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33-425: Crest Energy planned to place up to 200 turbines at least 30 metres deep along a ten kilometre stretch of the main channel. Historical charts show this stretch of the channel has changed little over 150 years. The output of the turbines would cycle twice daily with the predictable rise and fall of the tide. Each turbine was expected to have a maximum output of 1.2 MW, and generate 0.75 MW averaged over time. In 2013, it

66-618: A 50% stake in Shell Todd Oil Services . Retail brands include Auckland Gas . Todd Energy traces its roots back to 1929 as the first indigenous oil company in New Zealand. The first Todd-owned commercial venture in New Zealand however was a fellmongery opened at Heriot in West Otago in 1885.  The fellmongery was soon accompanied by a wool scouring business set up to support the growing sheep farming industry in

99-688: A depth of 3000 m. They range in average thickness from 20 m to 130 m, average natural-gas fraction from 0.06 to 0.95, and average porosity from 12.2% to 16.8% by volume. Hydrocarbons of the Kapuni Field are trapped by the Kapuni Anticline, in the hanging wall of the east-dipping Manaia Fault, a reverse fault in the Eastern Mobile Belt. The Kapuni Anticline is asymmetric, doubly-plunging, and approximately 18 km long and 8 km wide. The Manaia Fault initially developed as

132-738: A normal fault bounding the Manaia Graben during Cretaceous to Early Eocene rifting associated with the opening of the Tasman Sea. Dextral transpression associated with the Hikurangi Subduction System caused fault reactivation and basin inversion during the Eocene and Miocene, resulting in the development of the Kapuni Anticline. Maximum throw on the Manaia Fault is 900 m. Middle Oligocene (~30–25 Ma) mudstones of

165-692: A series of type III kerogen -rich coal sequences in the Eocene (~56–34 Ma) Mangahewa Formation of the Kapuni Group. These coals were deposited under coastal plain and fluo-estuarine environments and reach up to 10 m in thickness. Like its source rocks, Kapuni's reservoir layers are located in the Eocene Mangahewa Formation and were deposited as part of a general transgressive sequence. The reservoirs are predominantly sandstones, shales, and coals deposited in shore, fluvial, and estuarine environments. Kapuni's reservoirs are located below

198-546: A value of $ 4.3 billion, owned and controlled by the Todd family and headquartered in Wellington , New Zealand. The corporation is currently led by board chair, Nick Olson, and group chief executive officer, Evan Davies. The corporation employs 800 individuals at 10 locations in New Zealand, Australia, and Canada including seven on the executive team. The board of directors has seven members. The history of Todd Corporation

231-601: A ~100,000 km partially-inverted rift basin on the Taranaki Peninsula in the North Island , New Zealand . Discovered in 1959 and brought into production in 1970, Kapuni remained New Zealand's only producing gas-condensate field until the offshore Maui gas field began production in 1979. During the Lower Cretaceous (~150–100 Ma) Rangitata Orogeny , an accretionary wedge accumulated and

264-656: Is a diversified energy subsidiary based in New Zealand. Company offices are in New Plymouth , Wellington , and Calgary . Net production is approximately 25,000 barrels (4,000 cubic metres ) per day of oil equivalent , and by 2015 Todd Energy expects to provide 35% of gas and 25% of oil production in New Zealand. Todd Energy has interests in several producing fields in New Zealand, including Maui (6.25%), Kapuni (100%), McKee (100%), Mangahewa (100%), Maari (16%) and Pohokura (26%). Todd also has interests in 10 exploration permits, 5 of which are operated. Todd has

297-419: Is a subsidiary that generates electricity and retails electricity, natural gas, broadband, and mobile in New Zealand. It supplies energy to both the residential and commercial sectors with customers ranging from private homes, schools, and hospitals to large industries. It is New Zealand operated, with its customer service teams based in New Zealand. KCE sought to develop a 9.6 MW hydroelectric power station on

330-511: Is over 50 metres (160 ft) deep in parts. On average, Kaipara tides rise and fall 2.10 metres (6.9 ft). At high tide, nearly 1000 square kilometres are flooded. Spring tidal flows reach 9 km/h (5 knots) in the entrance channel and move 1,990 million cubic meters per tidal movement or 7,960 million cubic meters daily. In 2008, the Northland Regional Council granted resource consents for only 100 turbines. This

363-406: Is understood to have begun in 1885 when Scottish immigrant Charles Todd founded and opened a fellmongery and wool scouring business (according to Todd Energy) in the small Central Otago town of Heriot. By 1929, it had evolved into a car sales and maintenance business run by his son and namesake Charles Todd after the company began importing motor vehicles. This automotive business would define

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396-639: The Eocene (~56 Ma), when the Taranaki Basin underwent passive subsidence. Kapuni collected abundant organic material under coastal plain and fluvio-estuarine environments during much of the Eocene. A broad marine transgression occurred in the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene (~28–20 Ma), and mudstones were deposited on top of the Eocene organic-rich shales and sandstones. Cretaceous to Paleocene rift-related normal faults were reactivated in

429-521: The Kapuni gas and condensate field in 1959 meant that the Todd family together with Shell and BP became major players in the New Zealand petroleum production business. Later discoveries in the Maui gas field meant the Todd family was intimately involved in supplying a majority of New Zealand's LPG and CNG natural gas for energy generation as well as fuel for the transport industry. Together with Shell, BP and

462-598: The Mokau River , approximately 4.3 km downstream from the Wairere Falls dam. In 2006, the application to Environment Waikato for resource consent was declined. Nova Energy has been granted resource consents to construct a 100MW gas-fired peaking plant about 7 km south of New Plymouth and, in 2017, a 360MW mid-merit gas-fired power station near the Waipā River , at 869 Kawhia Rd, Ōtorohanga , which

495-636: The Government-owned Petrocorp began production in 1980. In 1972 BP New Zealand took a 60 percent interest in Europa, purchasing the company's marketing and refining interests including the Europa petrol stations. The two retail brands continued to operate independently, however, in 1989 they were brought under the BP brand. Todd continued its involvement in the exploration and production businesses. When sold to Mitsubishi in 1987, Todd Motors

528-711: The K3E reservoir suggests an intraformational origin. As a result of diagenesis, the K3E reservoir contains areas exhibiting significant secondary porosity and enhanced reservoir quality along with tight, cemented regions of poor reservoir quality. New Zealand's first natural gas field, Kapuni was discovered in 1959 by a team consisting of Royal Dutch/Shell , British Petroleum , and Todd Energy . Production of oil (mainly condensate and natural gas liquids ) began in 1970, and production of natural gas began in 1971. Production peaked in 1977 at over 64 PJ/year of gas and nearly 31 PJ/year of oil. Kapuni's production declined precipitously after

561-564: The Late Eocene (~40–34 Ma) and experienced substantial basin inversion in the Late Miocene (~12–5 Ma). During this time, north-plunging inversion structures, including the Kapuni Anticline, developed along the Manaia Fault and other rift-structures in the Taranaki Basin's Eastern Mobile Belt. Further west, in the Taranaki Basin's Western Stable Platform, Cretaceous rift-related faults experienced little strain. Cenozoic compression in

594-491: The Late Eocene to Late Miocene and are indicative of an east–west direction of maximum compressive stress. In the northern portion of the Kapuni Anticline, these two dominant fault trends become nearly orthogonal to one another. This is a result of fault block rotation that produced necessary extension along the anticline's younger units during fold growth. Kapuni's gas is CO 2 -rich, containing approximately 40-45 mol% CO 2 . This has facilitated significant diagenesis and

627-645: The Otaraoa Formation overly the Mangahewa Formation, sealing Kapuni's reservoirs. These mudstones were deposited under a continental shelf environment as part of the same broad transgressive sequence under which the Mangahewa Formation was deposited. Faulting is pervasive in the Kapuni Group and predominantly consists of southwest–northeast right-lateral and northwest–southeast left-lateral strike-slip faults. These faults were formed under transpressional and compressional stress regimes during

660-627: The Taranaki Basin has generally been attributed to a change in stress regime caused by the development of the Hikurangi Subduction System between the Pacific and Australian Plates off the east coast of New Zealand's North Island. Late Eocene compressional structures in the Taranaki Basin correspond with a period of elevated uplift rates along the Alpine Fault on New Zealand's South Island that has also been attributed to

693-567: The Todd Energy website by 1964, Todd Motors was assembling and selling over 10,000 cars per year. In 1970 the company purchased the New Zealand Mitsubishi franchise. This franchise and assembly plants were sold to Mitsubishi Motors in 1987. The Todd family also founded Europa, an oil importing and retail business that owned terminal services at four major ports and a chain of petrol stations across New Zealand. According to

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726-552: The Todd Energy website, this business was founded during disruptions in the petrol industry in 1929. Europa was originally named 'Associated Motorists Petrol Company Limited' (AMPC) and was formed in 1931. The company imported petrol from the Soviet Union in 1933 and was supported by the New Zealand Farmers' Union and various regional Automobile Associations. Because of price under-cutting by overseas oil companies,

759-710: The Todd family business until well into the 1980s. Charles Todd was credited with bringing the first motor car into Otago and in 1908 acquired a Ford dealership in Dunedin then in 1928 acquired the Rootes Group franchise for Hillman , Humber and Commer and obtained an Auckland branch. During the protectionist years of the 1930s the Todd family formed Todd Motor Industries Limited and in 1934 built an automotive assembly plant in Petone to reassemble vehicles imported as parts from Chrysler (USA) and Rootes . According to

792-738: The development of secondary porosity, especially in the K3E reservoir, one of the field's main producing reservoirs. Beginning approximately 5 Ma, thermal maturation of source rocks expelled CO 2 , which dissolved into groundwater. The acidic groundwater migrated updip towards the crest of the Kapuni anticline, dissolving feldspar and carbonates along its route. Intervals of coarser clasts experienced net dissolution, while finer-grained intervals experienced precipitation of authigenic clays, carbonates, and quartz. Precipitation of quartz and carbonate cements began approximately 4 Ma at temperatures exceeding 100 ° C. The carbon isotope signature of carbonate cements in

825-581: The government introduced price regulation of petrol in 1933. According to Todd Energy , Europa was the first to offer electric petrol pumps in New Zealand, the first to use articulated road tankers for fuel distribution, and the first chain to operate service station convenience stores. The Todd family also developed interests in the prospecting for, extraction of, and refining of petroleum products. In 1954 they acquired prospecting licenses around New Zealand and developed joint venture agreements with Shell Oil New Zealand Limited and BP New Zealand. The discovery of

858-685: The lower South Island. The Todd Group's first foray into the motor industry was by obtaining the Ford dealership in Otago in the very early part of the last century. This eventually led to them entering the petroleum industry, as a petroleum price war in 1929 cut off supplies to their Christchurch branch of a Todd motor dealership. This was the catalyst for forming the Associated Motorists Petrol Company Limited, an indigenous petroleum marketing company. Nova Energy

891-605: The more productive, offshore Maui gas field began producing in 1979. British Petroleum sold its ownership of Kapuni to Royal Dutch/Shell and Todd Energy in 1991, and Todd Energy became the field's sole owner in 2017. As of 2011 Kapuni produces nearly 18 PJ/year of natural gas and 2.25 PJ/year of oil. This accounts for 9.9% of New Zealand's natural gas production and 2.3% of New Zealand's oil production. As production has naturally decreased over time, Kapuni's ownership has implemented hydraulic fracturing , water shutoffs, gas re-injections and other supplemental production techniques since

924-607: The nearby subduction zone. Kapuni is located on the Australian Plate, west of the plate boundary zone and above the subducting Pacific Plate. Current geothermal gradients in the Taranaki Basin vary from 33 to 35 ° C/km offshore near the Maui Field and in northern portions of the Taranaki Peninsula to 25 ° C/km in Kapuni and other southeast portions of the Taranaki Peninsula. Kapuni's source rocks are

957-540: Was announced that the project had been put on hold, and most of the shares in Crest Energy had been sold to Todd Energy . Uncertainty in the power market was blamed for the demise of the project by Anthony Hopkins, founding director of Crest Energy. The entrance to Kaipara Harbour , one of the largest harbours in the world, is a channel to the Tasman Sea . It narrows to a width of 6 kilometres (3.7 mi), and

990-535: Was appealed to the Environment Court, which in 2011 set conditions for the project allowing for 200 turbines, with many conditions including staged development. The minister of conservation granted resource consents for the project in March 2011. The consents lapsed 10 years after they were granted, in early 2021. Todd Energy The Todd Corporation is a large private New Zealand company with

1023-520: Was assembling a wide range of cars, and light and heavy commercial vehicles. During the 1980s the Company held the number two market share position in the New Zealand automobile industry. The sale brought the Todd family's involvement in the New Zealand automotive industry to a close. The Todd Corporation has interests in natural gas development and production, electricity generation, property development, healthcare, minerals, and technology. Todd Energy

Kaipara Tidal Power Station - Misplaced Pages Continue

1056-555: Was put on hold in 2021. Bay of Plenty Energy was a wholly owned subsidiary that changed its name to Nova Energy, the national brand, in 2012. Crest Energy is the developer of the Kaipara Tidal Power Station . Their power generation assets include geothermal, gas-fired cogeneration, and solar plants. Kapuni Kapuni is an onshore natural gas-condensate field located in the Taranaki Basin ,

1089-645: Was uplifted on the margin of Gondwana in present-day New Zealand. The resulting topography was eroded throughout the Cretaceous. After the Rangitata Orogeny, seafloor spreading commenced during the Middle Cretaceous. This resulted in the formation of the Tasman Sea as New Zealand separated from Australia . Normal faults, including the Manaia Fault, formed as the Taranaki Basin developed during seafloor spreading . Rifting continued until

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