing standard or typical designs confusing. Dimensions and ratings noted in these articles are usually of nominal or typical components and systems, though standards and practices also vary widely with railway, region, and era. Buff: when
6240-456: The fundamental disparities between the Korean and Chinese languages, and accessible only to those educated in classical Chinese. Most of the population was illiterate. In the 15th century King Sejong the Great personally developed an alphabetic featural writing system , known today as Hangul , to promote literacy among the common people. Introduced in the document Hunminjeongeum , it
6336-531: The handle of the screw to prevent loosening of the screw while the coupling is in use. The official name of this type of coupling is screw coupling or UIC coupling according to the European standard EN 15566 Draw gear and screw coupling . A simplified version of this, quicker to attach and detach, still used three links but with the centre link given a T-shaped slot. This could be turned lengthwise to lengthen it, allowing coupling, then turned vertically to
6432-521: The history of rail vehicles, a variety of coupler designs and types have been developed worldwide. Key design considerations include strength, reliability, easy and efficient handling, and operator safety. Automatic couplers engage automatically when the cars are pushed together. Modern versions not only provide a mechanical connection, but can also couple brake lines and data lines. Different countries use different types of couplers. While North American railroads and China use Janney couplers , railroads in
6528-479: The inflow of western loanwords changed the trend, and now word-initial /l/ (mostly from English loanwords) are pronounced as a free variation of either [ɾ] or [l] . All obstruents (plosives, affricates, fricatives) at the end of a word are pronounced with no audible release , [p̚, t̚, k̚] . Plosive sounds /p, t, k/ become nasals [m, n, ŋ] before nasal sounds. Hangul spelling does not reflect these assimilatory pronunciation rules, but rather maintains
6624-408: The issue between Japanese and Korean, including Alexander Vovin, have argued that the indicated similarities are not due to any genetic relationship , but rather to a sprachbund effect and heavy borrowing, especially from Ancient Korean into Western Old Japanese . A good example might be Middle Korean sàm and Japanese asá , meaning " hemp ". This word seems to be a cognate, but although it
6720-639: The language is most often called Joseon-mal , or more formally, Joseon-o . This is taken from the North Korean name for Korea (Joseon), a name retained from the Joseon dynasty until the proclamation of the Korean Empire , which in turn was annexed by the Empire of Japan . In mainland China , following the establishment of diplomatic relations with South Korea in 1992, the term Cháoxiǎnyǔ or
6816-405: The late 1800s. In South Korea the Korean language is referred to by many names including hanguk-eo ("Korean language"), hanguk-mal ("Korean speech") and uri-mal ("our language"); " hanguk " is taken from the name of the Korean Empire ( 대한제국 ; 大韓帝國 ; Daehan Jeguk ). The " han " ( 韓 ) in Hanguk and Daehan Jeguk is derived from Samhan , in reference to
6912-411: The links, and the size and height of the pockets. The link-and-pin coupler consisted of a tube-like body that received an oblong link. During coupling, a rail worker had to stand between the cars as they came together and guide the link into the coupler pocket. Once the cars were joined, the employee inserted a pin into a hole a few inches from the end of the tube to hold the link in place. This procedure
7008-405: The motors on two axles of a bogie, providing for individual bogie control. All auxiliary power is supplied by separate 1 MW auxiliary units, one per traction head, consisting of two pairs of parallel-switched IGBT-based converter modules acting as rectifiers between one main transformer winding and the 670 V DC head end power . The VVVF inverters for the motor and converter cooling fans and
7104-515: The news of the breakdowns will negatively impact Rotem's chances in the competition to supply the Rio–São Paulo project or the US state of California 's CHSR project, while Korail argued that the publication of start-up glitches is a result of its policy to make all information public, contrasting it with Chinese makers. On February 11, 2011, a KTX-Sancheon train bound for Seoul from Busan derailed on
7200-463: The opposite buffer that is flipped over the top of the hook to secure it. The safety device may also be a chain with a ball-shaped weight at the end that is thrown over the hook to hold it in place. On railways where the rolling stock always face the same direction, the mechanical hook can be on one end of the wagon only. Not all Norwegian couplers are compatible with one another as they vary in height and width, and may or may not be limited to one hook at
7296-638: The proto-Koreans, already present in northern Korea, expanded into the southern part of the Korean Peninsula at around 300 BC and coexisted with the descendants of the Japonic Mumun cultivators (or assimilated them). Both had influence on each other and a later founder effect diminished the internal variety of both language families. Since the establishment of two independent governments, North–South differences have developed in standard Korean, including variations in pronunciation and vocabulary chosen. However, these minor differences can be found in any of
7392-517: The public in a roll-out ceremony at the Hyundai Rotem factory in Changwon . Hyundai Rotem also offered the KTX-II in the competition to supply rolling stock for Brazil 's Rio–São Paulo project. Like the HSR-350x, the KTX-II consists of two traction heads, that is the power cars at both ends, and an articulated set of trailers for passengers in-between; but the number of intermediate cars
7488-464: The railroads began to replace link and pin couplers with automatic couplers. By 1902, only two years after the SAA's effective date, coupling accidents constituted only 4% of all employee accidents. Coupler-related accidents dropped from nearly 11,000 in 1892 to just over 2,000 in 1902, even though the number of railroad employees steadily increased during that decade. When the Janney coupler was chosen to be
7584-649: The same principles as the AAR coupler, but the two types are incompatible. It was introduced in the Soviet Union in 1932 based on a British patent and has since been used on the whole 1,520 mm ( 4 ft 11 + 27 ⁄ 32 in ) network, including Mongolia . Finnish locomotives have Unilink couplers that can couple to UIC couplers used in Finnish stock and SA3 couplers used in Russian stock. It
7680-669: The short form Cháoyǔ has normally been used to refer to the standard language of North Korea and Yanbian , whereas Hánguóyǔ or the short form Hányǔ is used to refer to the standard language of South Korea. Korean is a member of the Koreanic family along with the Jeju language . Some linguists have included it in the Altaic family, but the core Altaic proposal itself has lost most of its prior support. The Khitan language has several vocabulary items similar to Korean that are not found in other Mongolian or Tungusic languages, suggesting
7776-422: The shorter slot position, holding the wagons more tightly together. Higher speeds associated with fully-fitted freight made the screw-tensioned form a necessity. The earliest ' dumb buffers ' were fixed extensions of the wooden wagon frames, but later spring buffers were introduced. The first of these were stiff cushions of leather-covered horsehair, later steel springs and then hydraulic damping. This coupling
7872-407: The single-piece design, only minimal slack was possible. The system became quite popular with tram systems and narrow gauge lines. During the 1960s most cities replaced them with automatic couplers. But even in modern vehicles, Albert couplers get installed as emergency couplers for towing a faulty vehicle. The link and pin was replaced in North American passenger car usage during the latter part of
7968-404: The store?' Response 예/네. ye/ne AFF Railway coupling A coupling or coupler is a mechanism, typically located at each end of a rail vehicle , that connects them together to form a train. The equipment that connects the couplers to the vehicles is the draft gear or draw gear , which must absorb the stresses of the coupling and the acceleration of the train. Throughout
8064-441: The tense fricative and all the affricates as well. At the end of a syllable, /s/ changes to /t/ (example: beoseot ( 버섯 ) 'mushroom'). /h/ may become a bilabial [ɸ] before [o] or [u] , a palatal [ç] before [j] or [i] , a velar [x] before [ɯ] , a voiced [ɦ] between voiced sounds, and a [h] elsewhere. /p, t, t͡ɕ, k/ become voiced [b, d, d͡ʑ, ɡ] between voiced sounds. /m, n/ frequently denasalize at
8160-430: The train overran a slowing locomotive. The simple chain could not be tensioned, and this loose coupling allowed a great deal of back and forth movement and bumping between cars, as well as jarring when trains started. While acceptable for mineral cars, this coupling made for an uncomfortable ride in passenger coaches, so the chain was improved by replacing the center link with a screw with a left-hand thread on one side and
8256-579: The two screw couplers. To avoid safety issues, Karl Albert, then director at the Krefeld Tramway , developed the Albert coupler during 1921. The Albert coupler was created as a key and slot coupler with two pins. Vehicles to be coupled were pushed together, both couplings moving to the same side. One pin was inserted, then the vehicles were pulled to straighten the coupling and the other pin inserted. This operation required less exact shunting. Due to
8352-464: The underlying, partly historical morphology . Given this, it is sometimes hard to tell which actual phonemes are present in a certain word. The traditional prohibition of word-initial /ɾ/ became a morphological rule called "initial law" ( 두음법칙 ) in the pronunciation standards of South Korea, which pertains to Sino-Korean vocabulary. Such words retain their word-initial /ɾ/ in the pronunciation standards of North Korea. For example, ^NOTE ㅏ
8448-585: Was called eonmun ('colloquial script') and quickly spread nationwide to increase literacy in Korea. The Korean alphabet was denounced by the yangban aristocracy, who looked down upon it too easy to learn. However, it gained widespread use among the common class and was widely used to print popular novels which were enjoyed by the common class. Since few people could understand official documents written in classical Chinese, Korean kings sometimes released public notices entirely written in Hangul as early as
8544-596: Was exceptionally dangerous and many brakemen lost fingers or entire hands when they did not get them out of the way of the coupler pockets in time. Many more were killed as a result of being crushed between cars or dragged under cars that were coupled too quickly. Brakemen were issued with heavy clubs that could be used to hold the link in position, but many brakemen would not use the club, and risked injury. The link-and-pin coupler proved unsatisfactory because: In Britain link-and-pin couplers were common on narrow gauge industrial and military railways, and eventually evolved into
8640-456: Was first introduced in the Cape of Good Hope in 1902, when two CGR Type A 2-6-4T locomotives were acquired as construction engines on the new 2 ft ( 610 mm ) narrow gauge Avontuur Railway which was being constructed out of Port Elizabeth through the Langkloof . In South Africa, these couplers were used on only the narrow gauge lines in the Cape of Good Hope. The coupler
8736-613: Was inspired by the cherry salmon , an indigenous fish. Like for the HSR-350x, the carbody of intermediate cars is made of aluminum. Unlike the HSR-350x, the vehicle lacks bogie shrouding. Compared to the KTX-I, window thickness was increased from 29 to 38 mm (1.14 to 1.50 in) by adding a fourth layer, to improve sound insulation and pressurization. The total width of passenger cars was increased from 2,904 to 2,970 mm (9 ft 6.3 in to 9 ft 8.9 in). The KTX-II's traction motors , converters, traction control and braking system are domestic developments resulting from
8832-558: Was introduced in 1902 and is similar to the Norwegian coupler , but also with a circular coupler face and with a coupler pocket which is open at the top of the coupler face to accommodate the drawhook. The Johnston coupler, commonly known as a bell link-and-pin coupler from its bell shape, was first introduced in the Cape of Good Hope in 1873, following the establishment of the Cape Government Railways (CGR) in 1872 and
8928-427: Was not on board at the time of the accident. Classes 120000 train sets are currently on loan to SR for SRT service between Suseo and Busan/Mokpo. [REDACTED] Media related to KTX-Sancheon at Wikimedia Commons Korean language Korean ( South Korean : 한국어 , Hanguk-eo ; North Korean : 조선어 , Chosŏnŏ ) is the native language for about 81 million people, mostly of Korean descent. It
9024-410: Was ordered on December 9, 2008; for delivery by December 2011, intended to strengthen Gyeongbu KTX services. A mock-up showing the exterior and interior design of two passenger cars was shown at exhibitions in 2007, with one of the mock-up cars built as a driving trailer to also display the nose design of the traction heads of the actual train. On November 25, 2008, the first KTX-II set was revealed to
9120-436: Was to take several years and both coupler types could still be seen on some vehicles into the late 1950s. During the transition period, knuckle couplers on many locomotives had a horizontal gap and a vertical hole in the knuckle itself to accommodate, respectively, a link and a pin, to enable it to couple to vehicles which were still equipped with the older Johnston couplers. [REDACTED] The bell-and-hook coupling system
9216-507: Was used to enable coupling between the two types. The drawhook on the bell-and-hook coupler would be replaced with the adapter, which was attached using the same drawhook pin. There are a number of automatic train couplings, most of which are mutually incompatible. The level of automation varies and can be divided into categories: The Janney coupler, later the Master Car Builders Association (MCB) coupler, now
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