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32-519: Koloma may refer to: Koloma, a script formerly used for the Kokborok language of India and Bangladesh Koloma, California , a Native American settlement See also [ edit ] Coloma (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Koloma . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

64-523: A one-year PG Diploma and a 6-month Certificate course. The university grants Bachelor of Arts (B.A) degrees with Kokborok as an elective subject in its various constituent colleges since 2012. The colleges affiliated to the university where Kokborok is taught in the B.A degree are: The Department of Kokborok in Maharaja Bir Bikram University , Agartala is responsible for the teaching of Kokborok language and literature. This

96-622: A post graduate diploma in Kokborok was started in 2001 by the Tripura University. Kokborok was introduced in the Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in the colleges affiliated to the Tripura University from the year 2012, and a Master of Arts (MA) degree in Kokborok was started by Tripura University from the year 2015. There is currently a demand for giving the language recognition as one of the recognized official languages of India as per

128-402: Is a group of two vowels. The wi diphthong is pronounced ui after /m/ and /p/. Two examples are chumui ( cloud ) and thampui ( mosquito ). The ui diphthong is a variation of the wi diphthong. Other less frequent diphthongs, such as oi and ai , are closing diphthongs . Most words are formed by combining the root with an affix : There are no Kókborok words beginning with ng . At

160-461: Is a trilingual dictionary. Twiprani Laihbuma (The Rajmala – History of Tripura) translated by R. K. Debbarma and published in 2002 by KOHM. The full Holy Bible in Kokborok language was finally published for the first time in the year 2013 by the Bible Society of India . The Baibel Kwthar is currently the largest work and biggest book published in the language with more than 1,300 pages and

192-581: Is also distinct, and the language of many Tripuri clans has not been investigated. The greatest variety is within Khagrachari, though speakers of different Khagrachari varieties can "often" understand each other. Khagrachari literature is being produced in the Naitong and Dendak varieties. Kókborok has the phonology of a typical Sino-Tibetan language. Kokborok has six (monophthong) vowel phonemes: /i u e ə o a/. Early scholars of Kokborok decided to use

224-540: Is now the benchmark for publications in the language. The present trend of development of the Kokborok literary works show that Kokborok literature is moving forward slowly but steadily with its vivacity and distinctive originality to touch the rich literature of the rich languages. There are two universities in Tripura which provide Kokborok language courses as part of Bachelors, Masters and Doctorate degrees. There are more than 20 colleges in Tripura state where Kokborok

256-558: Is taught as part of the undergraduate courses. Also, there are more than 30 Government schools where Kokborok is taught in the higher secondary school level under the Tripura Board of Secondary Education . The Department of Kokborok in Tripura University , Agartala is responsible for the teaching of Kokborok language and literature and started functioning in 2015. It runs an M.A (Master of Arts) in Kokborok language,

288-476: Is used for /t͡ʃ/ , while kh , ph , chh and th are used for /kʰ/ , /pʰ/ , /t͡ʃʰ/ and /tʰ/ respectively. N' is the pronunciation of the nasal sound, e.g., in' ( yes ). Ng is a digraph and is generally used in the last syllable of a word, e.g., aming ( cat ), holong ( stone ). Ua is often used initially, e.g., uak ( pig ), uah ( bamboo ), uatwi ( rain ). Uo is often used finally, e.g., thuo ( sleeping ), buo ( beat ). A diphthong

320-613: The Brahmaputra Valley and in what are now the northern parts of Bangladesh , and it is speculated that the proto-Boro-Garo language was the lingua franca of the Brahmaputra valley before it was replaced by Assamese , to which it has made major contributions. The Boro-Garo languages were identified in the Grierson's Language Survey of India, and the names of the languages and their modern equivalents are given below in

352-616: The Idu Mishmi language . Languages of the family feature verb-final word order. There is some flexibility in the order of the arguments, but a nominative–accusative distinction is marked with post-nominal clitics . The languages also prefix classifiers to numerals modifying nouns. tense , aspect and mood are indicated using verbal suffixes . The linkage of the Boro–Garo languages with Konyak and Jingphaw languages suggest that proto-Boro-Garo entered Assam from somewhere to

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384-577: The "Tripura Janasiksha Samiti" came into being, and it established many schools in different areas of Tripura. The first Kókborok magazine "Kwtal Kothoma" was edited and published in 1954 by Sudhanya Deb Barma , who was a founder of the Samiti. "Hachuk Khurio" (In the lap of Hills) by Sudhanya Deb Barma is the first modern Kókborok novel. It was published by the Kókborok Sahitya Sabha and Sanskriti Samsad in 1987. One major translation of

416-570: The 14th century, and is widely considered to have been lost. From the 19th century, the Kingdom of Twipra used the Bengali script to write in Kokborok, but since the independence of India and the merger with India, the Roman script is being promoted by non-governmental organizations. The Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council government made regulations in 1992 and 2000 for adoption of

448-756: The 20th century was the "Smai Kwtal", the New Testament of the Bible in Kókborok language, published in 1976 by the Bible Society of India. The 21st century began for Kókborok literature with the monumental work, the Anglo-Kókborok-Bengali Dictionary compiled by Binoy Deb Barma and published in 2002 A.D. by the Kókborok tei Hukumu Mission. This is the 2nd edition of his previous groundbreaking dictionary published in 1996 and

480-801: The 8th schedule of the Constitution. The official form is the dialect spoken in Agartala , the state capital of Tripura. Kokborok is a Sino-Tibetan language of the Bodo–Garo branch . It is related to the Bodo and Dimasa languages of neighboring Assam . The Garo language is also a related language spoken in the state of Meghalaya and neighboring Bangladesh . Kókborok consists of several dialects spoken in Tripura. Ethnologue lists Usoi (Kau Brung), Riang (Kau Bru), and Khagrachari ("Trippera") as separate languages; Mukchak (Barbakpur), though not listed,

512-470: The Boro–Garo languages into four major groups. Wood (2008:6) also follows this classification. Jacquesson (2017:112) classifies the Boro-Garo languages as follows, and recognizes three major branches (Western, Central, and Eastern). The Koch languages and Garo are grouped together as Western Boro-Garo. Jacquesson (2017) believes that the Boro–Garo languages had arrived in their present location from

544-472: The Indian state of Tripura and neighbouring areas of Bangladesh . Its name comes from kók meaning "verbal" or "language" and borok meaning "people" or "human", It is one of the ancient languages of Northeast India . Kokborok was formerly known as Tripuri and Tipra kok , with its name being changed in the 20th century. The names also refer to the inhabitants of the former Twipra kingdom , as well as

576-454: The Kingdom of Tipra from the 19th century till the 20th century. Kokborok was declared an official language of the state of Tripura, India by the state government in the year 1979. Consequently, the language has been taught in schools of Tripura from the primary level to the higher secondary stage since the 1980s. A certificate course in Kokborok started from 1994 at Tripura University and

608-543: The Roman script in the school education system in its areas. The script issue is highly politicized, with the Left Front government advocating usage of the Bengali script and all the regional indigenous parties and student organizations (INPT, IPFT, NCT, Twipra Students Federation , etc.) and ethnic nationalist organizations (Kokborok Sahitya Sabha, Kokborok tei Hukumu Mission, Movement for Kokborok etc.) advocating for

640-498: The Roman script. Both scripts are now used in the state in education as well as in literary and cultural circles. Proposals have previously been made for the adoption of scripts other than the Bengali or Roman scripts, such as Ol Chiki . There have also been scripts created specifically for Kokborok in modern times. Bodo%E2%80%93Garo languages The Boro–Garo languages form four groups: Boro, Garo, Koch and Deori. Boro–Garo languages were historically very widespread throughout

672-409: The end of a syllable, any vowel except w can be found, along with a limited number of consonants: p , k , m , n , ng , r and l . /j/ is found only in closing diphthongs like ai and wi . "Clusters" are a group of consonants at the beginning of a syllable, like phl , ph + l , in phlat phlat ( very fast ), or sl in kungsluk kungsluk ( foolish man ). Clusters are quite impossible at

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704-473: The end of a syllable. There are some "false clusters" such as phran ( to dry ) which is actually phw-ran . These are very common in echo words: phlat phlat, phre phre, prai prai, prom prom, etc. There are two tones in Kókborok: high tone and low tone. To mark the high tone, the letter h is written after the vowel with the high tone. These examples have low tone preceding high tone to show that tone changes

736-464: The ethnicity of its speakers. According to an oral history, Kókborok has been attested since at least the 1st century AD, when the historical record of Tripuri kings began to be written down in a book called the Rajratnakar or Rajmala , using a script for Kókborok called "Koloma", by the scholar and priest Durlabendra Chantai (also spelled Durlobendra Chontai). In the early 15th century, under

768-579: The grammar of Kokborok named "Kókborokma" published in 1900, as well as two other books: "Tripur Kothamala" and "Tripur Bhasabidhan". Tripur Kothamala was the Kokborok-Bengali-English translation book published in 1906. The "Tripur Bhasabidhan" was published in 1907. Daulot Ahmed was a contemporary of Radhamohan Thakur and was a pioneer of writing Kókborok Grammar jointly with Mohammad Omar. The Amar jantra, Comilla published his Kókborok grammar book "KOKBOKMA" in 1897. On 27 December 1945

800-458: The letter w as a symbol for a vowel that does not exist in English. In some localities, it is pronounced closer to [ɨ], and in others, it is pronounced closer to o. In Kokborok spelling, u is used for the sound /w/ in the diphthongs /wa/ (used initially, spelled ua ) and /wo/ (used finally, spelled uo ). It is also used for the diphthong /ɔi/ (spelled wi ) after m and p . Ch

832-422: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koloma&oldid=1057188316 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Kokborok#Script Kokborok (or Tripuri ) is a Tibeto-Burman language of

864-491: The meaning: There is a clear-cut difference between nouns and verbs. All true verbs are made with a verbal root followed by a number of suffixes, which are placed not randomly but according to definite rules. Morphologically Kókborok words can be divided into five categories. They are the following. Counting in Kókborok is called lekhamung . There are many Kokborok-speaking people in the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura, Assam, and Mizoram. But, there are also speakers in

896-669: The neighboring provinces in the country of Bangladesh, mainly in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. There are three main dialects of Kokborok, which are mutually intelligible. The standard one is Debbarma (Puratan Tripuri), which is spoken by the royal family and is understood by all the dialect groups. It is the medium of instruction up to class five and is taught as a subject up to graduate level. The two other major dialects are Riang (or Reang) and Noatia. Smaller dialects are Jamatia, Koloi and Rupini. The first efforts of writing Kokborok were made by Radhamohan Thakur. He wrote

928-466: The northeast. It has been proposed that the proto -Boro-Garo language was a lingua franca of different linguistic communities, not all of who were native speakers, and that it began as a creolized lingua franca. This would account for the highly reduced morphology of Boro–Garo, with what morphology is present mostly being regular, loosely bound , and with transparent etymology, typical signs of recent origin. Joseph & Burling (2006:1-2) classify

960-519: The reign of Dharma Manikya I , two Brahmins , Sukreswar and Vaneswar, compiled a Rajmala , translating it into Sanskrit and into Bengali . However, post-independence, the Kokborok records were outlawed and subsequently lost; the main sources for Tripura history are the Sanskrit and Bengali manuscripts. Kokborok was relegated to a common people's dialect during the rule of the Tripuri kings in

992-493: The table. The Boro-Garo languages have been further divided into four subgroups by Burling. Old Hajong may have been a Bodo–Garo language. Barman is a recently discovered Bodo–Garo language. Boro is an associate official language of the state of Assam . Kokborok (Tripuri) is one of the official languages of the state of Tripura . Garo is an associate official language of Meghalaya . Megam has been strongly influenced by Khasic languages , while Deori-Chutia by

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1024-651: Was made a State University in 2015. MBB university has two affiliated colleges where Kokborok courses are available: The details as per the Census of India, 2011 regarding Tripuri language is given as follows: Tripuri 1,011,294 Tripuri 854,023 Kokborok had a script known as Koloma , developed in the 1st century CE and used by the Royal Family of Tripura. The Rajratnakar is believed to have originally been written in Koloma. This script fell out of use after

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