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50-574: Kozani is the home of the University of Western Macedonia , with about 15,000 students from all over Greece and other places. It is also the seat of West Macedonia's court of appeal , police department , fire brigade , the seat of the 1st Army Corps of the Hellenic Army and of the Bishop of Servia and Kozani . One of the most important aspects of local folklore is Kozani's carnival at

100-533: A Sultan's firman in 1664, according to the terms of which the town came under the protection of the Sultan's mother, was endowed with many privileges, and became forbidden for the Turks to settle in. In 1664, the magnificent church of Agios Nikolaos ( St. Nicholas Cathedral ) was built. In 1668, the library and the famous school of Kozani were founded. During the 17th and 18th century, commercial relations with

150-725: A regional banking center, the Kozani-based Co-Operative Bank of Western Macedonia however failed the stress test conducted by the Bank of Greece and subsequently was liquidated in December 2013. There are some telecommunications companies, TV and radio stations, newspapers, magazines, and web portals based in Kozani. The television channels are West Channel , TOP Channel and Flash TV . Top-circulation newspapers include Chronos , Grammi , and Tharros . Kozani

200-565: A senior leader of the Muslim community in the kingdom of Lagos . Subsequently, he and his children became known in Nigeria by the double-barrelled surname Shitta-Bey , a tradition which has survived to the present day through their lineal descendants. In the Ottoman period, the lords of the semi-autonomous Mani Peninsula used the title of beis (μπέης); for example, Petros Mavromichalis

250-483: A snail-shaped phyllo) and meatballs, as well as wine. Popular songs are sung around the fire, with the singers and crowd dancing in a primitive way that sees repeating the same steps and gestures; at midnight, scatological and explicit songs are sung. In between songs, bands play instrumental songs, such as the Enteka , often called Kozani's "national anthem". It is worth nothing that all of these festivities are executed in

300-581: Is a Turkic title for a chieftain , and an honorific title traditionally applied to people with special lineages to the leaders or rulers of variously sized areas in the numerous Turkic kingdoms, emirates, sultanates and empires in Central Asia , South Asia , Southeast Europe , and the Middle East , such as the Ottomans , Timurids or the various khanates and emirates in Central Asia and

350-457: Is accessed with the A2 motorway ( E90 ) from Ioannina and Thessaloniki , GR-3 (or E65 ) from Larissa and Florina , GR-4 and GR-20 . The public transit in the city is provided by minibuses , and between the centre and the municipal departments, it is provided by Transit buses . The traffic problems of the city have become more severe during the last few years. The municipality Kozani

400-430: Is spread quite evenly throughout the year. Since 1991, the highest temperature ever recorded is 41.2 °C (106.2 °F) on 25 July 2023 while the lowest temperature ever recorded is −15.0 °C (5.0 °F) on 8 January 2017. There are 18 Primary schools in Kozani, and another 8, in the municipal departments of Vatero, Kariditsa, Koila, Lefkovrysi, Lefkopigi, Nea Charavgi, Xirolimni and Petrana. The Gymnasiums of

450-528: Is used often as Christmas food. Kichí ( Kozanitiko kichí ) is another local dish, which is actually a cheese pie with circular-snail form. Kozani is twinned with: University of Western Macedonia The University of Western Macedonia ( UoWM ; Greek : Πανεπιστήμιο Δυτικής Μακεδονίας) is a multi-campus university in Western Macedonia region of Greece. It was founded in Kozani in 2003 (Presidential Decree No. 92 / 11-4-2003 ). In 2019,

500-577: The Eurasian Steppe . The feminine equivalent title was begum . The regions or provinces where "beys" ruled or which they administered were called beylik , roughly meaning "governorate" or "region" (the equivalent of a county , duchy , grand duchy or principality in Europe, depending on the size and importance of the beylik ). However the exact scope of power handed to the beks (alternative spelling to beys) varied with each country, thus there

550-642: The First Balkan War , after its victory against the Ottoman army in the Battle of Sarantaporo . By this time, the population of the town was 12,000 Orthodox Greeks . In 1923, during the population exchange between Greece and Turkey , about 1,400 Greek families from Pontus and Asia Minor were settled in Kozani. In the 20th century, the city grew tremendously, as lignite reserves in the area started being used by Public Power Corporation , making Kozani

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600-610: The Manastir Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire . In the 1881–1893 census , the kaza of Kozana had a total population of 27,652; consisting of 15,017 Muslims, 12,633 Greek Orthodox , and two Armenians . According to the 1904 population census of the Greek Kingdom's consulate, 12,000 Greeks and 350 Aromanians were living in Kozani at the time. The Greek army entered Kozani on 11 October 1912, during

650-704: The North Caucasus highlands were known as taubiy (taubey), meaning the "mountainous chief". Sometimes a Bey was a territorial vassal within a khanate, as in each of the three zuzes under the Khan of the Kazakhs. The variation Beg , Baig or Bai , is still used as a family name or a part of a name in South and Central Asia as well as the Balkans . In Slavic -influenced names, it can be seen in conjunction with

700-536: The "Ermioneion" Hotel and the mansions of Georgios Lassanis and Grigorios Vourkas . The Municipal Library of Kozani called "Kovendareios" is the second biggest in Greece, and it has 150,000 books, rare publications, valuable documents, and one of the rare copies of Rigas Feraios ' charter. For this reason Kozani was included in the National Cultural Network of Cities with object the promotion of

750-560: The 1904 work Turkish Life in Town and Country that "distinguished persons and their sons" as well as "high government officials" could become bey , which was one of two "merely conventional designations as indefinite as our ' Esquire ' has come to be [in the United Kingdom]". The Republican Turkish authorities abolished the title circa the 1930s. The title bey ( Arabic : بيه Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [beː] )

800-794: The Active Urban Planning Zone of Kozani (ZEP), with a secondary campus in Kila, Kozani. The university was founded in 2002. Kozani carnival is one of the most important events in the region, taking place at the end of winter. The dates change each year, depending on the start date of Lent . Carnival festivities in Kozani, and in general throughout Greece, last eleven days, starting on Τσικνοπέμπτη ( Tsiknopempti lit.   ' Charred Thursday ' ; equivalent to Fat Thursday , similar to Mardi Gras ) and ending on Καθαρά Δευτέρα ( Kathara Deftera lit.   ' Clean Monday ' ; similar to Ash Wednesday ). During

850-621: The Book and Reading. The Institute of Book and Reading was established and Kozani is now known as City of Books . Kozani is the administrative, commercial, economic, and transport centre of the region of West Macedonia . The city is mostly known for its important contribution to the Greek electricity supply, and a large part of the population works in the Public Power Corporation 's lignite-fired Agios Dimitrios Power Plant ,

900-634: The Interim University Administration were appointed under the Ministerial decision F.120.61 / 132/61865 / B2 / 25.6.2003. In 2015, after the first elections for a Rector , the University of Western Macedonia became a self-governing institution, and ran courses in 2 cities, Kozani and Florina , with 3 Schools ( Education , Engineering and Fine Arts ) and 6 Departments. In 2019, the University of Western Macedonia

950-501: The Kozani carnival, great bonfires are lit in different parts of the city; every night, another district lights its fire and people dance around it; on the last night of the carnival, all fires are lit. These festive fires, as well as the cultural associations that organize the festivities in each district, are called Fanoi (fires). Each fanos welcomes visitors and locals to their district with songs and dances, and treats them to local delicacies, namely kichia (feta cheese wrapped around

1000-961: The Slavic -ov/-ović/ev suffixes meaning "son of", such as in Bakir and Alija Izetbegović , and Abai Kunanbaev . The title is also used as an honorific by members of the Moorish Science Temple of America and the Moorish Orthodox Church . 'Bey' is also used colloquially in Urdu -speaking parts of India , and its usage is similar to "chap" or "man". When used aggressively, it is an offensive term. The Hungarian word 'bő' originates from an Old Turkic loanword, cognate with Ottoman 'bey', that used to mean 'clan leader' in Old Hungarian. Later, as an adjective, it acquired

1050-578: The Technological Educational Institute of Kozani was established, which was later (1999) renamed to Technological Educational Institute of Western Macedonia, with 5 Schools and 11 Departments in 5 cities in Western Macedonia (the central campus was located in Kozani). The new University of Western Macedonia runs 7 Schools and 21 Departments in 5 cities (Kozani, Florina, Kastoria , Ptolemaida , and Grevena ). A new campus

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1100-685: The University of Western Macedonia was merged with the Technological Education Institute of Western Macedonia (Law 4610/2019, Government Gazette 70 / A / 07.05.2019 ). The University of Western Macedonia operates with 7 Schools and 22 Departments, located in 5 cities (Kozani, Florina, Kastoria, Ptolemaida, Grevena) in the Region of Western Macedonia. The University of Western Macedonia was founded in Kozani in 2003 (Presidential Decree No. 92 / 11-4-2003 ). The first members of

1150-409: The celebration for the liberation of the city from the Turks on 11 October and Saint Nicholas day - Kozani's patron - on 6 December. The municipal Band is named Pandora . It was founded in 1902, and it takes part in all the events and celebrations. A typical dish in Kozani is the so-called Yaprákia . The main ingredients are meat and rice in salty carbage-leaf, having the shape of an egg. It

1200-402: The city are 8, and there are two more in the municipal departments of Lefkopigi and Xirolimni. There are also 4 Lyceums , 4 Vocational Schools (EPAL), some Business Schools and one municipal Odeum . The city is the seat of the University of Western Macedonia which has 7 Faculties and 22 Departments in 5 cities (Kozani, Florina, Kastoria, Ptolemaida, and Grevena). The main campus is located in

1250-405: The city was pillaged by Turkish beys in 1770. A subsequent incursion by Aslan bey, in 1830, ravaged the city immensely. In 1855 next to St. Nicholas Church a 26 meters high bell tower was built, which would become the symbol of the city. In 1939, a clock was added to the top of the tower, donated by Greek-American, Konstantinos Mamatsios. In the late 19th and early 20th century, Kozani was part of

1300-579: The city's dialect, Kozani Greek. In 2010, Theodoros Lakkas, one of the most prominent figures of the fanoi , lead singer of the fanos Lakkos t' maggan and writer of funny short stories, published the first anthology of Kozani's carnival songs, entitled Ivgati Agoria m stou chouro [Go dance, my boys]. This has been the first attempt so far to collect all the songs in one volume. At the end of summer Lassaneia Events are organised. They consist of theatrical representations, concerts, athletic events etc. The name "Lassaneia" comes from Georgios Lassanis , who

1350-428: The countries of central Europe gave the opportunity for the city to flourish economically. During the 19th century, as foreign travellers relate, the population of the town was Greek , and was growing. The town's growth was disrupted in 1770, because of conflict that erupted between Kozani's local inhabitants and Kozanite merchants in central Europe, who contributed to the town's prosperity; even more catastrophically,

1400-411: The end of the winter, which retains much of the profanity of the ancient Dionysiac cult. Kozani is renowned in Greece and abroad for the production of saffron ( Krokos Kozanis ), in the nearby town of Krokos . Kozani is a transport node between Central Macedonia , Thessaly and Epirus . The nearest airport is Filippos Airport , 4 kilometres (2 miles) from the city, IATA code: KZI. The airport

1450-460: The ethnic designation of Uzbeks comes from the name of Öz Beg Khan of the Golden Horde , being an example of the usage of this word in personal names and even names of whole ethnic groups. The general rule is that the honorific is used with first names and not with surnames or last names. The word entered English from Turkish bey , itself derived from Old Turkic beg , which – in

1500-603: The faculty, as well as associated researchers. In April 2018, the students from the Hyperion Robotics team at the University of Western Macedonia presented an automated system with AI algorithms called "Cronus" claimed to be unbeatable at chess. The project took four months, the idea came from the Dean of the Polytechnic School, Professor Theodoros Theodoulides who is a chess player. In March 2019, it

1550-516: The foremost producer of electrical power in Greece. An earthquake that occurred in the region on 13 May 1995, with a magnitude of 6.6 on the Richter scale , caused only property damage. The city now combines modern with old architecture. Some magnificent buildings are the clock tower, the town hall, the folklore museum , the "Valtadoreio" Gymnasium , the National Bank of Greece building,

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1600-598: The form bäg – has been mentioned as early as in the Orkhon inscriptions (8th century AD) and is usually translated as "tribal leader". The actual origin of the word is still disputed, though it is mostly agreed that it was a loan-word, in Old Turkic. This Turkic word is usually considered a borrowing from an Iranian language. However, German Turkologist Gerhard Doerfer assessed the derivation from Iranian as superficially attractive but quite uncertain, and pointed out

1650-832: The framework of the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Innovative Training Networks, between the year 2019 and 2022. In 2016 the external evaluation committee gave University of Western Macedonia a Positive evaluation . An external evaluation of all academic departments in Greek universities was conducted by the Hellenic Quality Assurance and Accreditation Agency (HQA). 40°18′10″N 21°47′35″E  /  40.3027°N 21.7931°E  / 40.3027; 21.7931 Bey Bey , also spelled as Baig , Bayg , Beigh , Beig , Bek , Baeg, Begh, or Beg ,

1700-801: The largest power plant in Greece. The Ptolemaida Basin hosts the Western Macedonia Lignite Center , which is accountable for the production of forty per cent of the electric energy of the country. Other famous products are marble , saffron ( Krokos , Kozanis), fruits , local wines and specialized arts and crafts industry. The Commercial Exhibition of Kozani takes part in the Exhibition Centre of Western Macedonia in Koila Kozanis every September. Many firms from Greece and other Balkan countries participate, especially with local products. While Kozani remains

1750-620: The possibility that the word may be genuinely Turkic . Two principal etymologies have been proposed by scholars: It was also used by the Uyghurs . It permitted the Turkic Begs in the Altishahr region to maintain their previous status, and they administered the area for the Qing as officials. High-ranking Begs were allowed to call themselves Begs. Lucy Mary Jane Garnett wrote in

1800-497: The prehistoric to the Byzantine period have been unearthed in many sectors of the city. In the east part of Kozani, an ancient necropolis has been found, dating to the early Iron Age . During Philip II of Macedon 's reign, the region was named Elimeia , which was part of Upper Macedonia and probably in the same place there was a town named Tyrissa (Greek: Τύρισσα). In the south-west of the modern city, on Siopoto hill, there

1850-474: The region. The first recorded mention of Kozani is in an Ottoman register of 1528, as a settlement with 91 houses, 23 singles and 15 widows. In the Ottoman tahrir defter (number 167) of 1530, the settlement is recorded as a village with the name Kozani , and was within the kaza of Serfice . One of the most important colonizers of Kozani was the chief shepherd Ioannis Trantas , who settled about 100 families. His son, Charisios Trantas , managed to obtain

1900-713: The virtual sovereign's title in Barbaresque North African 'regency' states was "Bey" (compare Dey ). Notably in Tunis , the Husainid Dynasty used a whole series of title and styles including Bey: Bey was also the title that was awarded by the Sultan of Turkey in the twilight of the Ottoman Empire to Oloye Mohammed Shitta , an African merchant prince of the Yoruba people who served as

1950-433: Was a settlement named Kalyvia , between 1100 and 1300, traces of which are still preserved. Kozani was probably founded by Christian settlers who, after the Ottoman conquest, withdrew from the plains of Macedonia into the mountains, during the 14th and 15th centuries. Its secure position soon attracted other Christians expelled from Epirus , in 1392. Together with the settlers from Epirus, many cattle-breeders moved in

2000-659: Was also called beyk or bek ( بيك ) – from Turkish beyg ( بيـگ ) – in North Africa, including Egypt. A bey could maintain a similar office within Arab states that broke away from the High Porte , such as Egypt and Sudan under the Muhammad Ali Dynasty , where it was a rank below pasha (maintained in two rank classes after 1922), and a title of courtesy for a pasha's son. Even much earlier,

2050-408: Was announced that the University of Western Macedonia, among 18 research institutes and companies from seven countries ( Denmark , Greece, Spain , Norway , Poland , Portugal , and Switzerland ), takes part in the project of European Commission 's Horizon 2020 programme for research and training in 5G mobile networks, named TeamUp5G. Coordinated by UC3M , the project is being carried out, within

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2100-546: Was constructed in the Active Urban Planning Zone (ZEP) of Kozani and started operating in September 2022. The new university runs 7 Schools and 21 Departments in 5 cities ( Kozani , Florina , Kastoria , Ptolemaida , and Grevena ), offering undergraduate and postgraduate study programmes. ( Kozani ) (Founding 2013) ( https://eng.uowm.gr/ ) (in Greek) Research is conducted by graduate students and members of

2150-575: Was established in order to implement the projects of the ZEP. The ZEP is strategically located on 50 ha south-west of Kozani, and aims to become a model development centre, attracting an urban population and economic activities from throughout Western Macedonia in Greece and the Western Balkans. Other known neighborhoods of Kozani are Sk'rka , Ipirotika , Gitia , Agios Athanasios , Platania . The province of Kozani ( Greek : Επαρχία Κοζάνης )

2200-497: Was first opened in the mid-20th century. Kozani is situated near the A2 motorway , which connects the coast of the Ionian Sea with Thessaloniki and Turkish borders. According to prevailing opinion in Greece, the name comes from the village of Epirus Kósdiani , the origin of settlers of Kozani in 1392. The settlement was first named Kózdiani, which then, it was changed into Kóziani, and in the end into Kozáni. Antiquities from

2250-572: Was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following five former municipalities, that became municipal units: The total population is 71,388 (2011). It is developing into a nodal town of the Western Balkans, with areas and activities of a wider regional nature. Within this context, the municipality of Kozani is creating a modern satellite town, the Kozani Zone of Alternate Urban Planning (ZEP). The Municipal Corporation of alternate planning and development of Kozani S.A.(DEPEPOK)

2300-538: Was from Kozani and participated in the Greek War of Independence. A part of those events is also the new authors song festival " Nikolas Asimos " . Niaimeros is a fair in the north of the city in Niaimeros Place. It takes place on the first Tuesday of October. It used to last nine days ( niaimeros , lit.   ' nine days ' ), but now it lasts only 3 days. Official local public holidays are

2350-503: Was known as Petrobey . Other Beys saw their own Beylik promoted to statehood, e.g.: Bey or a variation has also been used as an aristocratic title in various Turkic states, such as Bäk in the Tatar Khanate of Kazan , in charge of a Beylik called Bäklek . The Uzbek Khanate of Khiva , Emirate of Bukhara and The Khanate of Kokand used the "beks" as local administrations of "bekliks" or provinces. The Balkar princes in

2400-501: Was merged with the Technological Education Institute of Western Macedonia (Law 4610/2019, Government Gazette 70 / A / 07.05.2019 ). The TEI of Western Macedonia had originally been founded as a Centre for Higher Technical - Vocational Education (KATEE, in Greek ). Later (1983) when Centres for Higher Technical-Vocational Education were replaced by Technological Educational Institutions as part of tertiary education in Greece ,

2450-499: Was no clear-cut system, rigidly applied to all countries defining all the possible power and prestige that came along with the title. Today, the word is still used formally as a social title for men, similar to the way the titles " sir " and " mister " are used in the English language. Additionally, it is widely used in the naming customs of Central Asia , namely in countries such as Uzbekistan , Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan . Notably,

2500-625: Was one of the provinces of the Kozani Prefecture. Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipalities Kozani (except a few villages that were part of the Eordaia province) and Servia-Velventos . It was abolished in 2006. Under the Köppen climate classification , Kozani has a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ). Summers are warm to hot, while winters can be cold with several snowfalls, though few of them are heavy. Rainfall

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