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53-642: Kazan Governorate, together with seven other governorates, was established on December 29 [ O.S. December 18], 1708, by Tsar Peter the Great 's edict on the lands of the Khanates of Kazan , Sibir , and Astrakhan , with addition of some lands from the Nogai Horde . These were the areas historically governed by the Kazan Palace's Prikaz . As with the rest of the governorates, neither

106-489: A confederation ruled through participatory democracy , known as the Iroquois Confederacy . It was highly efficient at governing the region, and played an important part in the politics of later British and French colonies. Around the start of the second millennium CE, two settlements on the modern Canadian island of Newfoundland were established by Norse viking explorers , which were soon abandoned and

159-642: A calendar change, respectively. Usually, they refer to the change from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar as enacted in various European countries between 1582 and 1923. In England , Wales , Ireland and Britain's American colonies , there were two calendar changes, both in 1752. The first adjusted the start of a new year from 25 March ( Lady Day , the Feast of the Annunciation ) to 1 January,

212-544: A change which Scotland had made in 1600. The second discarded the Julian calendar in favour of the Gregorian calendar, skipping 11 days in the month of September to do so. To accommodate the two calendar changes, writers used dual dating to identify a given day by giving its date according to both styles of dating. For countries such as Russia where no start-of-year adjustment took place, O.S. and N.S. simply indicate

265-459: A letter dated "12/22 Dec. 1635". In his biography of John Dee , The Queen's Conjurer , Benjamin Woolley surmises that because Dee fought unsuccessfully for England to embrace the 1583/84 date set for the change, "England remained outside the Gregorian system for a further 170 years, communications during that period customarily carrying two dates". In contrast, Thomas Jefferson , who lived while

318-607: A new colony later named Quebec . In 1585, the British began their first settlement in North America, the Roanoke Colony . Its initial form only lasted until 1586 due to conflict with the local Native Americans. In 1587, around 115 colonists led by Governor John White settled back at Roanoke. White went back on a ship to England to get supplies for the colony, but his return was delayed by English's conflict with

371-856: A start-of-year adjustment works well with little confusion for events before the introduction of the Gregorian calendar. For example, the Battle of Agincourt is well known to have been fought on 25 October 1415, which is Saint Crispin's Day . However, for the period between the first introduction of the Gregorian calendar on 15 October 1582 and its introduction in Britain on 14 September 1752, there can be considerable confusion between events in Continental Western Europe and in British domains. Events in Continental Western Europe are usually reported in English-language histories by using

424-536: Is 9 February 1649, the date by which his contemporaries in some parts of continental Europe would have recorded his execution. The O.S./N.S. designation is particularly relevant for dates which fall between the start of the "historical year" (1 January) and the legal start date, where different. This was 25 March in England, Wales, Ireland and the colonies until 1752, and until 1600 in Scotland. In Britain, 1 January

477-769: The British Parliament . Later, most colonies were founded, or converted to, royal colonies . In 1607, the London Company (fully titled the Virginia Company of London , but better known as the "Virginia Company" ) founded the first permanent settlement on the James River at Jamestown, Virginia upstream from Chesapeake Bay . English settlement in the Somers Isles (or Islands of Bermuda) , 640 miles off Cape Hatteras , began in 1609 with

530-694: The British Virgin Islands , and handily placed for naval and amphibious operations against its nearest neighbour, the nascent United States, during the 19th century), remains as a British Overseas Territory today. The Thirteen Colonies that became the original states of the United States were: Colonies and territories that became part of British North America (and from 1867 the Dominion of Canada ): Colonies that became part of British North America (but which would be left out of

583-722: The Dominion of Newfoundland , leaving the Imperial fortress of Bermuda as the sole remaining British North American colony. By 1908, the Colonial Office included only two departments (one overseeing dominion and protectorate business, the other colonial): Dominions Department (Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Cape of Good Hope, Natal, Newfoundland, Transvaal, Orange River Colony, Australian States, Fiji, Western Pacific, Basutoland, Bechuanaland Protectorate, Swaziland, Rhodesia); Crown Colonies Department. The Crown Colonies Department

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636-900: The French and Indian War in America and the Seven Years' War in Europe. At the start of the American Revolutionary War in 1775, the British Empire included 23 colonies and territories on the North American continent. The Treaty of Paris of 1783 ended the Revolutionary War, and Britain lost much of this territory to the newly formed United States. Following the 1783 recognition of

689-689: The Ohio River Valley in as early as 350 BCE. In the Hopewellian period from 200 BCE to 500 CE, numerous Native American tribes formed around what would later be New England due to ideal agricultural conditions. Major groups of this area include the Algonquians , Hurons , Mohicans , and Susquehannocks . Around 1570 CE, in modern New York state, five native tribes—the Cayuga , Mohawk , Oneida , Onondaga , and Seneca peoples—formed

742-609: The Russian Empire and the very beginning of Soviet Russia . For example, in the article "The October (November) Revolution", the Encyclopædia Britannica uses the format of "25 October (7 November, New Style)" to describe the date of the start of the revolution. The Latin equivalents, which are used in many languages, are, on the one hand, stili veteris (genitive) or stilo vetere (ablative), abbreviated st.v. , and meaning "(of/in) old style" ; and, on

795-711: The South Atlantic Ocean archipelago of the Falkland Islands , which had been colonised in 1833, had been added to the remit of the North American Department of the Colonial Office. North American Department of the Colonial Office, 1867 Following the 1867 confederation, Bermuda and Newfoundland remained as the only British colonies in North America (although the Falkland Islands also continued to be administered by

848-765: The Southern Department governed all the colonies beginning in 1660 along with a committee of the Privy Council , called the Board of Trade and Plantations . In 1768, Parliament created a specific state department for America, but it was disbanded in 1782 when the Home Office took responsibility for the remaining possessions of British North America in Eastern Canada , the Floridas , and

901-702: The Spanish Armada . In August 1590, White returned back to the colony, which had been abandoned. Left behind was an inscription on a post that said "CROATOAN" and a carving into a tree that said "CRO". Where the colonists went to in those years is considered a mystery. However, " Croatoan " was the name of an island south of Roanoke where Native Americans lived. A number of English colonies were established in America between 1607 and 1670 by individuals and companies whose investors expected to reap rewards from their speculation. They were granted commercial charters by Kings James I , Charles I , and Charles II , and by

954-632: The West Indies . In 1664, the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam at modern New York City became under control of the British, who renamed it to New York. King Philip's War was fought from 1675 to 1676 between in New England between the local natives and English colonists with their native allies. British America gained large amounts of territory with the Treaty of Paris of 1763 , which ended

1007-539: The 1867 Confederation of Canada ): Colonies and territories that were ceded to Spain or the United States in 1783: The Home Office was formed on 27 March 1782, responsible for the administration of all British territory, within and without the British Isles, taking over the administration of the British colonies, including those of British North America, from the Board of Trade . Dissatisfaction with

1060-695: The 1867 confederation of the Dominion of Canada , split the military administration of the British colonial and foreign stations into nine districts: North America And North Atlantic ; West Indies ; Mediterranean ; West Coast Of Africa And South Atlantic ; South Africa ; Egypt And The Sudan ; INDIAN OCEAN ; Australia ; and China . North America And North Atlantic included the following stations (or garrisons): North America and North Atlantic The Colonial Office, by 1862, oversaw eight Colonies in British North America, including: North American Colonies, 1862 By 1867, administration of

1113-516: The 19th century, a practice that the author Karen Bellenir considered to reveal a deep emotional resistance to calendar reform. British America British America , known as English America before 1707 , comprised the colonial territories of the Kingdom of England (and Kingdom of Scotland ) of the overseas English Empire , and the successor British Empire , in the Americas from

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1166-539: The 4th century , had drifted from reality . The Gregorian calendar reform also dealt with the accumulated difference between these figures, between the years 325 and 1582, by skipping 10 days to set the ecclesiastical date of the equinox to be 21 March, the median date of its occurrence at the time of the First Council of Nicea in 325. Countries that adopted the Gregorian calendar after 1699 needed to skip an additional day for each subsequent new century that

1219-583: The Boyne was commemorated with smaller parades on 1 July. However, both events were combined in the late 18th century, and continue to be celebrated as " The Twelfth ". Because of the differences, British writers and their correspondents often employed two dates, a practice called dual dating , more or less automatically. Letters concerning diplomacy and international trade thus sometimes bore both Julian and Gregorian dates to prevent confusion. For example, Sir William Boswell wrote to Sir John Coke from The Hague

1272-399: The British Isles and colonies converted to the Gregorian calendar, instructed that his tombstone bear his date of birth by using the Julian calendar (notated O.S. for Old Style) and his date of death by using the Gregorian calendar. At Jefferson's birth, the difference was eleven days between the Julian and Gregorian calendars and so his birthday of 2 April in the Julian calendar is 13 April in

1325-484: The British West Indies. Most of the remaining colonies to the north (including the continental colonies and the archipelago of Bermuda, the nearest landfall from which was North Carolina, but the nearest other British territory from which became Nova Scotia) formed the Dominion of Canada in 1867, with the colony of Newfoundland (which had become the Dominion of Newfoundland in 1907, leaving Bermuda as

1378-410: The British colonies, changed the start of the year from 25 March to 1 January, with effect from "the day after 31 December 1751". (Scotland had already made this aspect of the changes, on 1 January 1600.) The second (in effect ) adopted the Gregorian calendar in place of the Julian calendar. Thus "New Style" can refer to the start-of-year adjustment , to the adoption of the Gregorian calendar , or to

1431-623: The Gregorian calendar. For example, the Battle of Blenheim is always given as 13 August 1704. However, confusion occurs when an event involves both. For example, William III of England arrived at Brixham in England on 5 November (Julian calendar), after he had set sail from the Netherlands on 11 November (Gregorian calendar) 1688. The Battle of the Boyne in Ireland took place a few months later on 1 July 1690 (Julian calendar). That maps to 11 July (Gregorian calendar), conveniently close to

1484-466: The Gregorian calendar. Similarly, George Washington is now officially reported as having been born on 22 February 1732, rather than on 11 February 1731/32 (Julian calendar). The philosopher Jeremy Bentham , born on 4 February 1747/8 (Julian calendar), in later life celebrated his birthday on 15 February. There is some evidence that the calendar change was not easily accepted. Many British people continued to celebrate their holidays "Old Style" well into

1537-430: The Julian and Gregorian dating systems respectively. The need to correct the calendar arose from the realisation that the correct figure for the number of days in a year is not 365.25 (365 days 6 hours) as assumed by the Julian calendar but slightly less (c. 365.242 days). The Julian calendar therefore has too many leap years . The consequence was that the basis for the calculation of the date of Easter , as decided in

1590-463: The Julian calendar had added since then. When the British Empire did so in 1752, the gap had grown to eleven days; when Russia did so (as its civil calendar ) in 1918, thirteen days needed to be skipped. In the Kingdom of Great Britain and its possessions, the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 introduced two concurrent changes to the calendar. The first, which applied to England, Wales, Ireland and

1643-517: The Julian date of the subsequent (and more decisive) Battle of Aughrim on 12 July 1691 (Julian). The latter battle was commemorated annually throughout the 18th century on 12 July, following the usual historical convention of commemorating events of that period within Great Britain and Ireland by mapping the Julian date directly onto the modern Gregorian calendar date (as happens, for example, with Guy Fawkes Night on 5 November). The Battle of

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1696-587: The North American Department of the Colonial Office). The reduction of the territory administered by the British Government would result in re-organisation of the Colonial Office. In 1901, the departments of the Colonial Office included: North American and Australasian ; West Indian ; Eastern ; South African ; and West African (two departments). In 1907, the Colony of Newfoundland became

1749-487: The area of the governorate comprised 55,900 square versts , its population was estimated at 2.85 million (38.9% Russians , 31.2% Tatars , 22.8% Chuvash , 5.1% Mari , 1.2% Mordva ). There were 7,272 settlements, including 13 towns: Kazan, Arsk , Sviyazhsk , Kozmodemyansk, Laishev , Mamadysh , Spassk , Tetyushi , Tsaryovokokshaysk , Tsivilsk , Cheboksary , Chistopol , Yadrin ; and two posads : Mariinsky Posad and Troitsky Posad . The governorate

1802-401: The borders nor internal subdivisions of Kazan Governorate were defined; instead, the territory was defined as a set of cities and the lands adjacent to those cities. In 1717, Astrakhan Governorate was separated from Kazan Governorate; in 1719— Nizhny Novgorod ; in 1744— Orenburg ; in 1781— Vyatka , Simbirsk , and Ufa Governorates were separated. Under Catherine the Great (1781–1796) Kazan

1855-779: The center for the Atlantic slave trade . This was followed, in 1620, with the Pilgrims establishing the Plymouth settlement in New England . English Catholics settled the Province of Maryland in 1634, under Cecilus Calvert, second Lord Baltimore . The Anglo-Powhatan Wars were fought between the British colonists at Virginia and the local Powhatan people between 1610 and 1646. A state department in London known as

1908-492: The combination of the two. It was through their use in the Calendar Act that the notations "Old Style" and "New Style" came into common usage. When recording British history, it is usual to quote the date as originally recorded at the time of the event, but with the year number adjusted to start on 1 January. The latter adjustment may be needed because the start of the civil calendar year had not always been 1 January and

1961-543: The end of the following December, 1661/62 , a form of dual dating to indicate that in the following twelve weeks or so, the year was 1661 Old Style but 1662 New Style. Some more modern sources, often more academic ones (e.g. the History of Parliament ) also use the 1661/62 style for the period between 1 January and 24 March for years before the introduction of the New Style calendar in England. The Gregorian calendar

2014-502: The founding of Jamestown in the new Virginia colony in 1607 to 1783. These colonies were formally known as British America and the British West Indies immediately prior to thirteen of the colonies rebelling in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) and forming the newly-independent United States of America . After the conclusion of the world-wide war (having grown besides the North American colonies to involve other European nations / kingdoms of France and Spain ), with

2067-514: The independence of the colonies that would form the United States of America, Britain ceded East and West Florida to the Kingdom of Spain , which in turn ceded them to the United States in 1821. The Atlantic archipelago of the Bahamas had been administratively grouped with the North American continent, but with the loss of the Floridas was grouped with the British colonies of the Caribbean as

2120-603: The next known European settlement in North America occurred some 500 years later. In 1526, Spain founded the San Miguel de Gauldape colony in either modern Georgia or the Carolinas. It lasted for a few months. In 1534, France explored the Gulf of St. Lawrence , starting fur trade with the natives, and eventually what became their colony New France . In 1559, Spain founded a settlement at modern Pensacola, Florida , which

2173-587: The northeast coast of South America . The term British North America was used in the English language in 1783, but it was more commonly used by people and historians after the issuing of the Report on the Affairs of British North America , published in 1839 and generally known as the " Durham Report ". Native Americans potentially have evidence of settlement in modern Illinois in as early as 5000 BCE, and in

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2226-628: The only remaining British colony in British North America, before reverting to a colony in 1934) joining the independent Commonwealth realm of Canada in 1949, and Bermuda, elevated (by the independence of the thirteen colonies that became the United States) to the role of an Imperial fortress and the most important British naval and military base in the Western Hemisphere (due to its location, 1,236 km (768 mi) south of Nova Scotia , and 1,538 km (956 mi) north of

2279-456: The other, stili novi or stilo novo , abbreviated st.n. and meaning "(of/in) new style". The Latin abbreviations may be capitalised differently by different users, e.g., St.n. or St.N. for stili novi . There are equivalents for these terms in other languages as well, such as the German a.St. (" alter Stil " for O.S.). Usually, the mapping of New Style dates onto Old Style dates with

2332-617: The signing of the Treaty of Paris of 1783, the term British North America was used to refer to the remainder of Great Britain 's British Empire possessions in the Americas with what became Canada , the British West Indies in reference to its various West Indies island territories in the Caribbean Sea , also British Honduras (now Belize ) in Central America , and British Guiana (now Guyana ) on

2385-753: The then Home Secretary (who oversaw the Home Office), William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland , during two decades of war with the French Republic led to colonial business being transferred to the War Office in 1801, which became the War and Colonial Office , with the Secretary of State for War was renamed the Secretary of State for War and Colonies . From 1824, the British Empire

2438-452: The wreck of the Sea Venture , leaving the Virginia Company in de facto possession of Bermuda. The company's charter was extended in 1612 to officially encompass the archipelago, and settlers were despatched to join the three men remaining there from the Sea Venture (and plans were begun for an under-company that would become the Somers Isles Company ). In the Caribbean , the British West Indies and other European sugar colonies were at

2491-437: Was abandoned by 1561. In 1570, Spanish Jesuits founded the Ajacán Mission at Chesapeake Bay in modern Virginia, but they were killed by the local Powhatan people. In 1589 or 1599, a French colony was founded at Sable Island in Nova Scotia , but the colony had failed by 1603; another French colony at Saint Croix Island in modern Maine also existed from 1604 to 1607. In 1604, near the Gulf of St. Lawrence, France started

2544-421: Was altered at different times in different countries. From 1155 to 1752, the civil or legal year in England began on 25 March ( Lady Day ); so for example, the execution of Charles I was recorded at the time in Parliament as happening on 30 January 164 8 (Old Style). In newer English-language texts, this date is usually shown as "30 January 164 9 " (New Style). The corresponding date in the Gregorian calendar

2597-488: Was celebrated as the New Year festival from as early as the 13th century, despite the recorded (civil) year not incrementing until 25 March, but the "year starting 25th March was called the Civil or Legal Year, although the phrase Old Style was more commonly used". To reduce misunderstandings about the date, it was normal even in semi-official documents such as parish registers to place a statutory new-year heading after 24 March (for example "1661") and another heading from

2650-410: Was divided by the War and Colonial Office into four administrative departments, including NORTH AMERICA , the WEST INDIES , MEDITERRANEAN AND AFRICA , and EASTERN COLONIES , of which North America included: North America The Colonial Office and War Office, and the Secretary of State for the Colonies and the Secretary of State for War, were separated in 1854. The War Office, from then until

2703-573: Was finally abolished during the Bolshevik administrative reform (see Idel-Ural State ). Thereupon its Eastern part was proclaimed the Tatar ASSR , while the Western part was eventually divided between Chuvashia and Mari El . Kazan Governorate consisted of the following uyezds (administrative centres in parentheses): 55°47′27″N 49°06′52″E  /  55.7908°N 49.1144°E  / 55.7908; 49.1144 Old Style and New Style dates Old Style ( O.S. ) and New Style ( N.S. ) indicate dating systems before and after

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2756-496: Was implemented in Russia on 14 February 1918 by dropping the Julian dates of 1–13 February 1918 , pursuant to a Sovnarkom decree signed 24 January 1918 (Julian) by Vladimir Lenin . The decree required that the Julian date was to be written in parentheses after the Gregorian date, until 1 July 1918. It is common in English-language publications to use the familiar Old Style or New Style terms to discuss events and personalities in other countries, especially with reference to

2809-490: Was the center of a namestnichestvo ( viceroyalty ), with Kazan, Penza , and Saratov Governorates as its integral parts. At first the governorate was divided into lots ( доли , doli ), then into provinces ( провинции , provintsii ) in 1719, and into uyezds ( уезды ) in 1775. Prior to 1796, there were Kazan, Kozmodemyansk , Laishev , Mamadysh , Sviyazhsk , Spassk , Tetyushi , Tsaryovokokshaysk , Tsivilsk , Cheboksary , Chistopol , and Yadrin uyezds. In 1913,

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