32-543: Kaributas ( Koribut , Korybut , baptized Dmitry ; after 1350 – after 1404) was a son of Algirdas , Grand Duke of Lithuania , and reigned in Severian Novgorod until 1393. Kaributas was born some time after 1350 (exact date is unknown) to Algirdas of Lithuania and Uliana of Tver . Born a pagan , around 1380 he was baptised in the Orthodox rite and became the prince of Severian Novgorod . He adopted
64-725: A Government in exile that was a critical piece to ensuring the recognition of the continuity of Lithuanian legal statehood until independence after the Dissolution of the Soviet Union . The Soviet Union occupied Lithuania and established the Lithuanian SSR in July 1940. Lithuanian : Lietuvos komunistų partijos Centro komiteto pirmasis sekretorius ; Russian: Первый секретарь Центрального Комитета Коммунистической партии Литвы . 24 June 1941 As Nazi Germany attacked
96-619: A reason. According to modern historians, "For Gediminas and Algirdas, retention of paganism provided a useful diplomatic tool and weapon ... that allowed them to use promises of conversion as a means of preserving their power and independence". Hermann von Wartberge and Jan Długosz described Algirdas as a pagan until his death in 1377. Contemporary Byzantine accounts support the Western sources; Patriarch Neilos described Algirdas as "fire-worshipping prince" and another patriarch, Philotheos, excommunicated all Ruthenian noblemen who helped
128-602: The Council Democratic Party Democratic Party By the Seimas Peasants' Union By the Seimas Peasants' Union following coup d'état Democratic Party following coup d'état Nationalist Union In illegitimate elections In illegitimate elections In illegitimate elections Nationalist Union acting President of Lithuania By
160-773: The Russian Empire , Woroniecki , and Nieswicki , making these families Gediminid . King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Michael Korybut Wiśniowiecki was named Korybut to foreground his agnatic descent from Kaributas. Kaributas married Princess Anastasia, daughter of Grand Prince Oleg II of Ryazan , with whom he had three daughters and three sons. Kaributas issue originated the Korybut coat of arms. Algirdas Algirdas ( Belarusian : Альгерд , romanized : Alhierd ; Ukrainian : Ольге́рд, О́льґерд , romanized : Olherd, Olgerd , Polish : Olgierd ; c. 1296 – May 1377)
192-665: The Seimas By the Seimas Following Lithuania's occupation by the Soviet Union on 15 June 1940, in his telegram dated 31 May 1940, the last Foreign Minister Juozas Urbšys provisioned that, in the event of occupation, Stasys Lozoraitis , minister extraordinary and plenipotentiary to Rome , be appointed the head of the Lithuanian diplomatic service. The Lithuanian diplomatic service became
224-628: The Swedish Empire in 1655, thus de jure ending its union with Poland. However, due to Sweden's losses, the agreement soon fell out of favor and was not properly enforced, leading to the further continuation of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Following the partitions in 1772, 1793, and 1795, the commonwealth ceased to exist and Lithuania proper became part of the Russian Empire for 123 years. There are some gaps in
256-886: The Trubetzkoy , Czartoryski and Sanguszko families. Although Algirdas was said to have ordered the death of Anthony, John, and Eustathius of Vilnius , who were later glorified as martyrs of the Russian Orthodox Church , the 16th-century Bychowiec Chronicle and 17th-century Hustynska Chronicle maintain that he converted to Orthodox Christianity some time before his marriage to Maria of Vitebsk in 1318. Several Orthodox churches were built in Vilnius during his reign, but later assertions about his baptism are uncorroborated by contemporary sources. Despite contemporary accounts and modern studies, however, some Russian historians (such as Batiushikov) claim that Algirdas
288-598: The "impious" Algirdas. His pagan beliefs were also mentioned in 14th-century Byzantine historian Nicephorus Gregoras ' accounts. After his death, Algirdas was burned on a ceremonial pyre with 18 horses and many of his possessions in a forest near Maišiagala , probably in the Kukaveitis forest shrine located at 54°55′42″N 25°01′04″E / 54.92833°N 25.01778°E / 54.92833; 25.01778 . His alleged burial site has undergone archaeological research since 2009. Algirdas' descendants include
320-738: The Christian name of Dmitry and hence is sometimes referred to as Dmitry Korybut (a combination of his Slavicised Lithuanian name Kaributas and his Christian name). He appeared in politics during the Lithuanian Civil War (1381–1384) when he supported his brother Jogaila against his uncle Kęstutis and cousin Vytautas . In 1382 he began a rebellion in Severian Novgorod, engaging Kęstutis' forces so that Jogaila could attack and capture lightly guarded Vilnius , capital of
352-473: The Dukes campaign, detailing the exploits of himself and his brother Kęstutis. Ruler of Lithuania The article is a list of heads of state of Lithuania over historical Lithuanian state. The timeline includes all heads of state of Lithuania as a sovereign entity, legitimately part of a greater sovereign entity, a client state , or a constituent republic subject to an outside authority. Currently,
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#1732798472182384-461: The Germans, who formed Generalbezirk Litauen on 25 July 1941, which was governed by the administration of general commissioner Adrian von Renteln and was a part of Reichskommissariat Ostland . Lithuanian : Lietuvos generalinės srities generalinis komisaras ; German : Generalkommissar des Generalbezirks Litauen . August 1944 As Nazi Germany retreated, the Soviet Union reoccupied
416-781: The Grand Duchy. He also witnessed the Treaty of Dubysa with the Teutonic Knights . For his service, he was awarded possessions in Navahrudak and Lida . Kaributas continued to support Jogaila: he witnessed the Union of Krewo and fought in the Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392) . After the Ostrów Agreement , he refused to recognize Vytautas' superiority and was defeated in a battle near Lida in early 1393. Kaributas
448-567: The Moscow principality, his rule in both commercial centres was (at best) precarious. Algirdas occupied the important principalities of Smolensk and Bryansk . Although his relationship with the grand dukes of Moscow principality was generally friendly (demonstrated by his marriages to two Orthodox Russian princesses), he besieged Moscow in 1368 and 1370 during the Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1368–1372) . An important feat by Algirdas
480-567: The Polish throne, converted to Roman Catholicism and founded the dynasty which ruled Lithuania and Poland for nearly 200 years. Algirdas ( Belarusian : Альгерд , Alhierd ) is also widely honoured in Belarus as a unifier of all Belarusian lands within one state, a successful military commander and ruler of medieval Belarus. A monument to him has been erected in Vitsebsk in 2014, as part of
512-713: The Presidium Antanas Smetona was elected as First President of the State of Lithuania by the State Council of Lithuania and was the only one in under whose rule this position has been considered the office of the head of state. 4 April 1919 By the Council The institution of President ( Lithuanian : Prezidentas ) was created on 4 April 1919. Antanas Smetona was elected as the first President of Lithuania. National Progress By
544-553: The Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa , Lithuania liberated itself with the anti-Soviet June Uprising and re-declared Lithuanian Independence. Lithuania was ruled for some time by the Provisional Government of Lithuania , whose prime minister was Juozas Ambrazevičius . The Provisional Government was formed on 23 June 1941, but was dissolved on 5 August of the same year. Lithuania was occupied by
576-535: The Theotokos in Vilnius under the monastic name Alexius. With Maria of Vitebsk: With Uliana of Tver: Through his son Vladimir, Algirdas is the fifth great-grandfather of Elizabeth Báthory . Algirdas balanced himself between Moscow principality and Poland, spoke Lithuanian and Ruthenian (among other languages) and followed the majority of his pagan and Orthodox subjects rather than to alienate them by promoting Roman Catholicism . His son Jogaila ascended
608-529: The capital, Vilnius . With the aid of his brother, Kęstutis , Algirdas drove out the incompetent Jaunutis and declared himself Grand Duke in 1345. He devoted the next thirty-two years to the development and expansion of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. After becoming the ruler of Lithuania , Algirdas was titled the King of Lithuania ( Latin : rex Letwinorum ) in the Livonian Chronicles instead of
640-625: The celebration of the city's 1040th anniversary. Algirdas was Duke of Vitebsk for over 20 years before becoming Grand Duke of Lithuania. In December 2022, the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus issued a commemorative coin dedicated to the Battle of Blue Waters with a portrait of Algirdas. Algirdas features in the 2021 video game Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition in the Dawn of
672-583: The expense of the Moscow principality and the Golden Horde and extending the borders of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to the Black Sea. His principal efforts were directed toward securing the Slavic lands which were part of the former Kievan Rus' . Although Algirdas engineered the election of his son Andrius as Prince of Pskov and a powerful minority of Novgorod Republic citizens supported him against
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#1732798472182704-800: The head of state is the President of Lithuania . During the inaugurations of Lithuanian monarchs until 1569, the Gediminas' Cap was placed on the monarch's heads by the Bishop of Vilnius in Vilnius Cathedral . Title: King of Lithuania ( Lithuanian : Lietuvos karalius ). Dates are approximate because of scant written sources. Title: Grand Duke ( Lithuanian : didysis kunigaikštis ; Belarusian : vialiki kniaź ; Polish : wielki książę ). Dates are approximate because of scant written sources. The act of personal union with Poland
736-535: The state was the Kingdom of Lithuania. On 9 July 1918, Duke Wilhelm accepted the offer and took the name Mindaugas II. However, on 2 November the council revoked this decision as it was likely Germany would lose the war. The state of Lithuania was ruled by the Presidium of the State Council of Lithuania, its chairman was de facto Head of State. The institution of President was established on 4 April 1919. Chairman of
768-466: The terms knyaz (English: prince , duke ) or velikiy knyaz ( grand prince ). Two factors are thought to have contributed to this result: the political sagacity of Algirdas and the devotion of Kęstutis. The division of their dominions is illustrated by the fact that Algirdas appears almost exclusively in East Slavic sources, while Western chronicles primarily describe Kęstutis. Lithuania
800-768: The timeline as it took a while to elect a new king. The first Grand Duke elected after the Gediminid line became extinct and after the Valois fled back to France was Stephen Báthory , who had made an effort to be recognized as Grand Duke of Lithuania by establishing Vilnius University . Title: King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Lithuanian : Lenkijos karalius ir Lietuvos didysis kunigaikštis Polish : Król Polski, wielki książę litewski Latin : Rex Poloniae et Magnus Dux Lituaniae The Council of Lithuania declared independence on 16 February 1918 and invited Wilhelm of Urach to become king of Lithuania. The name of
832-552: Was Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1345 to 1377. With the help of his brother Kęstutis (who defended the western border of the Duchy) he created an empire stretching from the present Baltic states to the Black Sea and to within 80 kilometres (50 miles) of Moscow. Algirdas was one of the seven sons of Grand Duke Gediminas . Before his death in 1341, Gediminas divided his domain, leaving his youngest son Jaunutis in possession of
864-603: Was a direct continuation of the Gediminids . The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was established by the Union of Lublin in 1569. The elected King of Poland was automatically a Grand Duke of Lithuania (until then the Lithuanian dukedom was hereditary). The first common ruler of both countries was Sigismund II Augustus. During the Deluge of the Second Northern War , Lithuania signed the Union of Kėdainiai with
896-516: Was an Orthodox ruler. The Kiev Monastery of the Caves ' commemorative book, underwritten by Algirdas' descendants, recorded his baptismal name as Demetrius during the 1460s. Algirdas married Uliana of Tver by 1350. Following Wojciech Wijuk Kojałowicz and Macarius I , Volodymyr Antonovych writes that Algirdas took monastic vows several days before his death and was interred at the Cathedral of
928-841: Was his victory over the Tatars in the Battle of Blue Waters at the Southern Bug in 1362, which resulted in the breakup of the Kipchaks and compelled the khan to establish his headquarters in the Crimea . In a 1371 letter to Philotheus Kokkinos, the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople , Algirdas titled himself as a Lithuanian King, demanded a separate metropolitan bishop (from Moscow ) for Kyiv , Smolensk, Tver , Little Russia , Novosil , and Nizhny Novgorod , and denied Muscovite complaints that he attacked Moscow without
960-466: Was imprisoned and stripped of his possessions. However, he was soon released and given Zbarazh , Bratslav , and Vinnytsia . Severian Novgorod was given to Fedor, son of Liubartas . Kaributas appeared last in written sources in 1404 during a military campaign waged by Vytautas against the Principality of Smolensk . Kaributas' male-line descendants included Princes Zbaraski , Wiśniowiecki and, in
992-439: Was signed as early as 1385; however, the continuous line of common rulers of the two countries started only with Casimir IV (even then, Polish and Lithuanians twice selected different rulers following the death of an earlier common monarch, but the Lithuanian one always eventually assumed the Polish throne). The monarchs retained separate titles for both parts of the state, and their numbering was kept separate. The Jagiellon dynasty
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1024-685: Was surrounded by enemies. The Teutonic Order in the northwest and the Golden Horde in the southeast sought Lithuanian territory, while Poland to the west and the Moscow principality to the east were generally hostile competitors. "The entire Rus' should belong to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania " — Algirdas' messengers statement to the Teutonic Order Algirdas held his own, also acquiring influence and territory at
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