Reforms
99-662: Kemalism The Turkish National Movement ( Turkish : Millî Hareket ), also known as the Anatolian Movement ( Turkish : Anadolu Hareketi ), the Nationalist Movement ( Turkish : Milliyetçi Hareket ), and the Kemalists ( Turkish : Kemalîler , Kemalciler or Kemalistler ), included political and military activities of the Turkish revolutionaries that resulted in the creation and shaping of
198-482: A call for the state control of the Turkish Muslim religious establishment . For some Kemalists , this means that the state must be at the helm of religious affairs, and all religious activities are under the supervision of the state. This, in turn, drew criticism from the religious conservatives. Religious conservatives were vocal in rejecting this idea, saying that to have a secular state, the state can't control
297-639: A citizen, soldier, and revolutionary in the last days of the Ottoman Empire . Various reforms to avoid the imminent collapse of the Empire , began chiefly in the 19th-century Tanzimat reforms. The mid-century Young Ottomans attempted to create the ideology of Ottoman nationalism, or Ottomanism , to quell the rising ethnic nationalism in the Empire and introduce limited democracy for the first time while maintaining Islamist influences. With their demise under Sultan Abdul Hamid II 's absolutist reign, in
396-582: A common and general title and establishing a strong state by keeping these various groups of elements under the same law and conditions is a bright and attractive political view; but it is deceptive. In fact, it is an impossible goal to unite all the Turks in the world into a state, without any borders. This is a truth that centuries and people who have lived for centuries brought about through very painful and bloody events. It cannot be seen in history that panislamism and panturanism were successful and were practiced in
495-758: A danger to the separation of church and state to warrant an outright ban. But the Constitution was amended in 1982, following the 1980 coup by the Kemalist-leaning military, to prohibit women's use of Islamic coverings such as the hijab at higher education institutions. Joost Lagendijk , a member of the European Parliament and chair of the Joint Parliamentary Committee with Turkey, has publicly criticized these clothing restrictions for Muslim women, whereas
594-528: A distinct evolution of the term, came to mean "lettered, educated, intellectual" in modern Turkish. It is still a popular male name. In ancient Greek sources, the name of the city is given as Anthea (Ανθέα) and Euanthia (Ευανθία). During the Seleucid period, it received the name Antiochia (Greek: Αντιόχεια). At other times it was also called Seleucia ad Maeandrum (Σελεύκεια επί του Μαιάνδρου) and Erynina (Ερυνίνα). In Roman and Byzantine times, it
693-553: A hub for agricultural products, and developing a diversified economy increasingly based on services. One event in this process was the opening in 1992 of Adnan Menderes University , named after a favorite son of Efeler, Aydın Adnan Menderes , Turkey's prime minister during the 1950s. The pace of the economy is determined by the city's location, at only an hour's drive from the seashore. Many residents of Aydın typically have summer houses and investments in or around such centers of tourism as Kuşadası , Güzelçamlı and Didim . But still
792-642: A kind of Jacobinism , defined by Atatürk himself as a method of employing political despotism to break down the social despotism prevalent among the traditionally-minded Turkish-Muslim population, caused by, he believed, the bigotry of the ulema . Republicanism ( Turkish : cumhuriyetçilik ) in the Kemalist framework replaced the monarchy of the Ottoman dynasty with the rule of law , popular sovereignty and civic virtue , including an emphasis on liberty practiced by citizens. Kemalist republicanism defines
891-471: A limited term, a prime minister appointed by the president, and other ministers appointed by parliament. The president does not have direct executive powers, but has limited veto powers, and the right to contest with referendum. The day-to-day operation of government is the responsibility of the Council of Ministers formed by the prime minister and the other ministers. There is a separation of powers between
990-408: A maze of narrow side streets, dotted with orange trees. The people more family-oriented, so there is little night life, or cultural amenities for young people, although presumably now they have a university this will change. There are a number of mosques, high schools, dersane (private courses cramming students for the university entrance exams) and other public buildings. Like all Turkish cities Aydın
1089-493: A memorandum to American President Woodrow Wilson on the same day (1 August). It was probably also meant to remind all other parties of Wilson's 14 Points and the fact that the Nationalists were aware of them. Among the objectives of the Nationalists was, it appears, to signal the resolve of the Nationalists to the interested parties, and display their intent not to tolerate indiscriminate political pressure. What began as
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#17327655445411188-653: A military campaign against the Allies' planned partition of Anatolia and Eastern Thrace known as the Turkish War of Independence . This conflict being simultaneously a revolution, by 1923 his counter government based in Ankara abolished the Ottoman monarchy and proclaimed a Republic . In Atatürk's 15 years as president, many sweeping reforms were introduced that advanced a secular , republican , and unitary agenda for
1287-414: A region which was famous for its fertility and productivity since ancient times. Figs remain the province's best-known crop, although other agricultural products are also grown intensively and the city has some light industry . At the crossroads of a busy transport network of several types, a six-lane motorway connects Aydın to İzmir , Turkey's second port, in less than an hour, and in still less time to
1386-478: A single unit, with one constitutionally created legislature . On some issues, the political power of government is transferred to lower levels, to local elected assemblies represented by mayors, but the central government retains the principal governing role. Populism ( Turkish : halkçılık ) is defined as a social revolution aimed to transfer the political power to citizenship . Kemalist populism intends not only to establish popular sovereignty but also
1485-436: A strategy to achieve a modern society. The core of the reform, in the Kemalist sense, was an accomplished fact. In a Kemalist sense, there is no possibility of return to the old systems because they were deemed backward. The principle of reformism went beyond the recognition of the reforms made during Atatürk's lifetime. Atatürk's reforms in the social and political spheres are accepted as irreversible. Atatürk never entertained
1584-674: A suggestion to the Nationalists to accept the American Mandate at the time of the Erzurum Congress, became a major campaign immediately afterwards. By the time Sivas Congress was convened, no less than three channels were working on the Nationalist leadership to persuade them at least to "consider" the American Mandate, if not outright adopt a resolution in favor of it at the Sivas Congress. The Sivas Congress
1683-437: A surname and were not allowed to perform the hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca ). The Kemalist form of separation of state and religion sought the reform of a complete set of institutions, interest groups (such as political parties , unions, and lobbies), the relationships between those institutions, and the political norms and rules that governed their functions (constitution, election law). The biggest change in this perspective
1782-490: A type of constitutional republic, in which representatives of the people are elected, and must govern in accordance with existing constitutional law limiting governmental power over citizens. The head of state and other officials are chosen by election rather than inheriting their positions, and their decisions are subject to judicial review. In defending the change from the Ottoman State, Kemalism asserts that all laws of
1881-463: A unit under the title of "Greater Turkic history and Civilization". The book also gave detailed information about empires which are Turkic such as Göktürks or "claimed to be Turkic" such as Scythians , Xiongnu , and so on. With the supports of newly founded Turkish Republic, Pan-Turkist organization known as " Turkish Hearths ", re-established in Atatürk's era to get Turkists' support during
1980-815: Is the Six Arrows ( Turkish : Altı Ok ). Atatürk's Turkey was defined by sweeping political, social, cultural, and religious reforms designed to separate the Republican state from its Ottoman predecessor and embrace a Western lifestyle, including the establishment of secularism/laicism , state support of the sciences, gender equality , economic statism and more. Most of those policies were first introduced to and implemented in Turkey during Atatürk's presidency through his reforms . Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 's ideas are derived from Enlightenment philosophers , Europe's revolutionary history, and his own experience as
2079-457: Is a city in and the seat of Aydın Province in Turkey's Aegean Region . The city is located at the heart of the lower valley of Büyük Menderes River (ancient Meander River ) at a commanding position for the region extending from the uplands of the valley down to the seacoast. The city forms the urban part of the Efeler district, with a population of 259,027 in 2022. Aydın city is located along
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#17327655445412178-586: Is attested by a letter from Saint Ignatius of Antioch to the church at Tralles. The city was officially Christianized , along with the rest of Caria , early after the conversion of Constantine , at which time the see was confirmed. Among the recorded bishops are: Heracleon (431), Maximus (451), Uranius (553), Myron (692), Theophylactus (787), Theophanes and Theopistus both ninth century, and John (1230). The Catholic Church includes this bishopric in its list of titular sees as Tralles in Asia, distinguishing it from
2277-584: Is attributed to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , as he was the primary spokesperson, public figure, and military leader of the movement. The Amasya Agreement was important in many respects. It was the first call to the national movement against the occupying powers. It consisted of talks about national independence. The message read as follows: This agreement was signed by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , Rauf Orbay , Ali Fuat Cebesoy , Refet Bele and later Kâzım Karabekir in Erzurum . On American Mandate : On 1 August 1919,
2376-637: Is now spreading as the middle-classes are leaving their flats in the city for smarter apartments or houses slightly out of town. Aydın has a hot summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) under both the Köppen and Trewartha classification systems. Summers are very hot and dry, with highs above 35.0 °C (95.0 °F) on most summer days. Spring and fall are warm and variable, while winters are mild and quite rainy. Highest recorded temperature: 45.1 °C (113.2 °F) on 3 August 2021 lowest recorded temperature: −11.0 °C (12.2 °F) on 4 January 1942 In
2475-544: The Tanzimat period. The revolutionaries should not be associated with the Young Turk movement of the same era, which was tightly bound to the Ottoman State and the ideals of Ottomanism . Turkish revolutionaries indeed were not a homogeneous group of people, as they had different ideas on social and political issues. There were years in which most of them did not communicate with each other, even though they presided over
2574-548: The mejelle and shari'ah law codes were abandoned in favor of an adapted Swiss Civil Code and a penal code modeled on the German and Italian codes. Other religious practices were done away with, resulting in the dissolution of Sufi orders and the penalization of wearing a fez , which was viewed by Atatürk as a tie to the Ottoman past. Atatürk was profoundly influenced by the triumph of laïcité in France. Atatürk perceived
2673-634: The Committee of Union and Progress . This establishment of an alliance of Turkish revolutionaries during the partitioning resulted in the Turkish War of Independence , the genocides of the Anatolian native nations, the abolition of the Ottoman sultanate on 1 November 1922 and the declaration of the Republic of Turkey on 29 October 1923. The movement organized itself into the Association for
2772-511: The European Court of Human Rights has ruled in numerous cases that such restrictions in public buildings and educational institutions do not constitute a violation of human rights. Reformism ( Turkish : inkılapçılık ) is a principle which calls for the country to replace the traditional institutions and concepts with modern institutions and concepts. This principle advocated the need for fundamental social change through reform as
2871-542: The Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922) , violent fighting took place in and around Aydın [Αϊδίνιο], especially in the beginning phase of the war, during the Battle of Aydın between 27 June and 4 July 1919. The civilian population of the city, principally Turkish as well as Greek, suffered heavy casualties. Neither could the city's Jewish population, 3,500-strong in 1917 go unscathed. Aydın remained in ruins until it
2970-601: The Treaty of Sèvres and negotiated the Treaty of Lausanne , assuring recognition of the national borders, termed Misak-ı Millî (National Pact). The national forces were united around the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and the authority of the Grand National Assembly set up in Ankara , which pursued the Turkish War of Independence. The movement gathered around the idea of the integration of
3069-613: The Turkic peoples , and wanted to unite all of the Turkic peoples. Kemalism wants an equal footing (based on respect) and does not aim to unite the people of Turkey with all the other Turkic nations. Most Kemalists were not interested in Pan-Turkism and from 1923 to 1950 (the single state period) reacted with particular firmness. Further more, Atatürk opposed Pan-Turkism in his speech ( Nutuk ) as following: Gathering various nations under
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3168-465: The civic nationalist principles advocated by Jean-Jacques Rousseau and his Social Contract . The Kemalist perception of social contract was facilitated by the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire , which was perceived as a product of failure of the Ottoman " Millet " system and the ineffective Ottomanism policy. Atatürk's nationalism, after experiencing the Ottoman Empire's breakup, defined
3267-415: The revolutions . Atatürk was frequently giving speeches on Turkish Hearths after important events occurred in Turkey. Also reopening of Turkish magazine " Türk Yurdu " which was an organ of Turkish Hearts, was supported. Later, in 1931, Turkish Hearts were closed by Atatürk after they lost their non-political stance, because of their Pan-Turkist views and movements; and with all of its premises, it merged to
3366-412: The "people ( halk ) who established the Turkish republic". Further, "the natural and historical facts which effected the establishment ( teessüs ) of the Turkish nation" were "(a) unity in political existence, (b) unity in language, (c) unity in homeland, (d) unity in race and origin ( menşe ), (e) to be historically related and (f) to be morally related". Membership is usually gained through birth within
3465-462: The 1920s, Aydın was noted for its cotton and grain production. There are many olive trees located in Aydın. Some citizens usually produce olive oil but there are also many small-scale firms which export olive oil to different countries. The construction of the six-lane İzmir -Aydın motorway shortened the journey from Aydın to İzmir, Turkey's second portuary center, to less than an hour, and less still to
3564-471: The 19th century Aydın continued to benefit from its location at the center of the fertile Menderes valley, and its population grew. At that time, besides figs and olive oil , which were the traditional crops of the region, cotton also grew in importance, with many European investors seeking alternative sources of cotton at the time of the American Civil War . The first railroad commenced in
3663-648: The Allied dragnets. Included among them were Halide Edip , her husband, Adnan Adıvar , İsmet İnönü , Kemal’s most important allies in the Ministry of War, and the last president of the Chamber of Deputies, Celalettin Arif . The latter's desertion of the capital was of great significance. A legally elected president of the last representative Ottoman Parliament, he claimed that it had been dissolved illegally, in violation of
3762-540: The Constitution, enabling Kemal to assume full governmental powers for the Ankara regime. In March 1920, he announced that the Turkish nation was establishing its own Parliament in Ankara under the name Grand National Assembly . Some 100 members of the Ottoman Parliament were able to escape the Allied roundup and joined 190 deputies elected around the country by the national resistance group. On April 23, 1920,
3861-516: The Defence of National Rights of Anatolia and Rumeli , which eventually declared that the only source of governance for the Turkish people would be the Grand National Assembly of Turkey . The movement was created in 1919 through a series of agreements and conferences throughout Anatolia and Thrace . The process was aimed to unite independent movements around the country to build a common voice and
3960-851: The French model as the authentic form of secularism. Kemalism strove to control religion and transform it into a private affair rather than an institution interfering with politics, as well as scientific and social progress. It is more than merely creating a separation between state and religion. Atatürk has been described as working as if he were Leo the Isaurian , Martin Luther , the Baron d'Holbach , Ludwig Büchner , Émile Combes , and Jules Ferry rolled into one in creating Kemalist secularism. Kemalist secularism does not imply nor advocate agnosticism or nihilism ; it means freedom of thought and independence of
4059-639: The King-Crane Commission tried to contact a large groups of interested parties in Constantinople (Ottoman Control), to obtain their positions with a view toward reporting them to the Paris Peace Conference. Kazım Karabekir learned that a memorandum was adopted by an amalgamation of political groups in Constantinople and consequently, the Erzurum Congress, which has been in session since 23 July (until 7 August 1919) sent
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4158-482: The Ottoman Empire and the first finished within the present-day territory of Turkey was built by the British Levant Company connecting Aydın to Smyrna (now İzmir ). The 130 km (81 mi) line was started in 1856 and finished in ten years. The line fundamentally changed Aydın region's economy. The railway station built at the time remains an impressive structure in the city of Aydın. During
4257-432: The Republic of Turkey should be inspired by actual needs here on Earth as a basic tenet of national life. Kemalism advocates a republican system as the best representative of the wishes of the people. Among the many types of republic , the Kemalist republic is representative , liberal and parliamentary with a parliament chosen in general elections, a president as head of state elected by parliament and serving for
4356-483: The Republic of Turkey. The identity of Kurds in Turkey was denied for decades with Kurds described as " Mountain Turks ". Atatürk stated in 1930: Within the political and social unity of today's Turkish nation, there are citizens and co-nationals who have been incited to think of themselves as Kurds , Circassians , Laz or Bosnians . But these erroneous appellations - the product of past periods of tyranny - have brought nothing but sorrow to individual members of
4455-542: The Republic of Turkey. His doctrine was implanted into the Constitution as state ideology in 1937. Atatürk refrained from being dogmatic and described his ideology to be based on science and reason. There are six principles ( ilke ) of the ideology: Republicanism ( Turkish : cumhuriyetçilik ), Populism ( Turkish : halkçılık ), Nationalism ( Turkish : milliyetçilik ), Laicism ( Turkish : laiklik ), Statism ( Turkish : devletçilik ), and Reformism ( Turkish : inkılapçılık ). Together, they represent
4554-417: The Turkish state and the power of the people to bring in that new unity. Kemalist populism is an extension of the Kemalist modernization movement, aiming to make Islam compatible with the modern nation-state. This included state supervision of religious schools and organizations. Mustafa Kemal himself said "everyone needs a place to learn religion and faith; that place is a mektep , not a madrasa . " This
4653-429: The Turkish traits and patterns of these reforms takes generations of cultural and social experience, which results in the collective memory of the Turkish nation. Nationalism ( Turkish : milliyetçilik ): The Kemalist revolution aimed to create a nation state from the remnants of the multi-religious and multi-ethnic Ottoman Empire. Atatürk's nationalism originates from the social contract theories, especially from
4752-738: The Wilsonian rules. Mustafa Kemal opened the National Congress at Sivas, with delegates from the entire nation taking part. The Erzurum resolutions were transformed into a national appeal, and the name of the organization changed to the Society to Defend the Rights and Interests of the Provinces of Anatolia and Rumeli. The Erzurum resolutions were reaffirmed with minor additions, these included new clauses such as article 3 which states that
4851-451: The activities of religious institutions. Despite their protest, this policy was officially adopted by the 1961 constitution . Kemalist policies aimed to stamp out the religious element within society. After the end of the Turkish War of Independence , all education was under the control of the state in both secular and religious schools. It centralized the education system, with one curriculum in both religious and secular public schools, in
4950-586: The aim of forming a bulwark against Turkish encroachment in the area. The megas domestikos Michael Tarchaneiotes was given the task: he rebuilt the walls and settled 36,000 people from the surrounding regions. 13th century Byzantine settlement policy along the Meander Valley notably involved the Turkic Cumans . Nevertheless, Turkish attacks resumed soon after. The city was besieged and, lacking sufficient supplies and access to water, captured by
5049-610: The allegiance to the different millets that eventually led to divisiveness in the empire). The motto " Ne mutlu Türküm diyene " (English: How happy is the one who calls themselves a Turk) was promoted against such mottoes as "long live the Sultan," "long live the Sheikh", or "long live the Caliph." Laicism ( Turkish : laiklik ) in Kemalist ideology aims to banish religious interference in government affairs, and vice versa. It differs from
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#17327655445415148-470: The beylik of Menteshe in 1284. The city suffered extensive destruction and part of its inhabitants were massacred. Moreover, over 20,000 inhabitants were sold off as slaves. Under the rule of Menteshe , whose lands extended towards the south, the city was renamed as Güzelhisar ("beautiful castle"). The city was later taken over by the Aydinids , who made it one of their principal settlements, but not
5247-565: The borders of the state and also the principle of jus sanguinis . The Kemalist notion of nationality is integrated into the Article 66 of the Constitution of the Republic of Turkey. Every citizen is recognized as a Turk, regardless of ethnicity, belief, and gender, etc. Turkish nationality law states that he or she can be deprived of his/her nationality only through an act of treason. Kemalists saw non-Muslims as only nominal citizens, and they have often been treated as second-class citizens in
5346-614: The capital. The Beylik of Aydin was founded in the region in 1307 and they ruled the lands north of Büyük Menderes River up to and including İzmir . During the first half of the 14th century, Aydinids were as active as the Ottomans, if not more, in pressuring the islands and the lands west of Anatolia , and they caused much hardship for the Byzantine and Latin dependencies of the Aegean Sea and mainland Greece. The principality
5445-406: The city has a quiet country market town feel to it and its dominance, within both the Turkish market and abroad, in the production of a number of agricultural products, particularly figs, still identifies Aydın Province , and most of this trade is managed and handled from Aydın itself. Aydın city centre is still relatively small but growing, centred on one palm-lined avenue of shops and cafes, and
5544-751: The city supported Aristonicus of Pergamon , a pretender to the Pergamene throne, against the Romans. After the Romans defeated him, they revoked the city's right to mint coins. Tralles was a conventus for a time under the Roman Republic, but Ephesus later took over that position. The city was taken by rebels during the Mithridatic War during which many Roman inhabitants were killed. Tralles suffered greatly from an earthquake in 26 BC. Augustus provided funds for its reconstruction after which
5643-584: The city thanked him by renaming itself Caesarea . Strabo describes the city as a prosperous trading center, listing famous residents of the city, including Pythodoros (native of Nysa ), and orators Damasus Scombrus and Dionysocles. Several centuries later, Anthemius of Tralles , architect of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople , was born in Tralles. An early bishop Polybius (fl. ca. 105)
5742-401: The democratic, secular and social state governed by the rule of law, founded on human rights , and on the tenets laid down in the preamble to the constitution of the Republic of Turkey. Similar to its CUP predecessors, it can be said that Kemalism endorsed social Darwinism in some way by desiring the Turkish youth to be healthy and physically strong. Atatürk defined the Turkish nation as
5841-414: The distribution and implementation, which could easily be turned into a new government if allies decided to disband the whole Ottoman Governing structure. Mustafa Kemal established two concepts into this program: independence and integrity. Mustafa Kemal was setting the stage for conditions which would legitimize this organization and illegitimate the Ottoman parliament. These conditions were also mentioned in
5940-543: The early 20th century the Young Turks picked up their legacy. Atatürk's formative years were spent in Hamidian Salonica . During his time in the army, he joined the Committee of Union and Progress , which was agitating for constitutionalism against Hamidian absolutism, and abandoned Ottoman nationalism in favor of Turkish nationalism , while adopting a secular political outlook (see İttihadism ). Atatürk
6039-404: The executive (president and Council of Ministers), the legislative (Parliament) and the judiciary, in which no one branch of government has authority over another—although parliament is charged with the supervision of the Council of Ministers, which can be compelled to resign by a vote of no-confidence. The Kemalist republic is a unitary state in which three organs of state govern the nation as
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#17327655445416138-455: The first capture of the city by the Turks under the emirate ( Beylik ) of Menteşe ( Menteshe ), whose lands extended towards the south, who named it for a first period as Güzelhisar , literally "the beautiful castle" (sometimes rendered as Guzel Hissar ). The city was later taken over by Turks of the Aydinids , whose lands extended towards the north, who named it after Aydinid dynasty. "Aydın" meant "lucid, enlightened" in Turkish and in
6237-559: The formation of an independent Greece on the Aydın , Manisa , and Balıkesir fronts was unacceptable. The Sivas Congress essentially reinforced the stance taken at the Erzurum Congress. All these were performed while the Harbord Commission arrived in Constantinople . Plans were made to organize a new government and parliament in Ankara, and the sultan asked to accept its authority. A flood of supporters moved to Ankara just ahead of
6336-517: The hope this would eliminate or lessen the appeal of religious schools. The laws were meant to abolish the Sufi religious schools or orders ( tarikats ) and their lodges ( tekkes ) . Titles like sheikh and dervish were abolished, and their activities were banned by the government. The day of rest was changed by the government from Friday to Sunday. But the restrictions on personal choice extended to both religious duty and naming. Turks had to adopt
6435-522: The institutions of the state from the dominance of religious thought and religious institutions. The Kemalist principle of laicism is not against moderate and apolitical religion, but against religious forces opposed to and fighting modernization and democracy. According to the Kemalist perception, the Turkish state is to stand at an equal distance from every religion, neither promoting nor condemning any set of religious beliefs. Kemalists, however, have called for not only separation of church and state but also
6534-524: The international Adnan Menderes Airport , located along the road between the two cities. A smaller airport, namely Aydın Airport , is located a few kilometers in the South-East of Aydın. The region of Aydın also pioneered the introduction of railways into Turkey in the 19th century and still has the densest railroad network. The province of Aydın is also where a number of internationally known historic sites and centers of tourism are concentrated. After
6633-555: The international Adnan Menderes Airport . At the end of the 2018–2019 season, no sports clubs in Aydın were promoted or relegated to the next league. Aydın's only super league team, Aydın Büyükşehir Belediyespor Women's Volleyball team, played in the final in the Challenge Cup in Europe and ranked second. In football, Nazilli Belediyespor ranked 10th in the 2nd League at the end of the play-off matches. Aydın PTT SK placed 9th in
6732-503: The largely secular politics of the Second Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire, when even non-religiously affiliated political parties like the Committee of Union and Progress and the Freedom and Accord Party feuded over matters such as the Islamic piety of their candidates in the Ottoman elections of 1912 . Thus, in the Kemalist political perspective, politicians cannot claim to be the protector of any religion or religious sect, and such claims constitute sufficient legal grounds for
6831-428: The major social and political institutions. The common idea which held them together was having a sovereign nation. Kemalism Reforms Kemalism Kemalism ( Turkish : Kemalizm , also archaically Kamâlizm ) or Atatürkism ( Turkish : Atatürkçülük ) is a political ideology based on the ideas of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , the founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey . Its symbol
6930-442: The modern Republic of Turkey , as a consequence of the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I and the subsequent occupation of Constantinople and partitioning of the Ottoman Empire by the Allies under the terms of the Armistice of Mudros . The Turkish revolutionaries rebelled against this partitioning and against the Treaty of Sèvres , signed in 1920 by the Ottoman government. Most revolutionaries were former members of
7029-417: The name Aydın was increasingly preferred. This previous Turkish name also found its way into the international trade vocabulary until at least the end of the 18th century and its modified forms Joselassar and even Joseph Lasat were used to describe a fine type of cotton produced in this same region and much sought after. According to Strabo Tralles was founded by the Argives and Trallians . Along with
7128-649: The nation, with the exception of a few brainless reactionaries, who became the enemy's instruments. In 2005, the Article 301 of the Turkish Penal code made it a crime to insult Turkishness ( Turkish : Türklük ), but under pressure of the EU, this was changed in 2008 to protect the "Turkish nation" instead of Turkish ethnicity in 2008, an 'imagined' nationhood of people living within the National Pact ( Turkish : Misak-ı Milli ) borders. Kemalism focused on
7227-399: The nation-state's narrower interests, renouncing the concern for the "Outside Turks". Pan-Turkism was an ethnocentric ideology [to unite all ethnically Turkic nations] while Kemalism is polycentric [united under a "common will"] in character. Kemalism wants to have an equal footing among the mainstream world civilizations. Pan-Turkists have consistently emphasized the special attributes of
7326-472: The new Assembly gathered for the first time, making Mustafa Kemal its first president and İsmet Inonü, now deputy from Edirne , chief of the General Staff. After the establishment of the movement and the successful Turkish War of Independence , the revolutionaries abolished the Ottoman sultanate on November 1, 1922, and proclaimed the Republic of Turkey on October 29, 1923. The movement terminated
7425-632: The other native populations ( Greeks , Armenians , Assyrians ) to make Turkish nation-state and a progressively defined political ideology that is generally termed " Kemalism ", or "Atatürkçülük" ("Atatürkism"). Its basic principles stress the Republic - a form of government representing the power of the electorate, secular administration ( laïcité ), nationalism , a mixed economy with state participation in some sectors (as opposed to state socialism ), and national modernization. Turkish revolutionaries were mainly influenced by ideas which flourished during
7524-458: The passive Anglo-American concept of secularism , but is similar to the concept of laïcité in France. The roots of Kemalist secularism lie in the reform efforts in the late Ottoman Empire, especially the Tanzimat period and the later Second Constitutional Era . The Ottoman Empire was an Islamic state in which the head of the Ottoman state held the position of the Caliph. The social system
7623-615: The permanent banning of political parties. The Ottoman social system was based on religious affiliation. Religious insignia extended to every social function. Clothing identified citizens with their own particular religious grouping; headgear distinguished rank and profession. Turbans , fezes , bonnets , and head-dresses denoted the sex, rank, and profession — both civil and military — of the wearer. Religious insignia outside of worship areas became banned. While Atatürk considered women's religious coverings as antithetical to progress and equality, he also recognized that headscarves were not such
7722-534: The policies of the radical Unionists. However this allowed him to observe the CUP's successes and shortcomings in implementing their programs. During World War I , his military career took off with his defense of Gallipoli , and by the war's end he was a Pasha in charge of three army commands on the Syrian Front . Following the Ottoman Empire's defeat -and the CUP's self-liquidation- by the war's end, Atatürk lead
7821-408: The possibility of a pause or transition phase during the course of the progressive unfolding or implementation of the reform. The current understanding of this concept can be described as "active modification". Turkey and its society, taking over institutions from Western Europe, must add Turkish traits and patterns to them and adapt them to Turkish culture, according to Kemalism. The implementation of
7920-415: The prevalent unrest in the region, as exemplified by Atçalı Kel Mehmet Rebellion (1829–1830). The seat was moved to İzmir in the 1840s and with the abolition of eyalets under the administrative reforms of 1864, Aydın became a sanjak ( subprovince ) of the vilayet of the same name , with its seat still in İzmir, which had outgrown Aydın city in size as it became a booming port of international trade. In
8019-619: The reason for the 31 March Incident by Islamists and absolute monarchists. The secular policies of the Ottoman parliament also factored in the Arab Revolt during World War I. When secularism was implemented in the fledgling Turkish state, it was initiated by the abolition of the centuries-old caliphate in March 1924. The office of Shaykh al-Islām was replaced with the Presidency of Religious Affairs ( Turkish : Diyanet ). In 1926,
8118-758: The rest of Lydia , the city fell to the Persian Empire . After its success against Athens in the Peloponnesian War , Sparta unsuccessfully sought to take the city from the Persians, but in 334 BC, Tralles surrendered to Alexander the Great without resistance and therefore was not sacked. Alexander's general Antigonus held the city from 313 to 301 BC and later the Seleucids held the city until 190 BC when it fell to Pergamon . From 133 to 129 BC,
8217-558: The ruling party CHP . Kemalism had a narrower definition of language, which sought to remove ( purify ) the Persian, Arabic, Greek, Latin, etc. words from the Turkish language and replace them with either Turkic originated words or derive new words with Turkic roots. Kemalism gave an important place to Hittites and the Hittite symbolism to construct the Turkish identity and nationhood. Kemalist researchers, such as Ahmet Ağaoğlu (who
8316-795: The see of Tralles in Lydia . It has appointed no new titular bishop to these Eastern sees since the Second Vatican Council . After the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, with the Byzantine Empire was in civil chaos, the Seljuks took Tralles for the first time but Alexios I Komnenos re-captured the city for Byzantium in the later half of the eleventh century. By the 13th century, the city lay in ruins. In 1278, Andronikos II Palaiologos decided to rebuild and repopulate it, now to be renamed Andronikopolis or Palaiologopolis, with
8415-500: The social contract as its "highest ideal". In the administration and defense of the Turkish Nation; national unity, national awareness and national culture are the highest ideals that we fix our eyes upon. Kemalist ideology defines the "Turkish Nation" ( Turkish : Türk Ulusu ) as a nation of Turkish people who always love and seek to exalt their family, country and nation, who know their duties and responsibilities towards
8514-403: The transfer of the social-economic transformation to realize a true populist state. However, Kemalists reject class conflict and collectivism . Kemalist populism believes national identity is above all else. Kemalist populism envisions a sociality that emphasizes class collaboration and national unity like solidarism . Populism in Turkey is to create a unifying force that brings a sense of
8613-403: The unity of the Turkish state. Kemalist social theory (populism) does not accept any adjectives placed before the definition of a nation [a nation of ...] Sovereignty must belong solely to people without any term, condition, etc.: Ḥâkimiyet bilâ ḳaydü şarṭ Milletiñdir Egemenlik kayıtsız şartsız Milletindir Sovereignty belongs to the nation unrestrictedly and unconditionally Populism
8712-408: The value of Turkish citizenship. A sense of pride associated with this citizenship would give the needed psychological spur for people to work harder and achieve a sense of unity and national identity. Active participation, or the "will of the people", was established with the republican regime and Turkishness replacing the other forms of affiliations that had been promoted in the Ottoman Empire (such as
8811-494: The world. Though, the results of the ambitions for the establishment of a state, covering all humanity, regardless of race, are written in history. However, Atatürk owned the idea of taking Turkicness as one of the identities of Turkish nation. Turkish History Thesis started under Atatürk's order and administration, which contained ethno-racial ideas based on Turkish origins coming from Central Asia . Also Atatürk era high school books contained education of Orkhon alphabet and
8910-685: Was an advisor to Atatürk and a politician who played an important role on creating Turkey's constitution of 1924 ), believed in that the nation has to portray Hittites as a world-domineering Turkish race with firm roots in Anatolia. Modern genetic researches on Turkish samples show that Anatolian Turks are mixage of Turkic tribes and Anatolian natives, however, unlike Kemalist thoughts , these two admixtures are not originated from same ethnicity, race, or identity. Ayd%C4%B1n Aydın ( / ˈ aɪ d ɪ n / EYE-din ; Turkish: [ˈajdɯn] ; formerly named Güzelhisar; Greek : Τράλλεις)
9009-414: Was intended to combat the "corruption" of Islam by the ulema . Kemal believed that during the Ottoman period, the ulema had come to exploit the power of their office and manipulate religious practices to their own benefit. It was also feared that, were education not brought under state control, unsupervised madrasa s could exacerbate the rising problem of tarikat insularity that threatened to undermine
9108-557: Was known as Tralles (in Latin ) or Tralleis (Τράλλεις in Ancient Greek ), and was one of the largest Aegean cities in antiquity. There is some indication that it once bore the name Charax (Χάραξ), but that name may have belonged to Acharaca . Nevertheless, the name Güzelhisar was used throughout the early centuries of the Ottoman administration as well, often recorded in adjectival form, as "Güzelhisar of Aydın (lands)" , but
9207-663: Was not in a position to play a major role in the Young Turk Revolution of 1908, which reinstated the constitution, though he was a key player in the deposition of Abdul Hamid during the 31 March Incident . During the Second Constitutional Era personal rivalries with İsmail Enver and Ahmed Cemal meant that he was kept at arms-length from power: the Central Committee of the CUP . It also didn't help that Atatürk mostly disagreed with
9306-649: Was organized according to various systems, including the religiously organized Millet system and Shari'ah law , allowing religious ideology to be incorporated into the Ottoman administrative, economic, and political system. In the Second Constitutional Era, the Ottoman Parliament pursued largely secular policies, although techniques of religious populism and attacks on other candidates' piety still occurred between Ottoman political parties during elections . These policies were stated as
9405-731: Was re-captured by the Turkish army on 7 September 1922. Resistance warriors such as the efe Yörük Ali , who were based in the surrounding mountains and conducted a guerrilla warfare against the Greek army, became heroes in Turkey. Following the war and the foundation of the Republic of Turkey, the Greeks of Aydın were exchanged with Muslims living in Greece under the 1923 agreement for the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey . Recent decades have seen Aydın going beyond its traditional role as
9504-523: Was taken over by the rising Ottoman Empire , for the first time shortly before the Battle of Ankara between the Ottomans and Tamerlane in 1402, and then Tamerlane having given back the province to the sons of Aydın. Finally Ottomans definitely captured it in 1425. Aydın became part of Anatolia Province of the Ottoman Empire and this until 1827, when it became the seat of its own eyalet under its own name, constituted among other reasons to respond to
9603-404: Was the abolishment of the Ottoman caliphate on March 3, 1924, followed by the removal of its political mechanisms. The article stating that "the established religion of Turkey is Islam" was removed from the constitution on April 10, 1928. From a political perspective, Kemalism is anti-clerical, in that it seeks to prevent religious influence on the democratic process, which was a problem even in
9702-417: Was the first time the fourteen leaders of the movement united under a single roof. These people formed a plan between 16 and 29 October. They agreed that the parliament should meet in Constantinople, even if it were obvious that this parliament could not function under the occupation. It was a great chance to build the base and legitimacy. They decided on formalizing a "Representative Committee" that would handle
9801-475: Was used against the political domination of sheikhs, tribal leaders, and the Islamic political system of the Ottoman Empire. Atatürk's nationalism aimed to shift the political legitimacy from royal autocracy (by the Ottoman dynasty ), theocracy (based in the Ottoman caliphate ), and feudalism (tribal leaders) to the active participation of its citizenry, the Turks. Kemalist social theory wanted to establish
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