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115-586: On 6 February 2023, much of the city was destroyed in the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes which had their epicentre in Pazarcık and Elbistan in Kahramanmaraş province. The city center is 568 meters above sea level. Ceyhan River , which originates from the mountains surrounding Elbistan Plain is the most important hydrological feature in the city. Kahramanmaraş has a Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csa , Trewartha : Cs ) with continental influences from

230-657: A gas pipeline exploded. The building that housed the assembly of Hatay State was destroyed, as was St. Paul's Church and the Habib'i Neccar Mosque , while damage occurred at the Antakya Synagogue and the Hatay Archaeology Museum . Several dozen buildings in Güzelburç district and nearly every house in the central and Cebrail districts collapsed. Most of the squad and coaching staff of

345-525: A Modified Mercalli intensity of X ( Extreme ). A peak ground acceleration of 1.62 g was recorded by a station at Fevzipaşa . The peak ground acceleration generally exceeded 0.5 g in a large area around the epicenter, near Adiyaman and a large part of Hatay. High pga values of 2 g were recorded in Hatay. The maximum recorded pga was 2.212 g at a station in Pazarcık Belediyesi Parkı, Pazarcık;

460-481: A Turkish gendarme escorting four Muslim women to a house. When they were safely inside he turned and fired his rifle into the air three times. Immediately fire replied from every quarter." As Stanley Kerr recounts: The city was deserted except for groups of heavily armed Turks who were all headed in one direction... It was apparent that the insurrection had been carefully planned. Groups of armed men occupied houses at street intersections and shot down French soldiers on

575-411: A block 1.3 km (0.50 sq mi). This landslide occurred in a region comprising marl and clay-rich limestone. It produced a 20 m (66 ft) vertical displacement along its scarp. ITV News reported the landslide scarp was up to 1,000 ft (300 m) long and "wider than a football pitch" in some areas. Despite an epicenter 90 km (56 mi) inland, a tsunami was recorded in

690-524: A constant barrage upon the American relief hospital. Thibault recorded "the vigilance and boldness of the rebels, who seemed to be animated by an ardent offensive spirit." Previously, a telegram sent to the French Commander by the most respected elders of Marash stated that British occupation had been understandable and no incident had occurred and they did not object to a French occupation, but

805-567: A few Turks they found here and there. The Armenians were rejoicing at the defeat of the Turks—not knowing that the French were in the process of evacuating the city. Dr. Mustafa, a leader of the Turks, planned to surrender under the condition that Turkish women and children would be protected, but was murdered after meeting with French leaders. His letter stating his willingness to surrender and his terms

920-456: A government health facility nearby had limited damage but the surrounding town was devastated. The maximum recorded pga during the M w   7.7 earthquake was 0.59 g at Göksun . According to Kandilli Observatory , the maximum Mercalli intensity (MMI) of the mainshock was estimated to have reached MMI XI–XII ( Extreme ) in Antakya and near the epicenter. MMI XI ( Extreme ) or higher

1035-400: A large fire at the port was reported on 6 February at 17:00, believed to have originated from a container carrying flammable industrial oil, forcing the port's closure and the diversion of many ships. It was extinguished on 6 and 8 February, only for it to reignite the next day each time. It was finally extinguished on 10 February. A total of 3,670 containers were destroyed by the fire and

1150-864: A maximum slip of 11.2 m (37 ft) along Segment 2, beneath Sakarya in Kahramanmaraş Province, northeast of the junction where it meets Segment 1. Another zone of large slip estimated at 4.96 m (16.3 ft) occurred further northeast along Segment 2, northwest of Adıyaman. The USGS source model for the M w  7.7 earthquake which struck nine hours later has three large fault segments with individual lengths, widths, strikes and dips of >70 km (43 mi) × >20 km (12 mi), 276°/80° (Segment 1), >40 km (25 mi) × >20 km (12 mi), 250°/80° (Segment 2) and ~80 km (50 mi) × >20 km (12 mi), 060°/80° (Segment 3). Maximum displacement occurred on Segment 1 at 11.4 m (37 ft). Three segments of

1265-488: A powerful 7.8 magnitude earthquake struck near Kahramanmaraş, causing widespread damage to the city and leaving more than 50,000 people dead. Several internationally known ice cream companies, like MADO , Yaşar Pastanesi , EDO and Ferah Pastanesi , started their business in Kahramanmaraş, and thousands of people visit the city because of its ice cream ( dondurma in Turkish). At 2,300 m (7,500 ft) elevation,

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1380-531: A proposal by Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau to have the French formally assume control of Cilicia. The transfer of command took place on 4 November, but Field Marshal Ferdinand Foch 's promise to reinforce the existing forces in the area with at least 32 infantry battalions , 20 cavalry squadrons and 14 artillery batteries went unfulfilled. The French units were thus deprived of armoured cars and air support and lacked automatic weapons, heavy artillery and even wireless transmitters and carrier pigeons . After

1495-1074: A six-story apartment building collapsed. In Nurdağı , nearly 2,500 people died and about 50 percent of the houses were badly damaged or destroyed. An additional 30 percent of its building stock received moderate damage. Mass graves were created to bury the overwhelming number of dead. Gaziantep Oğuzeli Airport was forced to restrict its service to rescue flights. Ninety percent of houses were heavily damaged or destroyed in Sakçagözü , and 256 people died. In İslahiye , there were 1,368 deaths, over 1,500 injuries and more than 200 destroyed apartments. There were over 130 deaths in Sulumağara ; 200 in Altınüzüm ; and 300–400 in Keküklü . In Hatay Province , 13,517 buildings collapsed, 8,162 required demolition and 67,346 were heavily damaged, along with 215,255 houses. The districts of Antakya , Kırıkhan and İskenderun were

1610-650: Is a potential source of magnitude 7.0 or greater earthquakes. The accumulated slip along this segment is estimated at 3–9 m (9.8–29.5 ft). An earthquake "domino effect" remains plausible along the Dead Sea Transform beginning with the Hacıpaşa Fault, as observed along the North Anatolian Fault, where successive earthquakes have migrated westwards along the fault since 1939. There were 53,537 deaths and 107,213 injured across 11 of

1725-471: Is near the border with Syria. The earthquake hypocenter was at a depth of 10.0 km (6 mi) according to USGS and 5 km (3 mi) according to KOERI. The shock had a focal mechanism corresponding to strike-slip faulting . It is one of the strongest ever recorded in Turkey, equivalent in magnitude to the 1939 Erzincan earthquake (M w  7.8). These earthquakes are surpassed only by

1840-425: Is the deadliest earthquake in what is now present-day Turkey since the 526 Antioch earthquake and the deadliest natural disaster in its modern history. It is also the deadliest in present-day Syria since the 1822 Aleppo earthquake ; the deadliest worldwide since the 2010 Haiti earthquake ; and the fifth-deadliest of the 21st century . Damages were estimated at US$ 148.8 billion in Turkey, or nine-percent of

1955-523: The 1668 North Anatolia earthquake . It is also one of the strongest earthquakes ever recorded in the Levant . It was felt as far as Egypt and the Black Sea coast of Turkey. There were more than 30,000 aftershocks in the three months that followed. The seismic sequence was the result of shallow strike-slip faulting along segments of the Dead Sea Transform, East Anatolian and Sürgü–Çardak faults. There

2070-469: The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions , 4,500 Turks were killed during the battle. In modern Turkey, data on the ethnic makeup of the country is not officially collected, though estimates exist. Kahramanmaraş is currently predominantly populated by Turkish and also Kurdish people, with a small Armenian population. The population of the city was 571,266 as of 2022. In February 2023,

2185-632: The Amik Valley , where some 10.5 km (6.5 mi) to its east is the Hacıpaşa Fault, a Dead Sea Transform segment. The rupture was arrested by a stepover that connects the East Anatolian Fault with the Hacıpaşa Fault. Though it did not rupture, the Coulomb stress increased on the Hacıpaşa Fault. With a combination of the increases stress, 600–900 years without major earthquakes, and an annual slip rate of 5 mm (0.20 in), it

2300-704: The Cyprus arc to the west via the Latakia Ridge . The 700 km-long (430 mi) EAF is subdivided into seven segments, from the northeast; the Karlıova , Ilıca, Palu , Pütürge , Erkenek, Pazarcık and Amanos segments. The Amanos segment is also considered part of the DST by some geologists, or a transitional structure between the EAF and DST by others. A northern strand to the EAF has also been recognized, including

2415-719: The First World War , Maras was controlled by British troops between 22 February 1919 and 30 October 1919, then by French troops, after the Armistice of Mudros . Dr. Mustafa, a Turkish revolutionary and leader in Marash, heard news of the Erzurum Congress that stated Turkish people had the right to resist in majority Turkish speaking lands. On the first day of the French occupation, he was able to telegraph with Mustafa Kemal and succeeded in requesting support from

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2530-581: The Maraş Massacre of leftist Alevis took place in the city. A Turkish nationalist group, the Grey Wolves , incited the violence that left more than 100 dead. The incident was important in the Turkish government's decision to declare martial law, and the eventual military coup in 1980 . In February 2023, a powerful 7.8 magnitude earthquake struck near Kahramanmaraş, causing widespread damage to

2645-567: The Turkish War of Independence , the French army occupied Maraş, and some Armenians returned to the city as French legionnaires, in addition to returning locals. In February 1920, Turkish nationalist forces regained control from the French, resulting in a massacre of the Armenian population . The official French report stated that the victims did "not exceed 5,000", though the initial estimates varied. According to Dr. Robert Lambert's report to

2760-512: The 17 affected provinces of Turkey . About 140 people remain missing; 118 in Hatay Province. At least 15.73 million people and 4 million buildings were affected. More than 2 million residents in the affected provinces were evacuated to nearby provinces including Mersin, Antalya, Mardin, Niğde and Konya. At least 518,009 houses and over 345,000 apartments were destroyed. More than 20 percent of Turkey's agriculture production

2875-512: The 6 February earthquakes. Preliminary analysis based on seismology and observations of surface rupture suggest rupture along a branch of the DST before transitioning onto the EAF where most of the faulting was observed. The initial rupture at the site of the epicenter of the M7.8 shock on the Narlı Fault, the northernmost section of the DST. The fault ruptured unilaterally northwards until it reached

2990-552: The Afrin, Sermada, Armanaz, Hacıpaşa, Yesemek, Sakçagöz and Narlı segments. The EAF has produced large or damaging earthquakes in the past few hundred years along various segments, including the 1789 (M 7.2, Palu), 1795 (M 7.0, Pazarcık), 1866 (M 7.2 Karlıova) , 1872 (M 7.2, Amanos) , 1874 (M 7.1, Palu), 1875 (M 6.7, Palu), 1893 (M 7.1, Erkenek) , 1971 (M6.6, Karlıova) and 2020 (M 6.8, Pütürge) events. Other large historical earthquakes have been tentatively assigned to segments of

3105-673: The Amik Valley. The westernmost part of Hatay Airport was damaged by surface ruptures but cracks in the runway were attributed to ground deformation. A major canal was damaged and lead to flooding in parts of the Amik Valley which was formerly Lake Amik . Field observations indicate a maximum displacement of 7.3 m (24 ft) on the surface. Geologists traced a 15 km (9.3 mi) surface rupture trending south from Pazarcık with an offset of 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in). From Golbasi to Nurdağı ground displacements were up to 5 m (16 ft). The surface rupture observed during

3220-601: The Armenians lost 2,100, mostly civilians. In the months following the end of the war, Cilicia had also become a source of dispute between the British and French, who both aspired to establish influence in the region. The British government, however, was under strong domestic pressure to withdraw and demobilize its forces in the Middle East and on 15 September 1919, Prime Minister David Lloyd George begrudgingly accepted

3335-728: The DST truncates at the East Anatolian Fault (EAF), another major left-lateral strike-slip fault zone that accommodates the overall westward movement of the Anatolian plate as it is extruded in that direction by the northward movement of the Arabian plate. The DST and EAF meet at the Marash triple junction . The EAF continues west of the triple junction , forming the boundary between the African and Anatolian plates, linking into

3450-648: The Danishmends besieged Germanikeia unsuccessfully, but captured it the next year. However, the Crusaders retook it in 1137. Kaykhusraw I , Sultan of Rum captured Marash in 1208. Seljuk rule lasted to 1258, when Marash was captured by the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia , following the war with the Ilkhanate . Served by an Armenian Apostolic Church archbishop, it became for a very short period of time,

3565-525: The Defense of Rights, and split their forces into a clandestine cell system , with the members of each cell only knowing the activities and identities of members of their own group of ten. Additional recruits were sought from neighboring villages. The Turkish forces in Marash numbered 2,500. Some of them were armed with old hunting rifles and others with melee weapons. Before the battle, they obtained 850 rifles, two machine guns and two cannons (not used during

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3680-436: The EAF rupture. Supershear rupture occurred along the northernmost section of the Narlı Fault where it meets the EAF. The rupture transitioned onto the EAF and propagated northeast at supershear velocity until its termination near Malatya. Rupture towards the southwest was mostly subshear, but at the southern termination in Hatay, where the fault has multiple branches and kinks, supershear was likely observed. Supershear rupture at

3795-504: The EAF were involved in the M w   7.8 rupture; the Amanos, Pazarcık and Erkenek segments. The earthquake ruptured ~370 km (230 mi) of the EAF, producing a maximum slip of up to ~12 m (39 ft) along the Pazarcık segment. The northern end of the rupture was about 20–30 km (12–19 mi) south of the M w   6.8 earthquake that struck in 2020. This section of

3910-524: The EAF, such as the 1114 and 1513 Marash earthquakes , both thought to have ruptured the Pazarcık segment. The Palu and Pütürge segments in the east display a recurrence interval of about 150 years for M 6.8–7.0 earthquakes. The Pazarcık and Amanos segments in the west have recurrence intervals of 237–772 years and 414–917 years, respectively, for M 7.0–7.4 earthquakes. A research paper published by Earth and Planetary Science Letters in 2002 studied stress accumulation and increased seismic hazard along

4025-455: The EAF, the Pütürge segment, between both earthquakes, may represent a seismic gap . The southern segment of the EAF rupture was at its termination, near Antakya. Slip peaked at 12 m (39 ft) from the surface to 7 km (4.3 mi) depth during the M w   7.7 earthquake; slip was 11 m (36 ft) at the surface. Slip along the fault was compact—mostly confined to within

4140-400: The EAF. The M w  7.7 earthquake triggered its own aftershock sequence, including two mb  6.0 aftershocks. Aftershocks of the second earthquake continued through at least 9 February. Thousands of aftershocks associated with this earthquake were distributed along an east–west trend corresponding to the Çardak Fault for about 170 km (110 mi). A source model for

4255-502: The East Anatolian Fault. The study concluded two sections of the fault with a considerably high potential for future earthquakes. One of these sections was in Elazığ and Bingöl, located between the rupture zones of the 1874 and 1971 earthquakes. The seismic gap ruptured during a M w   6.1 earthquake in 2010. The 2020 M w   6.8 earthquake ruptured to the southwest between the 1893/1905 and 1874 earthquakes. Another seismic gap

4370-519: The Hatay Fault. The focal mechanism indicated normal faulting along a northeast–southwest striking fault. The extent of surface ruptures associated with the M7.8 and M7.7 earthquakes have been mapped using a mixture of satellite imagery and ground observations. Pixel matching on images captured by Sentinel-1 before and after the earthquakes showed sharp discontinuities in displacement, revealing two separate zones of surface rupture . The longer of

4485-543: The M ww  7.8 earthquake produced by the USGS from observed seismic waves, taking into account preliminary rupture mapping from satellite data, uses three fault segments with individual lengths, widths, strikes and dips of >40 km (25 mi) × 30 km (19 mi), 028°/85° (Segment 1), >175 km (109 mi) × 30 km (19 mi), 060°/85° (Segment 2) and >160 km (99 mi) × 20 km (12 mi), 025°/75° (Segment 3). The mainshock produced

4600-552: The M7.8 earthquake was unusually large, comparable to that during the 1906 San Francisco earthquake along the San Andreas Fault . Large surface offsets of 6–8 m (20–26 ft) were observed along the Sürgü-Çardak Fault. Along a road west of Gözpınar  [ ce ; tr ; tt ; vi ] , the rupture displaced the road left-laterally for 8.6 m (28 ft). The largest maximum surface offset

4715-461: The M7.8 event. It had a depth of 7.4 km (5 mi) according to the USGS, 5 km (3 mi) by KOERI, and 13 km (8 mi) by Geoscope. The shock was also the result of strike-slip faulting; it had an epicenter north of the previous large earthquake. A reevaluation of the earthquakes using long-period coda moment magnitude obtained M w   7.95 ± 0.013 and M w   7.86 ± 0.012, respectively. These earthquakes were some of

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4830-636: The Mediterranean Sea. It was the first recorded tsunami in the eastern Mediterranean Sea region since the one produced by the 1953 M L   6.2 earthquake in Cyprus . The largest wave measured 40 cm (16 in) along the Mediterranean coast of Turkey. Although no underwater surveys results have been made available to identify the sources of these tsunamis, they were likely produced by landsliding at Iskenderun Port and liquefaction on

4945-533: The Ottoman army to oppose deportation. On the morning of 26 July 1915, they attacked and burned six Turkish villages and their crops. Due to Muslim conscription for World War One , victims were women, children, and the elderly. In response, the Turkish army began a siege of Fundijak under Ali Bey on August 1. 91 captured fighters were executed, and another 100 were deported. The Turkish losses were estimated at 2,000 soldiers and between 4,000 and 5,000 villagers, while

5060-438: The Pazarcık segment of the East Anatolian Fault. Ruptures then continued bilaterally to the northeast and southwest along this segment. This subevent on the Narlı Fault corresponded to a M w   7.0 earthquake which ruptured for 20 seconds. It had a focal mechanism corresponding to oblique-normal faulting. A preliminary analysis of near-field (within 1 km (0.62 mi) of the fault rupture) seismic records indicates that

5175-504: The Sürgü, Çardak, Savrun, Çokak, Toprakkale, Yumurtalık, Karataş, Yakapınar and Düziçi–İskenderun segments. The estimated slip rate on the main strand of the EAF system decreases south-westwards from 10 mm (0.39 in) per year on the Karlıova segment down to 2.9 mm (0.11 in) per year on the Amanos segment. On the northern strand, a slip rate of 2.5 mm (0.098 in) per year

5290-477: The Turkish National Forces in Marash, though they would not arrive in time for the battle. The Sütçü İmam incident , in which a French Legionnaire ripped off the hijab of a woman, contributed to the sparking of public unrest and led to the first shot being fired against the French occupying forces. There was also another incident in which 20 Turkish 'notables' of the city would be killed during

5405-423: The Turkish forces lost 2,000 soldiers. Due to Muslim conscription for World War One , victims were women, children, and the elderly. This would severely accelerate the deportation process for Armenians in Marash. A total of 20,000 Armenians from Marash would be deported, as local officials intentionally grouped the local population under the deportation orders for 'foreign armies' due to French association. During

5520-592: The Turkish government revealed at least 61,722 buildings had to be demolished including 11,900 in Gaziantep Province, 10,900 in Hatay Province, 10,800 in Kahramanmaraş Province and 36,046 in Malatya Province. Broad fissures appeared on roads. During recovery efforts, body parts were often found in the rubble. In Adana , 12 buildings collapsed in the city center, 23 were badly damaged and 120 were moderately damaged. Three apartments were among

5635-537: The Turks themselves performed that maneuver only half an hour before the French zero hour The French responded with cannon fire, shelling Turkish houses and subjecting the city to 'heavy bombardment'. Lieutenant Colonel Thibault recorded that General Querette was head of much of the operations, and told ordered his men to flush out enemy troops from the houses, though Turkish rebels would adopt this strategy to greater success using fire rather than cannons. Turkish rebels threw kerosene -doused rags on Armenian houses and laid

5750-510: The Turks—rushed out from their imprisonment and began to help themselves to everything they could carry out of the empty Turkish houses. They soon reached our center with the news and our people, too, ran for booty. In a few hours our two buildings were filled with food, clothes, house furnishings, etc. I was displeased by all this... At nightfall, as if to avenge the deeds of the Turks, the Armenians set mosques and Turkish houses on fire and killed

5865-496: The USGS had reported at least 54 aftershocks of 4.3 or greater magnitude, while the Turkish Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency (AFAD) recorded at least 120 total aftershocks. A M ww  6.3 aftershock struck near Uzunbağ in Hatay Province on 20 February; the earthquake was the result of oblique-normal faulting. The M w   7.8 earthquake had aftershocks distributed along ~350 km (220 mi) of

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5980-428: The attacks. The notables refused responsibility, but agreed to paying the French a compensation to replace supplies. However, they also stated that France was violating the terms of the Armistice of Mudros . Immediately after the remaining notables had left the French headquarters, the Turkish rebellion began. The plan was to strike suddenly. The very first shots fired were witnessed by nurse Osanna Maksudian, who "noted

6095-403: The battle. In a telegraph, General Dufieux advised the immediate evacuation of Marash if there was no ceasefire. The French secretly planned to withdraw, but Armenian legionnaires spread the word to their neighbors. That morning, Turkish rebels told their families to evacuate the city. Upon hearing this news, an Armenian pastor recounted: The Armenians—learning that the city was now evacuated by

6210-399: The beginning of the occupation, and 20 more would be injured. The Reverend Pascal Maljian was hit by a stone thrown through a window and cut his cheek. According to his account, "Hovnan Pasha had summoned several of the new Armenian recruits and demanded that my blood should not be allowed to dry without being avenged on that very Sunday afternoon... He fired at the lamp, and taking advantage of

6325-420: The building said they adhered to building regulations but those were not enough against the earthquake. The 13-storey apartment block consists of three closely spaced buildings linked externally, but not structurally; when the collapse occurred, all three buildings separated. The basement, two-storey parking space was considered the "strongest part" of the complex as it had more concrete walls than other parts of

6440-462: The buildings that collapsed in the city. Across Adana Province , damage assessments revealed 59 buildings, 1,274 apartments and 2,952 houses were destroyed, severely damaged or required demolition. At least 300 buildings were razed in Malatya . Sixty percent of the city's buildings received damage. Nearly every neighborhood of the city was affected by collapsed buildings. Out of the 968 mosques in

6555-495: The churches were set alight. When the 2,000 Armenians who had taken shelter in the Catholic cathedral attempted to leave, they were shot. The official French report stated that the victims did "not exceed 5,000". Early reports put the number of Armenians dead at no less than 16,000, although this was later revised down to 5,000–12,000. Stanley Kerr, who served the remaining Christians, stated that 9,700 Armenians were in Marash after

6670-796: The city and hosted the exhausted army of the First Crusade for four days before it moved on to the Siege of Antioch . According to the Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa , it was destroyed by an earthquake and 40,000 people were killed on the 12th of the month of Mareri in the Armenian year 563 (November 29, 1114). In 1100, the city was captured by the Danishmends , followed by the Seljuks in 1103. In 1107, Crusaders led by Tancred retook it with aid from Toros I of Cilician Armenia . In 1135,

6785-1511: The city and over 12,000 were injured. In Erzin District , 31 buildings collapsed and 897 were heavily damaged or had to be demolished. However, there were no collapses or major damage in Erzin , the largest town in the district. Multiple factors including strict building codes prevented destruction. An estimated 20,000 people fled to Erzin, increasing its population by about 50 percent. In Samandağ , 670 buildings collapsed, 9,212 were badly damaged or required demolition and 7,850 people died. At least 1,046 buildings collapsed and 3,452 others were severely damaged or had to be demolished in Hassa District . In Altınözü , 838 buildings were destroyed, 3,892 others were badly damaged and 650 others required demolition. There were 213 collapsed buildings and 1,453 others had been severely damaged or had to be demolished in Yayladağı . At least 139 buildings collapsed, 755 others were badly damaged and 87 others had to be demolished in Belen . In Dörtyol , 115 buildings were destroyed and 2,030 others had to be demolished or were severely damaged. Mass burials occurred in Kahramanmaraş for more than 5,000 bodies. A city official said

6900-499: The city of Adıyaman , four neighborhoods were razed. Many buildings along Atatürk Boulevard collapsed. The city hall, a 6th-century mosque and Gölbaşı District 's state hospital were also destroyed. Isias Hotel , the largest hotel in the city, also collapsed, killing 65 people. Up to 10 percent of Adıyaman's population perished. The mayor of Kömür said the Karapınar and Bahçelievler neighborhoods were nearly destroyed. Destruction

7015-414: The city was observed after the earthquakes. Earlier flooding may be attributed to liquefaction while subsequent occurrences may be due to damage to the coast and water infrastructure. The sea inundated parts of the city by as much as 200 m (660 ft). Large areas of the coast and sections of piers were flooded due to lateral spreading. Large waves from bad weather and a tsunami may have contributed to

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7130-617: The city, 25 were destroyed and 420 others were damaged. Two hotels collapsed in Malatya, causing many casualties. The ceiling of Malatya Erhaç Airport experienced a partial collapse, as did the historic Yeni Camii mosque . Damage was also reported at the Arslantepe Mound . In Akçadağ , 11 people died, including four attributed to the second earthquake. At least 263 deaths were reported in Doğanşehir . In Gaziantep , many of

7245-459: The city, leaving more than 50,000 people dead. The city center was hardest-hit as many homes were destroyed. An estimated 17.37 percent of the city was destroyed. In 1904, Mark Sykes recorded Marash as a city inhabited by Armenians and Turks. Ephraim K. Jernazian estimated that in 1913 the city was home to 45 thousand Turks and 30 thousand Armenians, while other ethnic groups had very small representation. Stanley Kerr reported Turks comprised 75% of

7360-514: The coastal flatlands of Antakya. Small tsunami waves were recorded off the coast of Famagusta , Cyprus, without damage. The tsunami measured 0.17 m (6.7 in), and tsunami waves were recorded at 0.12 m (4.7 in) at İskenderun and 0.13 m (5.1 in) at Erdemli . Tsunami warnings were issued for the southern Turkish coast, southern and eastern Italian coasts and the whole eastern Mediterranean Sea area, but later withdrawn. The earthquake rupture terminated near Suvatlı in

7475-473: The confusion when it flared up, tossed a German hand grenade into the cafe". The explosion wounded some twenty of the Turkish notables and killed another twenty." The cafe was chosen due to its closeness to where the Reverend had been hit, and due to the fact that respected members of the community, or 'notables', often gathered there in the evenings. On 27 November 1919, a group of Turks gathered in secret at

7590-423: The core concrete columns which housed the elevator systems were situated along the north side which left the south side vulnerable without adequate support. Another reason was that beams emerging from either side of the building were misaligned and did not connect to each other. These features may have contributed to the building overturning onto its south side. In İskenderun , an industrial city in Hatay Province,

7705-516: The country's GDP, and US$ 14.8 billion in Syria. Damaged roads, winter storms, and disruption to communications hampered the Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency 's rescue and relief effort, which included a 60,000-strong search-and-rescue force, 5,000 health workers and 30,000 volunteers. Following Turkey's call for international help, more than 141,000 people from 94 countries joined

7820-457: The early Iron Age (late 11th century BC to ca. 711 BC), Maraş was the capital city of the Syro-Hittite state Gurgum ( Hieroglyphic Luwian Kurkuma). It was known as "the Kurkumaean city " to its Luwian inhabitants and as Marqas to the Assyrians . In 711 BC, the land of Gurgum was annexed as an Assyrian province and renamed Marqas after its capital. Maraş was called Germanicia Caesarea ( Ancient Greek : Γερμανίκεια , Germanikeia ) in

7935-403: The effects observed at İskenderun. Both earthquakes caused shaking levels (≥0.12  g ) sufficient for landslide-triggering across a 90,000 km (35,000 sq mi) area. About 3,673 earthquake-triggered landslides were identified using satellite imagery, aerial photos, and one field survey of the area. Landslides mainly occurred in the northern region of the affected area. Rockslides were

8050-401: The effects of stress changes caused by the M7.8 earthquake on the Çardak–Sürgü Fault, based on the USGS fault model, indicated up to 3 bars of added stress near the epicenter of the M7.7 shock, sufficient to trigger rupture on that zone, assuming that it was already close to failure. Stress on the Hatay Fault, source of the 20 February M w   6.4 aftershock, increased by 1 bar following

8165-434: The epicenter and in Antakya . It was followed by a M w  7.7 earthquake at 13:24. This earthquake was centered 95 km (59 mi) north-northeast from the first. There was widespread damage and tens of thousands of fatalities. The M w  7.8 earthquake is the largest in Turkey since the 1939 Erzincan earthquake of the same magnitude, and jointly the second-largest in the country, after larger estimates for

8280-437: The fault is low—the only associated earthquake was a M 6.8 event in 1544. The northern part of the DST is subdivided into several segments, although there is some disagreement between scientists as to which faults should be assigned to the DST and which to the EAF, at the northernmost end of the structure. Following the 2013 "Active Fault Map of Turkey", seven DST segments are recognized in Turkey and neighbouring parts of Syria;

8395-504: The fighting), from the gendarmerie building in Marash. Those without firearms armed themselves with rifles acquired from dead French soldiers. On 20 January, the French Captain Fontaine and his battalion were ambushed by Turkish rebels, losing twelve legionnaires. When General Querette of the French learned of these events, he summoned Marash 'notables' (respected leaders of the city) and charged them with complicity in

8510-406: The historical sites were severely damaged, such as Gaziantep Castle , Şirvani Mosque and Liberation Mosque . The city recorded 16,211 collapses and buildings which were severely damaged or required demolition. In the city center, at least 154 people died after a four-story building collapsed; four other collapsed buildings left another 102 dead. In Nizip , at least 51 people were killed when

8625-400: The home of Mehmet Veziroghlu to organize resistance to the French occupation. A committee of eight was decided upon, and all members took this vow: "For the security of our Nation we swear to Allah to sacrifice our lives; and to punish by death —even if it should be our brothers—any treachery made against our organization; and to guard all secrets". They named the organization The Committee for

8740-457: The inhabitants were Muslims, but later a substantial number of non-Muslims migrated to the city, mainly in the 19th century. During Ottoman rule, the city was initially the centre of Eyalet of Dulkadir (also called Eyalet of Zûlkâdiriyye ) and then an administrative centre of a sanjak in the Vilayet of Aleppo . Around Maras, Armenians from Kishifli, Dere Keoy, and Fundijak chose to fight

8855-492: The initial rupture speed transitioned to supershear after propagating about 19.5 km (12.1 mi) away from the epicenter along the Narlı Fault before it reached the EAF. Back projection suggests the total rupture length was ~560 km (350 mi). The rupture continued northeast onto the Ekernek segment and to the southwest onto the Amanos segment. The northeastern rupture ceased 55 seconds after initiation while

8970-513: The larger estimates for the 1668 North Anatolia earthquake . Globally it was the strongest recorded since August 2021 . Both earthquakes are the largest and only observed to occur on land within a short span of time. At 10:24 UTC, an earthquake measuring M ww  7.5 according to USGS, M w  7.6 according to KOERI, or M w  7.7 according to Geoscope and the GCMT, struck with an epicenter near Ekinözü , 95 km northeast of

9085-423: The largest Turkish earthquakes in over 2,000 years. Over 570 aftershocks were recorded within 24 hours of the M w  7.8 earthquake and over 30,000 recorded by May 2023. An aftershock measuring M ww  6.7 occurred about 11 minutes after the mainshock . There were 25 aftershocks M w  4.0 or greater recorded within six hours of the main tremor, according to the USGS. More than 12 hours later,

9200-1088: The local football club Hatayspor were initially trapped in the collapse of their headquarters in Antakya before being rescued, with player Christian Atsu and sporting director Taner Savut dying. In Kırıkhan District , 1,886 buildings collapsed and 7,190 others were severely damaged or required demolition. At least 982 buildings were destroyed, 8,894 others were badly damaged and 943 had to be demolished in Defne . In Reyhanlı , 318 buildings collapsed and 1,661 others were severely damaged or required demolition. At least 187 buildings collapsed, 2,176 others were badly damaged and 194 others had to be demolished in Arsuz . In Kumlu , 131 buildings were destroyed, 738 others were severely damaged and 84 others required demolition. At least 58 buildings collapsed and 669 others were badly damaged or had to be demolished in Payas . The collapse of

9315-422: The luxury Rönesans Rezidans apartment trapped an estimated 800 people, killing at least 269 and leaving 46 missing as presumed dead. In May 2023, an investigation by The New York Times found that inadequate design and safety lapses may have contributed to its collapse. An engineer revealed to the newspaper; "the building violated the basic tenets of engineering," after inspecting its blueprints. Contractors of

9430-552: The majority of the occupying force was Armenian, and "from the moment of their arrival had shown nothing but hatred for the Muslims". Recruitment for the occupying forces began at Fort Said, and Stanley Kerr states that the motivation for many joining up was "revenge for the cruel deportation and massacres", which led to inciting incidents such as the 'bomb carrying priest' and the Sütçü İmam incident . On 8 February, General Querette gave

9545-499: The mass grave would eventually be the burial ground for 10,000 bodies. Around 75 percent of the city's buildings were damaged or destroyed. In Elbistan , 924 people died and 1,825 were injured. An estimated 2,000 buildings were destroyed. At Ordekdede, a village in Pazarcik District, almost all single-story buildings were decimated. None of the 140 houses in the village were structurally stable. Thirty-four people died in

9660-407: The most affected. In Antakya, 70 percent of homes and 6,369 buildings collapsed, 3,734 had to be demolished and 21,830 were badly damaged. The runway at Hatay Airport was split and uplifted, causing flight cancellations. The Ankara Metropolitan Municipality completed repairs on the airport on 12 February, allowing its reopening. Two provincial hospitals and a police station were destroyed, and

9775-428: The most commonly observed; there were also many bedrock rotational landslides, translational slides and lateral spreads. Surface ruptures propagating through hillsides also triggered landslides. These landslides blocked roads and river channels, destroyed or seriously damaged buildings and caused many deaths. One of the largest landslides occurred near Tepehan village, Hatay Province; a translational slide which detached

9890-439: The nearby Yedikuyular Ski Resort offers winter sports activities. 2023 Turkey%E2%80%93Syria earthquakes On 6 February 2023, at 04:17  TRT (01:17  UTC ), a M w  7.8 earthquake struck southern and central Turkey and northern and western Syria . The epicenter was 37 km (23 mi) west–northwest of Gaziantep . The earthquake had a maximum Mercalli intensity of XII ( Extreme ) around

10005-548: The new Turkish Republic . On 7 April 1925, Marash became one of two cities in Turkey to receive a Turkish Medal of Independence (the other city being İnebolu ). In 1973, Marash's name was changed to Kahramanmaraş when the Turkish government added "Kahraman" to the name, in reference to the resistance to the French occupation after the First World War. Kahraman means "heroic" or “brave” in Turkish . In December 1978,

10120-453: The order to bombard houses rebel Turks were in, in addition to the previous bombardment of Turkish houses. During the battle, a massacre of Christian civilians took place. Most died within the first three days, and those that fled were held in French military quarters or otherwise military defended churches and schools. Christians found shelter in Marash's six Armenian Apostolic and three Armenian Evangelical churches alongside soldiers. All of

10235-784: The pair, produced by the first earthquake, measured 320 km (200 mi) while the second earthquake produced 150 km (93 mi) of surface rupture. These observations were backed up with direct imaging of the ruptures using other satellite data, such as from the DigitalGlobe 's WorldView-1 , 2 & 3 and GeoEye-1 , and by field work. Remote sensing using satellite imagery indicated 30 km (19 mi) of surface rupture with large normal faulting component. The zone of surface rupture extended from north of Antakya, Hatay Province towards Pazarcık , Kahramanmaraş Province and Gölbaşı , Adıyaman Province. Surface ruptures continued north of these cities. Surface rupture occurred in

10350-574: The population. Ottoman censuses from the time are not fully reliable for many reasons, one of which being that during census taking every household was assumed to have 5 residents. The Armenian population of Maraş, like many other Armenian communities in Turkey. Maraş was the site of massacres and deportations of Armenians, who were subjected to violence, harassment, looting and appropriation of property, and were forced to flee. In 1915, Armenians from Marash villages attacked and burned six Turkish villages and their crops. 4,000-5,000 Turkish villagers died, and

10465-602: The port managing authority said it would take three months for operations to resume. The city saw 534 buildings collapse, 337 requiring demolition and 4,622 receiving severe damage. Flooding occurred along the city shoreline, inundating streets up to 200 m (660 ft) inland. The Cathedral of the Annunciation , seat of the Roman Catholic Apostolic Vicariate of Anatolia , was almost completely destroyed. At least 3,109 people died in

10580-571: The rescue effort. Central southern Turkey and northwestern Syria are affected by the interaction between three tectonic plates ; the African plate , Arabian plate and Anatolian sub-plate . The boundary between the African and Arabian plates is represented by the Dead Sea Transform (DST)—a major zone of left-lateral strike-slip fault—it accommodates the relative northward movement of Arabia with respect to Africa. The northern end of

10695-781: The seat of the Catholicossate of the Great House of Cilicia . Marash was captured by Al-Ashraf Khalil , Mamluk Sultan, in 1292. It was recaptured by Hethum II , King of Cilician Armenia, in 1299. Marash was finally taken by the Mamluks in 1304. Marash was ruled by Dulkadirs as vassals of the Mamluks from 1337 to 1515 before being annexed to the Ottoman Empire. In the early days of Ottoman rule (1525–6) there were 1,557 adult males (total population 7,500); at this time all

10810-408: The sequence struck at 01:17 UTC. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) and Global Centroid Moment Tensor (GCMT) measured it at M ww  7.8 and M w  7.8, respectively. GEOSCOPE reported M w  8.0 and Kandilli Observatory (KOERI) reported M w  7.7 and M L  7.4. It had an epicenter 34 km (21 mi) west of Gaziantep in Gaziantep Province, which

10925-478: The southern termination contributed to the intense ground motion in Antakya. The second M>7 earthquake initiated on a separate fault known as the Çardak– Sürgü Fault Zone, part of the northern strand of the East Anatolian Fault. The rupture propagated bilaterally along the Çardak segment, continuing eastwards onto the Sürgü segment before continuing eastwards to Malatya along the northeast–southwest trending Doğanşehir Fault Zone. Rupture also propagated towards

11040-441: The southwest along the Çardak segment. The total rupture length was estimated at 160 km (99 mi). The westward-propagating rupture occurred at supershear velocity (maximum 4.8 km (3.0 mi) per second) while the eastward-propagating rupture occurred at subshear velocity (maximum 2.8 km (1.7 mi) per second). The rupture lasted about 35 seconds. The M w   6.4 aftershock on 20 February occurred along

11155-531: The southwestern rupture ceased near Antakya about 80 seconds later. A M w  6.8 aftershock occurring 11 minutes later and west of the first M>7 epicenter may have ruptured along the Sakçagöz Fault, the next segment of the DST to the south. Rupture along the EAF during the event occurred at subshear velocity (maximum 3.2 km (2.0 mi) per second). An analysis of near-field seismic data revealed transient supershear rupture episodes throughout

11270-514: The street and sentries at their posts, making use of loopholes prepared in advance. Anyone seen moving was shot, for it was only the Christians who knew nothing of the plan. In the patrols used for policing the city composed of both Turkish gendarmes and French soldiers, the gendarmes turned suddenly on their French companions and killed them. The orders given by the general for the seizure of certain strategic positions could not be carried out, for

11385-429: The structure. The building's exterior walls and those that separated units and rooms consisted of heavy masonry which may have prevented the structure from swaying and possibly held the building mostly intact despite toppling. The building was considered a soft story structure as the ground floor had fewer masonry walls which meant it was at greater risk of damage from seismic ground motion . Among other factors were that

11500-453: The surrounding northern areas. Summers are very hot and dry with a daytime average of 35 °C (95 °F) but temperatures can reach 40 °C (104 °F) quite easily. The highest recorded temperature is 47.2 °C (117.0 °F) on 14 August 2023. Winters are cool and wet with daytime temperatures typically in the 5–10 °C (41–50 °F) range. The coldest temperature recorded is −9.6 °C (14.7 °F) on 6 February 1997. In

11615-711: The time of the Roman and Byzantine empires, probably after Germanicus Julius Caesar rather than the German people. According to a 2010 Cumhuriyet article, the first ruins of Germanicia have already been unearthed in the Dulkadiroğulları quarters of the city. During the Byzantine Empire, Germanikeia was seat of an eparch and one of the city's eparch participated in the First Council of Nicea . The city

11730-767: The village. At least 11 people died, 107 houses were destroyed and 70 percent of the building stock were damaged in Ekinözü . In Afşin , at least 180 people died. At least 335 buildings including 90 in the city center were destroyed. The Afşin-Elbistan Thermal Power Plant was also damaged. In Ericek  [ ce ; tr ; vi ] , a village in Göksun , 95 percent of homes were affected and 152 died. In Nurhak , there were around 200 deaths and all houses were severely damaged. In Türkoğlu , 1,171 buildings collapsed and 4,500 others required demolition. In Adıyaman Province , over 20,000 buildings and 56,256 houses were destroyed. In

11845-491: The Çardak Fault; it was also shallower—attenuating from 8–12 km (5.0–7.5 mi). Slip during the M w   7.8 event extended to 18 km (11 mi) and 12 km (7.5 mi) for the M w   7.7 event. The M w   6.4 aftershock that struck Antakya on 20 February had a rupture area of 25 km (16 mi) × 25 km (16 mi) and produced a peak slip of 0.93 m (3 ft 1 in) at 8.3 km (5.2 mi) depth. Preliminary analysis of

11960-497: Was 10.0–12.6 m (32.8–41.3 ft); one of the largest surface offset ever observed from an earthquake. Ground acceleration values recorded in some areas near the fault rupture were in excess of 1 g . Three USGS seismic installations, two at Antakya and one at Hassa , recorded large ground accelerations and velocities. The town of Hassa recorded 0.9082 g in ground acceleration (pga) and 215.34 cm/s (84.78 in/s) in ground velocity. The station data corresponded to

12075-846: Was affected. The United Nations said crops, livestock, fisheries, aquaculture and rural infrastructure were heavily damaged. At least 516 university buildings were affected, of which 106 were heavily damaged. By 23 February 2023, the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change conducted damage inspections for 1.25 million buildings; revealing 164,000 buildings were either destroyed or severely damaged. Another inspection carried out in March revealed that 1,411,304 housing units sustained light to moderate damage. Over 150,000 commercial infrastructure were at least moderately damaged. The International Organization for Migration estimated over 2.7 million people were made homeless. A damage assessment by

12190-486: Was also observed in Samandağ . At Lake Gölbaşı, Adıyaman Province, lateral spreading occurred along the northern, eastern and southern coast. Parts of the lakeshore were also submerged. Gölbaşı was also damaged by liquefaction and lateral spreading. Subsidence due to lateral spreading caused extensive damage in İskenderun. Liquefaction produced sand ejecta that buried Atatürk Boulevard in Çay District. Regular flooding in

12305-652: Was also observed in Barbaros, Çelikhan , Sümerevler and Karapınar districts. In Harmanlı, a village in Gölbaşı District , 80–90 percent of it was destroyed. The second earthquake destroyed three buildings in the province. In Gölbaşı , 71 percent of the town's infrastructure was damaged or destroyed and 695 people were killed with over 400 injured, including 286 deaths in the town center. There were also 410 deaths in Besni District , about 90 percent of them in

12420-479: Was estimated on the Çardak segment. The Sürgü-Çardak Fault is an east–west striking 160 km (99 mi) long fault that runs north of the EAF. It branches away from the EAF west of Çelikhan and extends westwards to Göksun. Comprising two segments; the Sürgü Fault runs 70 km (43 mi) between Çelikhan and Nurhak; the Çardak Fault runs 90 km (56 mi) between Nurhak and Göksun. Seismicity on

12535-557: Was identified via satellite and remote sensing along the southern portion of the M w  7.8 rupture on the East Anatolian Fault from Antakya to Golbasi. Liquefaction and lateral spreading were observed at and near coastal areas, fluvial valleys and drained lake or swamp areas, covered by Holocene sediments . These effects were widespread in the Amik Valley and Orontes River plain, north of Antakya, Hatay Province. Limited observations were made in high-elevation areas due to snow cover and lack of satellite observations. Liquefaction

12650-429: Was initially hidden by Nazaret Bilezikjian, who protested allowing surrender by turning it in to French authorities in a confrontation with Stanley Kerr, saying "Let the Turks get the punishment that they deserve!" According to Dr. Robert Lambert's report to the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions , 4,500 Turks were killed during the battle, but were ultimately victorious against French forces. The battle

12765-490: Was located in Kahramanmaraş—this 103 km (64 mi) long section—according to the study, believed to last rupture in 1513 has the potential to produce magnitude 7.3 earthquakes. Large earthquakes on the northern part of the DST include events in 115 , 526, 587, 1138 , 1170 and 1822, which resulted in several tens of thousands to several hundreds of thousands of fatalities. The first and largest earthquake in

12880-696: Was lost to the Arabs in the 7th century and during the rule of al-Mansur the whole Christian population of the Germanikeia valley was deported and resettled at Ramla in Palestine . After the fall of the Armenian kingdoms in the 11th century the city became an important stronghold for the exiled Armenians and the city became the capital of the short-lived principality of Philaretos Brachamios that at times included Antioch and Edessa . After Philaretos' death, another Armenian general named Tatoul took over

12995-541: Was observed along the fault rupture from the epicenter to Antakya. The MMI also reached IX–X ( Violent – Extreme ) in Kahramanmaraş and İskenderun , VIII–IX ( Severe – Violent ) in Malatya and Adıyaman , VII–VIII ( Very strong – Severe ) in Gaziantep , Kilis , Idlib and Aleppo , and VI–VII ( Strong – Very strong ) in Adana and Şanlıurfa . The maximum MMI of the second earthquake was X ( Extreme ). Liquefaction

13110-492: Was widespread damage in an area of about 350,000 km (140,000 sq mi), about the size of Germany. An estimated 14 million people, or 16 percent of Turkey's population, were affected. Development experts from the United Nations estimated that about 1.5 million people were left homeless. The confirmed death toll in Turkey was 53,537; estimates of the number of dead in Syria were between 5,951 and 8,476. It

13225-624: Was won by the Turkish National Movement on 12 February without outside support arriving, and is commemorated by the naming of Onikişubat , a district of Marash. Marash was an important battle in the Franco-Turkish War , and was one of the first major Turkish victories in the Turkish War of Independence . In the years following the battle, the Treaty of Lausanne would be established and Marash would become part of

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