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64-554: Rakhine State ( / r ə ˈ k aɪ n / ; Rakhine and Burmese : ရခိုင်ပြည်နယ် ; MLCTS : ra.hkuing pranynai , Rakhine pronunciation [ɹəkʰàiɰ̃ pɹènè] , Burmese pronunciation: [jəkʰàiɰ̃ pjìnɛ̀] ), formerly known as Arakan State , is a state in Myanmar (Burma). Situated on the western coast, it is bordered by Chin State to the north, Magway Region , Bago Region and Ayeyarwady Region to

128-531: A Rakhine by Rohingyas. From both sides, whole villages were "decimated". According to the Burmese authorities, the violence, between ethnic Rakhine Buddhists and Rohingya Muslims, left 78 people dead, 87 injured, and up to 140,000 people have been displaced. The government has responded by imposing curfews and by deploying troops in the region. On 10 June 2012, a state of emergency was declared in Rakhine, allowing

192-711: A Sittwe-based activist, was filed with public mischief charges under the Penal Code. Eight rakhine youths who were wounded in the protest were detained and charged under Article 6 (1) for allegedly destroying government property and public asset. In 2017, State Counselor Aung San Suu Kyi and the Tatmadaw rejected national-level political dialogue, which was a mandatory step of the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (NCA), where regional stakeholders discuss suggestions at large-scale public consultations,

256-591: A day after the Tatmadaw seized power in a coup d'état , mobile internet services were restored in those eight townships in Rakhine State and Chin State. Rakhine State (formerly known as Arakan Province), like many parts of Burma, has a diverse ethnic population. Official Burmese figures state Arakan State's population as 3,118,963. The ethnic Rakhine make up the majority, followed by a considerable population of Rohingya Muslims. The Rakhine reside mainly in

320-625: A few of his retinue. Arakan was to be a battlefield between Ava and Pegu for the next six years. Pegu finally got the upper hand in Arakan in 1412, and placed its nominees in Launggyet and Sandoway (Thandwe). Ava set up a rival outpost in North Arakan at Khwethin-Taung in 1413 but the western principality was spared further warfare as Ava focused on finishing off Pegu. Ava came close but could not topple Pegu. The Avan garrison at Khwethin-Taung

384-502: A free and fair election would not be possible in the townships due to ongoing violence. With the exception of Toungup Township , Rakhine ethnic parties are overwhelmingly dominant in these townships. The Rakhine Nationalities Development Party (RNDP) and Arakan National Party (ANP) won a majority of the seats in these townships the in 2010 and 2015 general elections. An estimated 1.2 million people in Rakhine State subsequently lost their voting rights. The government of Myanmar authorised

448-478: A good commander. He became close to the sultan, and convinced the sultan to help him regain the Arakanese throne. The sultan agreed. In February/March 1429 (Tabaung 790 ME), Saw Mon aided by troops "largely made up of Afghan adventurers" invaded Arakan. The first attempt at the invasion failed because Saw Mon got into an argument with Gen. Wali Khan of Bengal, and was imprisoned by the general. Saw Mon escaped, and

512-506: A higher frequency of open vowels weakening to /ə/ than Standard Burmese. An example is the word for 'salary', ( လခ ), which is [la̰ɡa̰] in standard Burmese, but [ləkha̰] in Arakanese. The following is a summary of consonantal , vowel and rhyme differences from Standard Burmese found in the Arakanese dialect : e.g. The plural particle တို့ ( [do̰] ) corresponds with ရို့ ( [ɹo̰] ) in Arakanese Arakanese

576-530: A maximum six-month prison sentence. Internet services were restored in Maungdaw Township on 1 May 2020. On 1 August 2020, 2G internet services were permitted in the remaining seven townships – Buthidaung, Kyauktaw, Minbya, Mrauk U, Myebon, Ponnagyun and Rathedaung Townships in Rakhine State and Paletwa Township in Chin State. However, 3G and 4G services remained restricted. On 2 February 2021,

640-505: A number of open syllables and closed syllables. For instance, Arakanese has also merged various vowel sounds, such as ဧ ( [e] ) to ဣ ( [i] ). Hence, a word like 'blood', which is spelt သွေး , pronounced ( [θwé] ) in standard Burmese, is pronounced [θwí] in Arakanese. Similarly, Arakanese has a number of closed syllable rhymes that do not exist in Standard Burmese, including /-ɛɴ -ɔɴ -ɛʔ -ɔʔ/ . The Arakanese dialect also has

704-473: A protest after officials banned a memorial event to mark the 233rd anniversary of the end of the Mrauk U kingdom. Local police opened fire on the crowd, killing seven and wounding 12. Two speakers of the event-Aye Maung, a prominent Rakhine politician, was charged under section 17(1) of Unlawful Associations Act and Sections 121 and 505 of the Penal Code, which relate to high treason and incitement and Wai Hun Aung,

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768-571: A rail line (although Myanmar Railways has announced a 480-km rail extension to Sittwe from Pathein via Ponnagyun-Kyauttaw-Mrauk U-Minbya-Ann). The airports in Rakhine State are With Chinese investment, a deep sea port has been constructed in Kyaukphyu to facilitate the transport of natural gas and crude oil from the Indian Ocean to China without passing through Strait of Malacca . Rivers useful for transportation in Rakhine are Rakhine

832-532: A script that predates the usage of written Burmese, there is no contemporary lithic evidence to support the existence of such a script. Min Saw Mon Narameikhla Min Saw Mon ( Arakanese :နရမိတ်လှ မင်းစောမွန်, Burmese pronunciation: [nəɹa̰ meiʔl̥a̰ mɪ́ɰ̃ sɔ́ mʊ̀ɰ̃] , Arakanese transliteration: Meng Sao Mwan , Arakanese pronunciation: [máɰ̃ sɔ́ mʊ̀aɰ̃] ; also known as Suleiman Shah ; 1380–1433)

896-430: A series of conflicts between Rohingya Muslims and Rakhine Buddhists who are majority in the Rakhine State. Before the riots, there were widespread and strongly held fears circulating among Buddhist Rakhines (who were a large majority) that they would soon become a minority in their ancestral state. The riots finally came after weeks of sectarian disputes including the death of ten Burmese Muslims by Rakhines and murder of

960-617: A temporary establishment in Arakan. On 2 January 1785, the internally divided kingdom fell to invading forces of the Konbaung dynasty. The Mahamuni Image was taken away by the Burmese Forces as war loot. Thus, an expansionist Burma came into direct territorial contact with territories of the British East India Company, which set the stage for future flaring of hostility. Various geopolitical issues gave rise to

1024-493: Is Sittwe (formerly known as Akyab). The state was historically known as Arakan in English until the Burmese government adopted the English name Rakhine in 1990. The history of the region of Arakan (now renamed Rakhine) State can be roughly divided into seven parts. The first four divisions and the periods are based on the location of the centre of power of the main polities in the northern Rakhine region, especially along

1088-701: Is အကျွန် in Arakanese (not ကျွန်တော် , as in Standard Burmese). A more unique difference is the 'Hra' sound which is not found in Burmese: only in Arakanese. eg. ဟြာ(Hra/Seek) and Hraa(ဟြား/very good/smart). A gloss of vocabulary differences between Standard Burmese and Arakanese is below: The phonological system described here is the inventory of sounds, represented using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The consonants of Arakanese are: Arakanese largely shares

1152-409: Is 'hospital', which is called ဆေးရုံ in Standard Burmese, but is called သိပ်လှိုင် (pronounced [θeɪʔ l̥àɪɴ]/[ʃeɪʔ l̥àɪɴ] ) in Arakanese, from English sick lines . Other words simply have different meanings (e.g., 'afternoon', ညစ in Arakanese and ညနေ in Standard Burmese). Moreover, some archaic words in Standard Burmese are preferred in Arakanese. An example is the first person pronoun, which

1216-446: Is a summary of the public health care system in the state. Rakhine language Though Arakanese has some similarity with standard Burmese, Burmese speakers find it difficult to communicate with Arakanese speakers. Thus, it is often considered to be a dialect or variety of Burmese. As there are no universally accepted criteria for distinguishing a language from a dialect, scholars and other interested parties often disagree about

1280-590: Is home to Sanskrit inscriptions that date from the first millennium to the 1000s. These inscriptions were written in Northern Brahmic scripts (namely Siddham or Gaudi ), which are ancestral to the Bengali script . However, these inscriptions are not ancestral to Arakanese epigraphy, which uses the Mon–Burmese script . While some Arakanese have coined the term "Rakkhawunna" ( Rakkhavaṇṇa ) to describe

1344-502: Is nominally free, in reality, patients have to pay for medicine and treatment, even in public clinics and hospitals. Public hospitals lack many of the basic facilities and equipment. In general, the health care infrastructure outside of Yangon and Mandalay is extremely poor but is worse in remote areas like Rakhine State. The entire Rakhine State has fewer hospital beds than the Yangon General Hospital . The following

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1408-466: Is one of the poorest states in Myanmar . Over 69% of the population live in poverty. Rice is the main crop in the region, occupying around 85% of the total agricultural land. Coconut and nipa palm plantations are also important. Fishing is a major industry, with most of the catch transported to Yangon , but some is also exported. Wood products such as timber, bamboo and fuel wood are extracted from

1472-616: Is still rudimentary. While most places in Myanmar have chronic power shortages, in rural states like Rakhine the problem is greater. In 2009, the electricity consumption of a state of 3 million people was 30 MW , or 1.8% of the country's total generation capacity. In December 2009, the military government added three more hydropower plants, Saidin, Thahtay Chaung and Laymromyit , at a cost of over US$ 800 million. The three plants together can produce 687 megawatts, with surplus electricity distributed to other states and divisions. Educational opportunities in Myanmar are extremely limited outside

1536-403: Is unevenly distributed between the 1400s to 1800s. In the early 1400s, Arakanese inscriptions began to transition from the square letters associated with stone inscriptions ( kyauksa ), to rounder letters that is now standard for the Burmese script. This coincided with developments in Arakanese literature, which was stimulated by the rise of Mrauk U during the 1400s. What is now Rakhine State

1600-664: Is written using the Burmese script , which descends from Southern Brahmi . Rakhine speakers are taught Rakhine pronunciations using written Burmese, while most Marma speakers are only literate in Bengali. The first extant Arakanese inscriptions, the Launggrak Taung Maw inscription and the Mahathi Crocodile Rock inscription (1356), date to the 1300s, and the epigraphic record of Arakanese inscriptions

1664-579: The Ann to Munbra ( Minbya in Burmese pronunciation) road in central Rakhine, the Toungup to Pamtaung road in south central Rakhine, and the Gwa to Ngathaingchaung road in far southern Rakhine. Air travel still is the usual mode of travel from Yangon and Mandalay to Sittwe and Ngapali , the popular beach resort. Only in 1996 was a highway from Sittwe to the mainland constructed. The state still does not have

1728-655: The First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26). As the image of Mahamuni had been taken as war loot by the Burmese, this time the huge bell of the temple was taken by the Presidency armies and awarded to an Indian soldier, Bhim Singh, a Risaldar in the 2nd Battalion of the Bengal Army , for his bravery. This inscribed huge bell is still installed in a temple at village Nadrai near Kasganj town in present-day Kanshiram Nagar District of Uttar Pradesh India. In

1792-679: The Lemyo River as Waithali waned in influence, and ushered in the Lemro period, where four principal towns served as successive capitals. After its partial dominance by the Islamic Delhi Sultanate and Bengal Sultanate , the final Kingdom of Mrauk U was founded in 1429 by Min Saw Mon . It is seen by the Rakhine people as the golden age of their history, as Mrauk U served as a commercially important port and base of power in

1856-597: The Pagan Empire until the 13th century. Over time, these Bamar migrants formed a distinct cultural identity, eventually becoming the Rakhine people (also known as the Arakanese). According to Rakhine legend, the first recorded kingdom, centred around the northern town of Dhanyawadi , arose in the 34th century BCE and lasted until 327 CE. Rakhine documents and inscriptions state that the famed Mahamuni Buddha image

1920-543: The Thudhamma Nikaya (88.9%), followed by Shwegyin Nikaya (3.9%), with the remainder of monks belonging to other small monastic orders . 534 thilashin were registered in Rakhine State, comprising 0.9% of Myanmar's total thilashin community. The Rakhine are traditionally Theravada Buddhists . As per the 1983 Census, 98.63% of the Rakhine in Rakhine State were Buddhist and another 1.19% were Muslim. The Chin were

1984-573: The Treaty of Yandabo (1826), which ended hostilities, Burma ceded Arakan alongside Tanintharyi (Tenasserim) to British India. The British made Akyab (now Sittwe) the capital of Arakan. Later, Arakan became part of the province of Burma of the British Indian Empire , and then part of British Burma when Burma was made into a separate crown colony . Arakan was administratively divided into three districts along traditional divisions during

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2048-467: The 3rd largest ethnic group, contributing 4% of the population in the 1983 Census. At that time, out of the 64,404 Chin in Rakhine, 55.76% were Buddhist and 33.79% were Animist. Muslims constituted more than 80–96% of the population near the border with Bangladesh and the coastal areas. As per the 1983 Census, 99.82% of the Rohingya, 99.24% of the "Other foreigners", 89.20% of the "Mixed races", 85.50% of

2112-670: The Bay of Bengal region and involved in extensive maritime trade with Arabia and Europe.Part of it, along Bengal Subah 's Chittagong , was later conquered by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb . The country steadily declined from the 18th century onwards after its loss to the Mughal Empire . Internal instability, rebellion and dethroning of kings were very common. The Portuguese, during the era of their greatness in Asia, gained

2176-685: The Burmese Government did not include the Rohingya minority group in the census—classified as stateless Bengali Muslims from Bangladesh since 1982. About 140,000 Rohingya in Burma remain confined in IDP camps. The official of the United Nations and Human Rights Watch have described the persecution of the Rohingya as ethnic cleansing . The UN human rights envoy to Myanmar reported "the long history of discrimination and persecution against

2240-582: The Burmese. Rakhine thus became part of the province of Burma in British India . In 1948, Burma was given independence and Rakhine became part of the newly independent state. Beginning in the 900s, the Bamar began migrating westward, crossing the Arakan Mountains and settling in what is now Rakhine State. By the 1100s, they had consolidated control of the region, becoming a tributary state of

2304-472: The Indians and 67.51% of the "Pakistanis" in Rakhine state were Muslims. Rakhine State consists of five districts, as below, showing areas and officially estimated populations in 2002: Combined, these districts have a total of 17 townships and 1,164 village-tracts. Sittwe is the capital of the state. Few roads cross the Arakan Mountains from central Burma to Rakhine State. The three highways that do are

2368-658: The Kaladan River. Thus, the history is divided into the Dhanyawadi , Waithali , Laymro and Mrauk U . Mrauk U was conquered by the Konbaung dynasty of Burma in 1784–85, after which Rakhine became part of the Konbaung kingdom of Burma. In 1824, the first Anglo-Burmese war erupted and in 1826, Rakhine (alongside Tanintharyi ) was ceded to the British East India Company as war reparations by

2432-686: The Mrauk U period. Rakhine was the centre of multiple insurgencies which fought against British rule, notably led by the monks U Ottama and U Seinda . During the Second World War, Rakhine was given autonomy under the Japanese occupation of Burma and was even granted its own army known as the Arakan Defense Force. The Arakan Defense Force went over to the allies and turned against the Japanese in early 1945. Rakhine (Arakan)

2496-708: The Rohingya community... could amount to crimes against humanity ", and there have been warnings of an unfolding genocide . Yanghee Lee , the UN special investigator on Myanmar, believes the country wants to expel its entire Rohingya population. The NLD government refused to share executive power at state level after the Arakan National Party won a majority of votes in Rakhine State in the 2015 election. The Arakanese repeatedly complained that their proposals in parliament are frequently rejected or not addressed. On 16 January 2018, thousands of Mrauk U residents staged

2560-584: The court, often supported by Ava and Pegu. Saw Mon could not escape the commotion either. Within two years of Saw Mon's accession, the kingdom was drawn into the Forty Years' War between Ava and Pegu. In November 1406, King Minkhaung I of Ava sent in troops led by its crown prince Minye Kyawswa . Ava troops overran Launggyet on 29 November 1406 (Monday, 5th waning of Natdaw 768 ME). Minkhaung I appointed Anawrahta Saw , then governor of Kalay , to be "king" of Arakan. Saw Mon barely escaped to Bengal with

2624-1165: The dialogue, but the government did not reply, and at the Joint Implementation Coordination Meeting (JICM) Aung San Suu Kyi again declined the request, citing sensitive issues involving the Rohingya Muslims in Rakhine State. The Union Election Committee (UEC) announced on 16 October 2020 that the 2020 Myanmar general election would not be held in the townships of Pauktaw , Ponnagyun , Rathedaung , Buthidaung , Maung Daw , Kyauktaw , Minbya , Myebon , Mrauk U ; two quarters and 52 village tracts within Kyaukphyu Township , three quarters and 29 village tracts within Ann Township , four quarters within Sittwe Township , and ten quarters and 52 village tracts within Toungup Township . The UEC argued that holding

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2688-407: The east Ava Kingdom (Ava) and Hanthawaddy Kingdom (Pegu). In 1373/74 (735 ME), the Launggyet court had to ask for a nominee from Ava, which sent Saw Mon II . Saw Mon II was a good ruler but died in 1381 without an heir. Ava sent another nominee. The new king proved to be a tyrant, and was driven out by the court in 1385/86. From 1385/86 to 1404, the Arakanese throne was subject to rival factions of

2752-653: The east, the Bay of Bengal to the west and the Chittagong Division of Bangladesh to the northwest. It is located approximately between latitudes 17°30' north and 21°30' north and longitudes 92°10' east and 94°50' east. The Arakan Mountains or Rakhine Yoma separated Rakhine State from central Burma from North to South. Off the coast of Rakhine State there are some fairly large islands such as Ramree , Cheduba and Myingun . Rakhine State has an area of 36,762 square kilometres (14,194 sq mi) and its capital

2816-622: The king was warned by court astrologers that he would die within a year of foundation of the new capital. He answered that he would rather die to have a safer kingdom for the posterity than to live long, and leave a weak kingdom. The king promptly moved to the new capital when it was completed in 1432/33 (794 ME). Part of the new city, a few miles north of the Mrauk-U Palace , was the Le-myet-hna Temple . He died soon after on 9 May 1433 (Saturday, 6th waning of Kason 795 ME). He

2880-519: The kingdom. He founded a new capital, Mrauk-U , in 1430 at a more strategic location. The king died in 1433, and was succeeded by his younger brother Khayi . The future king was born in 1380/81 (742 ME ) to Prince Razathu II ( ရာဇသူ ) and Princess Saw Nyet Htwa ( စောညက်ထွား ) of Launggyet Kingdom , located in modern northern Rakhine State . The young prince's teenage years were drawn into court politics, and his fortunes were closely tied to those of his father. His father Razathu became king but he

2944-524: The linguistic, historical and social status of Arakanese. There are three dialects of Arakanese: Sittwe – Marma (about two thirds of speakers), Ramree , and Thandwe . While Arakanese and Standard Burmese share the majority of lexicon, Arakanese has numerous vocabulary differences. Some are native words with no cognates in Standard Burmese, like 'sarong' ( လုံခြည် in Standard Burmese, ဒယော in Arakanese). Others are loan words from Bengali , English , and Hindi , not found in Standard Burmese. An example

3008-687: The lowland valleys as well as Ramree and Manaung (Cheduba) islands. A number of other ethnic minorities like the Thet , Kamein , Chin , Mro , Chakma , Khami , Daingnet , Bengali Hindu and Maramagri inhabit mainly in the hill regions of the state. According to the State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee 's 2016 statistics, 12,943 Buddhist monks were registered in Rakhine State, comprising 2.4% of Myanmar's total Sangha membership, which includes both novice samanera and fully-ordained bhikkhu. The majority of monks belong to

3072-421: The main cities of Yangon and Mandalay . The following is a summary of the public school system in the state in academic year 2013–2014. Sittwe University is the main university in the state. The general state of health care in Myanmar is poor. The military government spends anywhere from 0.5% to 3% of the country's GDP on health care, consistently ranking among the lowest in the world. Although health care

3136-556: The military to participate in the administration of the region. Rohingya NGOs overseas have accused the Burmese army and police of targeting Rohingya Muslims through arrests and participating in violence. However, an in-depth research conducted by the International Crisis Group shows that both communities are grateful for the protection provided by the military. A number of monks' organisations have taken measures to block aid from NGOs that help Rohingyas. In July 2012,

3200-432: The mountains. Small amounts of inferior-grade crude oil are produced from primitive, shallow, hand-dug wells, but there is yet unexplored potential for petroleum and natural gas production. Tourism is slowly being developed. The ruins of the ancient royal town Mrauk U and the beach resorts of Ngapali are the major attractions for foreign visitors, but facilities are still primitive, and the transportation infrastructure

3264-449: The regional majority of the Rakhine people . Since 2010, Rakhine state has had two chief ministers: Hla Maung Tin and Major General Maung Maung Ohn. Hla Maung Tin ( January 2011 – 20 June 2014) was an elected Rakhine State Hluttaw member representing USDP from Ann Township in 2010 general election. He resigned from the post after recurrent intense inter-communal conflicts between Muslims and Rakhine ethnic groups in 2012–14. In 2014, he

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3328-711: The restriction was re-imposed in those five townships in February 2020. Around 100 students gathered in Yangon on 22 February 2020 and demanded an end to the internet cut-off in Rakhine and Chin states, where civilian casualties are mounting as government troops battle ethnic rebels, the Arakan Army . A case has been filed, on nine students who organised the protest, under section 19 of the Peaceful Assembly Law, which outlaws unauthorised assemblies and carries

3392-680: The results of which are shared by representatives at the Union Peace Conference or 21st Century Panglong, to be held in Rakhine State. In February 2017, the Arakan Liberation Party —which is one of eight NCA signatories—proposed holding ethnic-based national-level political dialogue in Rakhine State, but Aung San Suu Kyi turned down the request, saying the ALP was not yet ready. The ALP made necessary preparations and submitted letters three times to request approval to hold

3456-454: The same set of consonant phonemes as standard Burmese, though Arakanese more prominently uses /ɹ/ , which has largely merged to /j/ in standard Burmese (with some exceptions). Because Arakanese has preserved the /ɹ/ sound, the /-ɹ-/ medial (which is preserved in writing in Standard Burmese with the diacritic ြ ) is still distinguished in the following Arakanese consonant clusters: /ɡɹ- kɹ- kʰɹ- ŋɹ- pɹ- pʰɹ- bɹ- mɹ- m̥ɹ- hɹ-/ . For example,

3520-525: The shutdown of internet services in nine townships on 21 June 2019, including Ponnangyun, Kyauktaw, Maungdaw, Buthidaung, Rathedaung, Mrauk U, Minbya, and Myebon in Rakhine State, as well as Paletwa in Chin State . The restriction was lifted in five of nine townships in September 2019: four in Rakhine State – Maungdaw, Buthidaung, Rathedaung and Myebon – and one township in Chin State, Paletwa. However,

3584-444: The sultan agreed to another attempt. The second invasion went well. Saw Mon was proclaimed king at Launggyet on 18 April 1429 (Thursday, 1st waning of Kason 791 ME). (According to some Arakanese chronicles, such as Inzauk Razawin , the second invasion took place in 1430, a year later). Saw Mon became king of Arakan but as a vassal of Bengal. His domain was still restricted to northern Arakan where southern Arakan ( Sandoway (Thandwe))

3648-441: The word "blue," spelt ပြာ , is pronounced /pjà/ in standard Burmese, but pronounced /pɹà/ in Arakanese. Moreover, there is less voicing in Arakanese than in Standard Burmese, occurring only when the consonant is unaspirated. Unlike in Burmese, voicing never shifts from [θ] to [ð] . The vowels of Arakanese are: While Arakanese shares the same set of vowels as Burmese, Arakanese rhymes also diverge from Standard Burmese for

3712-467: Was also driven out in 1416 by the local northern Arakanese. A divided Arakan was tributary to Pegu at least until King Razadarit 's death in 1421. It is not clear if then vassal kings remained loyal to the successors of Razadarit. The Arakanese chronicle Rakhine Razawin Thit notes at least two rival courts—one at Launggyet and one at Sandoway. Meanwhile Saw Mon had entered the service of Sultan Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah of Bengal , and proved to be

3776-518: Was cast in Dhanyawady in around 554 BCE when the Buddha visited the kingdom. After the fall of Dhanyawadi in the 4th century CE, the centre of power shifted to a new dynasty based in the town of Waithali. The Waithali kingdom ruled the regions of Rakhine from the middle of the 4th century to 818 CE. The period is seen as the classical period of Rakhine culture, architecture and Buddhism, as the Waithali period left behind more archaeological remains than its predecessor. A new dynasty emerged in four towns along

3840-422: Was deposed in 1395. He regained the throne in 1397 until his death in 1401. Razathu's younger brother Theinkhathu ( သိင်္ခသူ ) succeeded Razathu, who died in 1404. When Saw Mon ascended to the throne in April 1404, the Arakanese (Rakhine) kingdom had been on its last legs for three decades. The kingdom had seen seemingly endless episodes of political instability and interference from its two stronger neighbors to

3904-440: Was replaced by Major General Maung Maung Ohn (30 June 2014 – present). Ohn was Deputy Minister for Border Affairs and head of the Rakhine State's Emergency Coordination Center before he was named to become a military-appointed Rakhine State Hluttaw member by Election Commission on 21 June 2014. His appointment as Chief Minister was formalised on 30 June 2014 although Arakan National Party opposed it. The 2012 Rakhine State riots were

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3968-416: Was still independent. He decided to move the capital from Launggyet. The new capital, though not far from Launggyet, was much more strategically located, and would prove much more difficult for invaders to attack. He founded the new capital of Mrauk-U on 16 November 1430 (Sunday, 1st waxing of Natdaw 792 ME) (or 20 August 1430 / Sunday, 1st waxing of Tawthalin 792). According to the Arakanese chronicles ,

4032-402: Was the last king of Launggyet Dynasty and the founder of Mrauk-U Dynasty of Arakan . He became king in 1404 but was driven out of Launggyet in 1406 by Crown Prince Minye Kyawswa of Ava . He sought refuge in the Bengal Sultanate , and later entered the military service of Sultan Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah . In 1429, he reclaimed the Arakanese throne with the help of the sultan, and ruled

4096-531: Was the site of many battles during the Second World War, most notably the Arakan Campaign 1942–43 and the Battle of Ramree Island . In 1948, Rakhine became a division within the Union of Burma, and the three districts became Arakan Division. From the 1950s, there was a growing movement for secession and restoration of Arakan independence. In part to appease this sentiment, in 1974, the socialist government under General Ne Win constituted "Rakhine State" from Arakan Division giving at least nominal acknowledgment of

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