Sung Wong Toi station Exit D
67-523: Kai Tak Sports Park is a multi-purpose sports venue that is being built at the site of the former Kai Tak Airport in Kowloon , Hong Kong , as part of the Kai Tak Development . The sports park will be located on the north western part of the old Kai Tak Airport , where some of the parking stands used to be. With an area of around 28 hectares, Kai Tak Sports Park anchors the redevelopment of
134-447: A localizer type directional aid , which was offset from the runway heading by 47°, which aided aircraft by guiding them via radio signals, much like an instrument landing system . At roughly 2500 feet, the autopilot was disconnected, and the rest of the approach was flown manually. The aircraft then descended below 1000 feet and shortly afterwards reached Kowloon Tsai Park and its small hill ( Checkerboard Hill ). Upon reaching
201-603: A 50,000-seat Main Stadium with a retractable roof, a 10,000-seat Indoor Sports Center and a 5,000-seat Public Sports Ground. American engineering firm AECOM was engaged by the Civil Engineering and Development Department of HKSAR to undertake the Kai Tak Development project in early 2007. In the 2011-12 policy address delivered by Hong Kong Chief Executive Donald Tsang , he stated that the government
268-443: A bevvy of concerns raised by the public". The revised blueprint will also extend several "green corridors" from the main central park into the surrounding neighbourhoods of Kowloon City , Kowloon Bay and Ma Tau Kok . The following features are proposed in the revised plan: The following are major changes: Kai Tak station Kai Tak (Chinese: 啟德 ) is an underground MTR rapid transit station located on
335-533: A franchisee. The terminal faced major difficulties in coming into operation on 6 July, such that it closed again on 7 July to enable the franchisee to implement a major recovery programme. The disruption this caused to air cargo operations at the new airport led the government to temporarily reactivate Kai Tak's cargo terminal for a month. During this period, the airport was given temporary ICAO code VHHX. The Kai Tak passenger terminal later housed government offices, automobile dealerships and showrooms, gaming arcades,
402-822: A health and wellness center, a bowling center and retail and dining outlets. An event village will also be built to house international athletes visiting from other regions and countries. The sports park is easily accessible from the Kai Tak station and the Sung Wong Toi station on the Tuen Ma line , as well as to the Kowloon City Ferry Pier , Central Kowloon Route and many neighbouring bus stops. Kai Tak Sports Park's project team members include Hip Hing Engineering , Populous , ASM Global and Lagardère Sports and Entertainment . Hip Hing Engineering
469-477: A height of less than 1,000 feet (300 m) when the turn was made. Typically the plane would enter the final right turn at a height of about 650 feet (200 m) and exit it at a height of 140 feet (43 m) to line up with the runway. That demanding manoeuvre became known in the aviation community as the "Hong Kong Turn" or the "Checkerboard Turn". For many airline passengers on planes approaching and landing on Runway 13 at Kai Tak Airport, it became referred to as
536-407: A large multi-purpose space with retractable seating to host major competitions or events of up to 10,000 seats and to accommodate sports courts for community use. A 5,000 seat Public Sports Ground will also be provided for hosting school athletic events, athletic training and local league games. Other facilities include more than 8 hectares of open spaces, outdoor ball courts, a children's playground,
603-428: A large orange-and-white checkerboard pattern. Once the pattern was sighted and identified, the aircraft made a low-altitude (sub-600 ft; 180 m) 47-degree right-hand turn, ending with a short final approach and touchdown. For pilots, this airport was technically demanding, as the approach could not be flown by aircraft instruments, but had to be flown visually because of the right-hand turn required. The airport
670-479: A mall, shopping centers, a go-kart racecourse, a bowling alley, a snooker hall, a mini-golf range and other recreational facilities. In the mid-2000s, the passenger terminal and hangars were demolished. Many aviation enthusiasts were upset at the demise of Kai Tak because of the unique runway 13 approach. As private aviation was no longer allowed at Chek Lap Kok (having moved to Sek Kong Airfield ), some enthusiasts had lobbied to keep about 1 km (0.62 mi) of
737-406: A modern airport was released in 1954. By 1957 runway 13/31 had been extended to 1,664 metres (5,459 ft), while runway 7/25 remained 1,450 metres (4,760 ft) long; night operations were not allowed. Bristol Britannia 102s took over BOAC 's London-Tokyo flights in the summer of 1957 and were the largest airliners scheduled to the old airport (Boeing Stratocruisers never flew there). In 1958
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#1732797561586804-440: A myriad of sports, entertainment, and community events. It will also feature an infinity edge design above the south stand with a vast activity platform that looks out over Victoria Harbour . The facility has been designed to meet the standards of major international events with customisable staging and seating configurations that cater to various events and crowd sizes. Meanwhile, the sports park's Indoor Sports Center will provide
871-559: A new airport in Hong Kong to replace the ageing airport. After deliberating on several locations, including the south side of Hong Kong Island , the government decided to build the airport on the island of Chek Lap Kok off Lantau Island . The new airport is located far away from Hong Kong's main residential areas, conducive to minimising the dangers of a major crash and also reducing the nuisance of noise pollution. A huge number of resources were mobilised to build this new airport, part of
938-430: A northwesterly heading of about 310°, as opposed to about 130° for runway 13. The approach path towards the runway from the southeast passed within 300 metres (980 ft) of Heng Fa Chuen on Hong Kong Island . Runway 31 was also used for landing early in the morning for noise abatement. When lined up for takeoff on runway 31, a range of hills including 1,500 feet (460 m) Beacon Hill were directly in front of
1005-555: A railway station and a maintenance centre in the proposed plan for the Sha Tin to Central Link . There were also proposals to dredge the runway to form several islands for housing, to build a terminal capable of accommodating cruise ships the size of Queen Mary 2 , and more recently, to house the Hong Kong Sports Institute , as well as several stadiums, in the case that the institute was forced to move so that
1072-487: A runway 31 departure. The Hong Kong Aviation Club formerly held most of its activities at Kai Tak, where it had hangars and other facilities. The club moved most of its aircraft to Shek Kong Airfield in 1994 after the hours for general aviation at Kai Tak were sharply reduced, to two hours per morning, as of 1 July that year. Kai Tak closed to fixed-wing traffic in 1998. The club ended its helicopter activities at Kai Tak on 9 July 2017. The Kai Tak location, which it
1139-490: A single entity - to ensure effective delivery from designing the complex to its long-term operation. The study also recommended that the project be financially supported by a combination of government and private financing in order to maximize efficiency and innovation. The stadium will have a retractable roof and a capacity of 50,000 for international sports and entertainment events. The facilities were proposed to be completed by 2020. HK$ 62.7 million in pre-construction funds for
1206-402: A single massive move, with a police escort. On 6 July 1998 at 3:30 AM local, after the final aircraft departed for Chek Lap Kok, Kai Tak was finally retired as an airport, with its ICAO and IATA airport codes were reassigned to the new airport at Chek Lap Kok. Below were the final flights of Kai Tak: With the ferry flight's takeoff to Chek Lap Kok, a ceremony celebrating the end of the airport
1273-534: Is 1,640 days (54 months) from the commencement of the contract (1 February 2019). This means that the park should be finished by June 2023. In June 2022, the Commissioner for Sports, Yeung Tak-keung, blamed the COVID-19 pandemic for the delay in opening dates to 2024, saying suppliers had faced difficulties in shipping construction materials to the territory, he added that the contractor won't be penalised for
1340-480: Is one of the few remaining buildings related to Kai Tak Airport. The new airport in Chek Lap Kok officially opened on 6 July 1998 to replace the functions of Kai Tak Airport. All of the essential airport supplies and vehicles that were left in the old airport for operation (some of the non-essential ones had already been transported to the new airport) were transported to Chek Lap Kok in one early morning with
1407-666: Is studying financing options and mode of operation of the proposed multi-purpose stadium complex at Kai Tak and will start the preliminary work as soon as possible. On 5 November 2012, the Home Affairs Bureau completed an initial technical feasibility study of the Kai Tak multi-purpose complex and submitted it to the Legislative Council . In the study, the bureau proposed a "design-build-operate" approach - design, construction, operations and maintenance under
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#17327975615861474-503: Is the main contractor of the project supported by Populous , Robert Bird Group , SKA and Arup as design team. The government has imposed strict performance indicators for the Kai Tak Sports Park with a penalty of HK$ 500,000 for every day if the operator fails to meet usage requirements in the main stadium, HK$ 100,000 for the indoor centre and HK$ 50,000 for the public ground accordingly. The time for operational acceptance
1541-666: The Hong Kong Aviation Club . In 1928, a concrete slipway was built for seaplanes that used the adjoining Kowloon Bay. The first control tower and hangar at Kai Tak were built in 1935. In 1936, the first domestic airline in Hong Kong was established. Hong Kong fell into the hands of the Japanese on 12 December 1941, during World War II . In 1942, the Japanese army expanded Kai Tak, using many Allied prisoner-of-war (POW) labourers, building two concrete runways, 13/31 and 07/25. Numerous POW diary entries exist recalling
1608-599: The Tuen Ma line , in the Kai Tak Development area of Hong Kong (near the old east apron of the former Kai Tak Airport in Kowloon City District ). The station was opened on 14 February 2020 as part of the Tuen Ma line's first phase. It provides access to the multi-purpose Kai Tak Sports Park , as well as other facilities of the Kai Tak area. The station was built as part of the Sha Tin to Central Link (SCL). The contract to construct Kai Tak station (and
1675-458: The "Kai Tak Heart Attack", because they were often frightened to be turning at such a proximity to the ground, which, at less than 150 ft, or 45 metres, was generally less than even the Boeing 767 's wingspan, which is considered a medium-size airliner. The turn was so low that passengers could see television sets running in people's residences near the airport. Handling the runway 13 approach
1742-770: The Government scaled down the reclamation to 166 hectares (410 acres) in June 1999. The Territorial Development Department commenced a new study on the development of the area in November 1999, entitled "Feasibility Studies on the Revised Southeast Kowloon Development Plan", and a new public consultation exercise was conducted in May 2000, resulting in the land reclamation being further scaled down to 133 hectares (330 acres). The new plans based on
1809-644: The Kai Tak Multi-purpose Sports Complex was approved by the Legislative Council Finance Committee members on 3 July 2015. On 23 June 2017, the Hong Kong legislators in the finance committee granted the cash for the HK$ 31.9 billion sports complex in Kai Tak after a six-hour debate. 36 lawmakers green-lit the sports park, with 21 voting against it. On 28 December 2018, the government announced that
1876-453: The Kai Tak runway for general aviation , but the suggestion was rejected as the Government had planned to build a new cruise terminal at Kai Tak . The Hong Kong stop of Celine Dion 's Let's Talk About Love World Tour was held on the airport's apron on 25 January 1999. Until its retirement in 2018, the name Kai Tak was one of the names used in the lists of tropical cyclone names in the northwest Pacific Ocean . Submitted by Hong Kong, it
1943-460: The Runway 31 departure. Heavy aircraft on departure using runway 13 would often need nearly the entire length of the runway, particularly during summer days due to the air temperature. Runway 31 approaches and landings were similar to other airports in which ILS was available. Runway 31 is the reciprocal of 13, ie. it occupied the same physical space but denoted a runway facing the inverse direction,
2010-404: The aircraft was required to proceed up to "Point Golf", which was on the south side of Lantau Island and directly south of the current Chek Lap Kok Airport. Approaching aircraft then had to make a right-hand U-turn to intercept the localiser for the Runway 13 IGS, which generally happened above the current Chek Lap Kok Airport site. The IGS (abbreviation of Instrument Guidance System) was effectively
2077-428: The aircraft. The pilots had to make a sharp 65-degree left turn soon after takeoff to avoid the hills (i.e. the reverse of a Runway 13 landing). If a runway change occurred due to a wind change from runway 13 departures to runway 31 departures, planes that were loaded to the maximum payload for runway 13 departures had to return to the terminal to offload some goods to provide enough climbing clearance over buildings during
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2144-472: The airport resulted in Kai Tak being close to residential areas. This caused serious noise and engine pollution for nearby residents and put height restrictions, which were removed after Kai Tak closed. A night curfew from 11:30 pm to 6:30 am in the early morning also hindered operations. As a result, in the late 1980s, the Hong Kong Government began searching for alternative locations for
2211-414: The airport used a different 13/31 alongside a crossing 07/25. These two runways were 1,450 by 70 m (4,756 by 231 ft) and 1,652 by 61 m (5,420 by 201 ft). At the northern end of the runway at closure, buildings rose to six stories just across a major multi-lane arterial road. The other three sides of the runway were surrounded by Victoria Harbour. The low-altitude turning manoeuvre before
2278-543: The airport's increasing traffic and growth of high-density developments around it raised concerns about the potential loss of life should a crash occur, though no serious accidents happened throughout its history of operations. The growth of Hong Kong also put a strain on the airport's capacity. Its usage was close to, and for some time exceeded, the designed capacity. The airport was designed to handle 24 million passengers per year, but in 1996, Kai Tak handled 29.5 million passengers, plus 1.56 million tonnes of freight, making it
2345-597: The approach tunnels), valued at HK$ 1,422,000,000, was awarded on 25 April 2013 to the Kaden- Chun Wo joint venture. The station was built using the cut-and-cover method. A topping-out ceremony was held on 16 July 2015. It was the second SCL station to be topped out, after Hin Keng . The station opened on 14 February 2020. It acted as the southern terminus for the Ma On Shan line (renamed Tuen Ma Line Phase 1 on
2412-494: The contract for the design, construction and operation of the Kai Tak Sports Park was awarded to Kai Tak Sports Park Limited, a subsidiary of New World Development and NWS Holdings established specifically for the project. The groundbreaking ceremony of the Kai Tak Sports Park was held on 23 April 2019. Hong Kong will co-host the National Games with Guangdong and Macau in 2025, with the Kai Tak Sports Park as part of
2479-634: The delay, as no one could have foreseen the COVID-19 pandemic when the contract was signed in 2019. Kai Tak Airport Kai Tak Airport ( IATA : HKG , ICAO : VHHH ) was an international airport of Hong Kong from 1925 until 1998. Officially known as Hong Kong International Airport from 1954 to 6 July 1998, it is often referred to as Hong Kong International Airport, Kai Tak , or simply Kai Tak and Kai Tak International Airport , to distinguish it from its successor, Chek Lap Kok International Airport , built on reclaimed and levelled land around
2546-578: The equestrian events of the 2008 Summer Olympics could be held at its present site in Sha Tin . On 9 January 2004, the Court of Final Appeal ruled that no reclamation plan for Victoria Harbour could be introduced unless it passed an "overriding public interest" test. Subsequently, the Government abandoned these plans. The Government set up a "Kai Tak Planning Review" in July 2004 for further public consultation. Several plans were presented. A new plan for
2613-407: The feasibility studies were passed by the chief executive in July 2002. There were plans for the site of Kai Tak to be used for housing development, which was once projected to house around 240,000–340,000 residents. Due to calls from the public to protect the harbour and participate more deeply in future town planning, the scale and plan of the project were yet to be decided. There were also plans for
2680-439: The former airport site and offers a world-class destination for all interests. When it opens, Kai Tak Sports Park will become the largest sports venue in Hong Kong and is intended to support the future sports development of Hong Kong. South China Morning Post reported that the sports park would be completed by 2023, but has since been postponed to 2024 due to construction materials shortage., costing HK$ 30 billion and would have
2747-547: The gruelling work and long hours working on building Kai Tak. During the process, the historic wall of the Kowloon Walled City and the 45-metre (148 ft) tall Sung Wong Toi , a memorial for the last Song dynasty emperor, were destroyed for materials. A 2001 Environmental Study recommended that a new memorial be erected for the Sung Wong Toi rock and other remnants of the Kowloon area before Kai Tak. It
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2814-566: The hosting venues. British rock band Coldplay will perform at the Kai Tak Sports Park on 8, 9, 11, and 12 April 2025 during their Music of the Spheres World Tour . Kai Tak Sports Park is designed around a covered Kai Tak Sports Avenue, an indoor and outdoor pedestrian walkway starting at the Station Square (the connection to the park linking new MTR stops Kai Tak station and Sung Wong Toi station ) and takes people all
2881-584: The islands of Chek Lap Kok and Lam Chau , 30 kilometres (19 mi) to the west. Because of the geography of the area, with water on three sides of the runway, Kowloon City's residential apartment complexes to the north-west and 2,000-plus ft (610 m-plus) mountains to the north-east of the airport, aircraft could not fly over the mountains and quickly drop in for a final approach. Instead, aircraft had to fly above Victoria Harbour and Kowloon City , passing north of Mong Kok 's Bishop Hill . After passing Bishop Hill, pilots would see Checkerboard Hill with
2948-411: The new NW/SE 2,550-metre (8,350 ft) runway extending into Kowloon Bay was completed by land reclamation . The two old runways were removed with footprints used by the apron and terminal building. The passenger terminal was completed in 1962. The runway was extended in the mid-1970s to 3,390 metres (11,130 ft), the final length. This extension was completed in June 1974, but the full length of
3015-399: The north and northeast of the former runway 13 threshold is a range of hills reaching an elevation of 2,000 ft (610 m). To the east of the former 31 threshold, the hills are less than 3 km (1.9 mi) away. Immediately to the south of the airport is Victoria Harbour , and farther south is Hong Kong Island with hills up to 2,100 ft (640 m). When Kai Tak closed, there
3082-438: The northeast were strong and gusty during typhoons. The mountain range northeast of the airport also made the wind vary greatly in both speed and direction. Watching large aircraft banking at low altitudes and taking big crab angles during their final approaches was popular with plane spotters . Despite the difficulty, the Runway 13 approach was used most of the time due to the prevailing wind direction in Hong Kong. Because of
3149-407: The passenger terminal building. Due to the limited space, the fuel tank farm was located between the passenger terminal and HAECO maintenance hangar. Other tenants included: The landing approach for planes using runway 13 at Kai Tak was considered spectacular and was infamous, not just amongst aviation enthusiasts but amongst the general public as well. Flight simulator charts, which are based on
3216-446: The real charts used at the airport, give an outline of the procedures used on approach to Kai Tak Airport. The Checkerboard approach (also spelled as Chequerboard approach) initially begins to the south-west of the airport, with aircraft flying westbound at a minimum altitude of 6000 feet. At this beginning stage of the approach, the aircraft should be passing above Cheung Chau – a small island just off Lantau Island . After that,
3283-484: The redevelopment of Kai Tak was issued by the government in June 2006. Under these proposals, hotels would be scattered throughout the 328-hectare (810-acre) site, and flats aimed at housing 86,000 new residents were proposed. Other features of the plan included two cruise terminals and a large stadium. The Planning Department unveiled a major reworking of its plans for the old Kai Tak airport site on 17 October 2006, containing "a basket of small measures designed to answer
3350-404: The runway was not in use until 31 December 1975, as construction of the new Airport Tunnel had kept the northwestern end of the runway closed. In 1955 Kai Tak Airport was featured in the film The Night My Number Came Up . An Instrument Guidance System (IGS) was installed in 1974 to aid landing on runway 13. Use of the airport under adverse conditions was greatly increased. In the 1970s,
3417-413: The same day) until the entire Tuen Ma line opened on 27 June 2021. The station was temporarily closed on 17 July 2020 after a wartime bomb was found nearby. The station reopened on the morning of the next day. The station includes an artwork within the adit leading to Exit A. Entitled Memories of Kai Tak – 1925–1998 , the piece comprises a display of more than 30 photos and other materials related to
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#17327975615863484-537: The shortened final approach was so close to these buildings that passengers could spot television sets in the apartments: "...as the plane banked sharply to the right for landing ... the people watching television in the nearby apartments seemed an unsettling arm's length away." The story of Kai Tak started in 1912 when two businessmen, Ho Kai and Au Tak , formed the Kai Tak Investment Company to reclaim land in Kowloon for development. The land
3551-502: The small hill above Kowloon Tsai Park, which was painted with a large "aviation orange" and white checkerboard , used as a visual reference point on the final approach (in addition to the middle marker on the Instrument Guidance System), the pilot needed to make a 47° visual right turn to line up with the runway and complete the final leg. The aircraft would be just 2 nautical miles (3.7 km) from touchdown, at
3618-514: The ten programmes in Hong Kong's Airport Core Programme . The Regal Meridien Hong Kong Airport Hotel (now the Regal Oriental Hotel ), linked to the passenger terminal by a footbridge spanning Prince Edward Road, opened on 19 July 1982. This was Hong Kong's first airport hotel and comprised 380 rooms including 47 suites. The hotel still exists, but the footbridge (which was connected to the passenger terminal) has been demolished. It
3685-406: The third busiest airport in the world in terms of international passenger traffic, and busiest in terms of international cargo throughput. Moreover, clearance requirements for aircraft takeoffs and landings made it necessary to limit the height of buildings that could be built in Kowloon . While Kai Tak was initially located far away from residential areas, the expansion of both residential areas and
3752-530: The turn required during the final approach, ILS was not available for runway 13 and landings had to follow a visual approach. This made the approach unusable in low visibility conditions. Alongside the Chequerboard approach, there was a lesser-known approach into Kai Tak that led aircraft over the Stonecutters' NDB at a heading of 040 and led into a ~90° turn to line up on Runway 13. This approach
3819-590: The way to the Dining Cove overlooking the Victoria Harbourfront . Taking center stage at Kai Tak Sports Park, will be the 50,000 seat "Pearl of the Orient" themed Main Stadium. The stadium is complete with the latest technology in its retractable roof and also adopts a flexible pitch system which can be switched between quality natural turf for premier football or rugby events, to other surface for
3886-419: Was used four times . BMW used to test its hydrogen cars on the former Kai Tak apron area, while a golf course was set up at the end of Runway 31. The Kai Tak airport consisted of a linear passenger terminal building with a car park attached at the rear. There were eight boarding gates attached to the terminal building. A freight terminal was located on the south side of the east apron and diagonally from
3953-480: Was able to use all days of the week, meant that helicopter training took less time compared to fixed-wing training, as usage at Shek Kong is restricted to weekends. Many planes crashed at Kai Tak due to poor weather and hard approaches: In October 1998, the Government drafted a plan for the Kai Tak Airport site, involving the reclamation of 219 hectares (540 acres) of land. After receiving many objections,
4020-776: Was acquired by the government for use as an airfield after the business plan failed. In 1924, Harry Abbott opened the Abbott School of Aviation on that piece of land. Soon, it became a small grass strip runway airport used by the RAF , and by several flying clubs which, over time grew to include the Hong Kong Flying Club, the Far East Flying Training School, and the Aero Club of Hong Kong; these exist today as an amalgamation known as
4087-500: Was also the location of HMS Nabcatcher , a Royal Navy Mobile Operational Naval Air Base , (MONAB) VIII, which was situated here between 1945 and 1947. At the start of April 1947, it was decommissioned, and concurrently re-commissioned as HMS Flycatcher . At the end of December, HMS Flycatcher was officially decommissioned at Kai Tak, although the Royal Navy retained lodger rights until 1978. A plan to turn Kai Tak into
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#17327975615864154-477: Was difficult enough with normal crosswinds because, even if the wind direction was constant, it was changing relative to the aircraft as the plane made the 47° visual right turn, meaning that what would be a headwind heading directly east on the IGS would become a crosswind and begin to push the aircraft over and off the runway alignment without correction. The landing would become even more challenging when crosswinds from
4221-526: Was disrupted by a sequence of IT failures based around software bugs in the Flight Information Display System. This in turn disrupted baggage handling and airbridge allocation. But by the end of the first week these challenges, and other teething problems, were largely resolved, and the new airport was exceeding Kai Tak performance measures. The exception was the new airport's main air cargo terminal built and operated by HACTL as
4288-409: Was held inside the control tower, with then- director of civil aviation Richard Siegel, giving a brief speech; he ended with the words "Goodbye Kai Tak, and thank you", before dimming the lights briefly and then turning them off. Chek Lap Kok opened at 06:00 (6:00 a.m.) on 6 July 1998 with the arrival of Cathay Pacific Flight 889 (nicknamed Polar 1) from New York–JFK . The first week of operations
4355-451: Was home to Hong Kong's international carrier Cathay Pacific , as well as regional carrier Dragonair (since 2016 known as Cathay Dragon ), freight airline Air Hong Kong and Hong Kong Airways . The airport was also home to the former RAF Kai Tak and the Hong Kong Aviation Club . Kai Tak was located on the eastern side of Kowloon Bay in Kowloon , Hong Kong. The area is surrounded by rugged mountains. Less than 4 km (2.5 mi) to
4422-427: Was only one runway in use, numbered 13/31 and oriented southeast-northwest (134/314 degrees true, 136/316 degrees magnetic). The runway was made by reclaiming land from the harbour and was extended several times after its initial construction. The runway was 2,529 m (8,297 ft) when it was opened in 1958 and 3,390 m (11,120 ft) long when the airport closed in 1998. During the period between 1945 and 1955
4489-403: Was used extremely infrequently, since the Chequerboard approach had a localiser and glide slope to work with, and NDBs are very rarely used in commercial aviation today. It generally can be assumed this approach was used when the localiser and glide slope were offline for maintenance. Runway 13 was the preferred departure runway for heavy aircraft due to the clear departure path, opposite that of
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