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77-463: It was founded in late 1941 as auxiliary police with 200 personnel. By mid-1943 it had grown to 10,000–12,000 men, equipped with captured Soviet tanks and artillery. Bronislav Kaminski , the unit's leader, named it the Russian People's Liberation Army ( Russian : Русская освободительная народная армия (РОНА) , romanized :  Russkaya Osvoboditelnaya Narodnaya Armiya, (RONA) ) With

154-950: A constant problem for the battalions. For example, some 3,000 men deserted Lithuanian Schutzmannschaft between September 1943 and April 1944. After the war, many former members of Schutzmannschaft fled to the West. A survey of about 200 men revealed that more than 30% had escaped from the Soviet zone. Western authorities showed much less interest in members of Schutzmannschaft than in German Nazis and did not prosecute them. Soviet Union persecuted members of Schutzmannschaft , often sentencing them to death. For example, in Lithuania, 14 men were sentenced to 25 years in Gulag in 1948, 8 men were sentenced to death in 1962, one man executed in 1979. After

231-567: A few RONA officials (including brigade chief-of-staff Obersturmbannführer Ilya Shavykin) were killed. Some sources say he was placed in front of a military tribunal and then shot by a firing squad, others that he was shot when he was captured by the Gestapo. The death of Kaminski and the unreliability of his troops as a combat unit brought the plans to expand the Kaminski Brigade to a division to an end. After Kaminski's death, his unit

308-816: A forced mobilization of the locals to his militia in 1942, Kaminski turned it into a sort of a small regular army of the Lokot Autonomy , or the "Lokot Republic", and into a "private" army subordinate personally to him. After the Wehrmacht lost the Battle of Kursk in August 1943, RONA personnel retreated to the territory of Byelorussia , especially to the Lepel area of Vitebsk , where they participated in German security operations , committing numerous atrocities against

385-588: A formation of the 600. Infanterie-Division (russisch) as part of Andrey Vlasov 's Russian Liberation Army . The former RONA were used to form one of the division's regiments. Accompanying civilians were sent to work in Pomerania . After the end of World War II in Europe, some of the former RONA and Lokot personnel were repatriated by Western Allies to the Soviet Union. At the end of 1946 a Military Court of

462-668: A local technical school teacher, Konstantin Voskoboinik , approached the German military administration with proposals to assist them in establishing a civil administration and local police. The Lokot area was, before the beginning of the war on the Eastern Front , designated for the incarceration of people forbidden to return to their previous homes in major cities of the Soviet Union – as Kaminski himself was. Voskoboinik

539-409: A non-German SS division, and the structure was laid down for the 29.Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS (russische Nr.1) based on the brigade by an order issued August 1, 1944. On the same day, Kaminski received a new rank of Waffen-Brigadeführer and General-Major of Waffen-SS. The Warsaw Uprising , which started on August 1, 1944, changed Himmler's plans and, on August 4, 1944, a combat ready regiment of

616-421: A part of these efforts, several attempts on Kaminski's life were made. Each time, Kaminski narrowly avoided death and punished the conspirators with execution. Several German officers passing through Lokot reported seeing bodies hanging from gallows outside Kaminski's headquarters. Fearing a breakdown in command, a German liaison staff was attached to Kaminski's HQ to restructure the brigade and return stability to

693-460: A projected number of four companies of 124 men each, one with a group of machine gun and three groups of infantry . In reality, the numbers varied greatly between occupied territories. Baltic (Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian) battalions were commanded by a native, while Ukrainian and Belarusian battalions had German commanders. The battalions did not have a prescribed uniform and often used uniforms from pre-war national armies. They were identified by

770-487: A small fraction of local auxiliaries were armed. Due to limited supervision, particularly in rural areas, members of Schutzmannschaften had considerable power and there were frequent complaints of corruption and abuse. Initially, Schutzmannschaften was organized based on existing police structures and spontaneous anti-Soviet groups that formed at the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union . For example, in Lithuania, Schutzmannschaften absorbed units formed by

847-480: A strength of over 6,500. Kaminski now decided to give his militia an official title. He decided on the Russian People's Liberation Army ( Russkaya Osvoboditelnaya Narodnaya Armiya , RONA ). In autumn 1942 Kaminski ordered an obligatory draft into the militia of all able-bodied men. Units were also reinforced from the "volunteers" drafted among Soviet POWs at nearby Nazi concentration camps. From 1941 on, due to lack of fuel and minor mechanical failures, Kaminski's unit

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924-558: A sub-unit had stopped their advance to loot a captured building on the front line and was consequently cut off and destroyed by the Poles. By August 27, the German commanders decided the brigade was too undisciplined and unreliable. In almost a month of fighting, the brigade had still not achieved any of its major objectives. The German commander in Warsaw, SS- Obergruppenführer Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski , stated in post war trials that

1001-435: A targeted raid under the command of Alexander Saburov on January 8, 1942, Voskoboinik was mortally wounded. After his death Kaminski took over command and expanded the militia. In co-operation with German forces, the militia began anti-partisan operations and by the spring of 1942, its number increased to 1,400 armed personnel. The estimated number of Soviet partisans in this area was as high as 20,000 – they controlled almost

1078-399: A task force of 1,700 unmarried men and sending them (some sources state they had four T-34 tanks, one SU-76 and a few artillery pieces) to Warsaw as the mixed regiment under field command of Kaminski's chief-of-staff, SS- Sturmbannführer Ivan Frolov. Frolov in 1945 stated that regiment had up to 1600 men and seven artillery pieces and four mortars. Kaminski volunteers were first given

1155-432: A third, or less than one half of the local force. Everywhere, local police far outnumbered the equivalent German personnel several times; in most places, the ratio of Germans to natives was about 1-to-10. The auxiliary police battalions ( Schutzmannschaft-Bataillone ) were created to provide security in the occupied territories, in particular by combating the anti-Nazi resistance . Many of these battalions participated in

1232-589: A variety of reasons. A number of them had prior police or military experience and wanted a job which paid steady wages and provided food rations. Joining the German war apparatus also provided certain privileges and protections for the men and their families (for example, exemption from forced labor ). Pensions were available to family members of those killed in anti-partisan operations. Others were motivated by ideological reasons (antisemitism, anticommunism , nationalism) or by opportunities to loot property of murdered Jews. Captured Soviet POWs saw Schutzmannschaften as

1309-438: A way to avoid concentration camps. Such considerations attracted criminals and other opportunists. Most of them were young: in 1944, about half of Schutzmannschaften near Mir were under 25 years of age. Germans complained about their lack of training, discipline, and in some cases refused to supply them with weapons. During 1942, in compliance with orders to enlarge Schutzmannschaft , Germans began to force men to sign up for

1386-652: A white armband which usually had the inscription Schutzmann , a service number and location. In Directive no. 46 , Hitler expressly prohibited Schutzmannschaft to use German badges of rank , the eagle and swastika emblem, or German military shoulder straps. However, members of Schutzmannschaften were eligible for various awards and decorations, including the Iron Cross and War Merit Cross . Schutzmannschaften were generally armed with confiscated Soviet rifles and some officers had pistols. Machine guns were used in anti-partisan operations and mortars were employed in

1463-466: The 29th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS RONA (1st Russian) . The Warsaw Uprising began on the same day that Heinrich Himmler signed an order for the establishment of the division (1 August 1944). The division formation was never implemented and part of the brigade was sent to Warsaw, where the unit again committed numerous atrocities. It murdered 10,000 Poles on the 19th of August alone. Kaminski

1540-707: The Baltic states occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II . Heinrich Himmler , head of the Schutzstaffel (SS), established the Schutzmannschaft on 25 July 1941, and subordinated it to the Order Police ( Ordnungspolizei ; Orpo). By the end of 1941, some 45,000 men served in Schutzmannschaft units, about half of them in the battalions. During 1942, Schutzmannschaften expanded to an estimated 300,000 men, with battalions accounting for about

1617-537: The Eastern Front and manpower shortages forced Germans to reconsider. Therefore, on 25 July 1941, Reichsführer-SS Himmler authorized creation of Schutzmannschaft . Initially, it was called Hilfspolizei , but Germans did not want to attach a reputable police title to this force. Schutzmannschaften was an integral part of German police structure and dealt with variety of issues, including everyday crimes (except when concerning German citizens). Initially, only

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1694-633: The Kaminski was pulled out of the line after losing about 500 men in combat during the fighting in Warsaw. The RONA volunteers, now decimated and infamous even among the SS, were then assigned to the Kampinos Forest to help seal off Warsaw. During their stay in the forest, the unit's artillery battery and one of its infantry battalions were suddenly attacked by 80 Polish partisans led by Lieutenant Colonel "Dolina" ( Adolf Pilch ) while stationed at

1771-505: The Lepel area of Vitebsk . This area was overrun by partisans, and the brigade was involved in heavy combat in this area for the rest of the year. During the retreat, desertions from the brigade increased greatly, and the entire formation seemed close to disintegration. When the commander of the Second Regiment, Major Tarasov, decided to join the partisans with all his regiment (he was offered amnesty if his entire regiment joined

1848-679: The Provisional Government . Due to this legacy and its semi-military status, Lithuanians associated police battalions with their national aspirations of independent Lithuania. This caused a rift within German ranks: ideologues like Hitler and Himmler saw no place for Baltic nationalism within the Greater Germanic Reich , but the Nazis needed local collaboration and had to maintain at least a shadow of national institutions. Local men joined Schutzmannschaften due to

1925-427: The dissolution of the Soviet Union , several former members of Schutzmannschaft were denaturalized by United States or Canada and deported back to their countries. Second Panzer Army The 2nd Panzer Army ( German : 2. Panzerarmee ) was a German armoured formation during World War II , formed from the 2nd Panzer Group on October 5, 1941. Panzer Group Guderian ( German : Panzergruppe Guderian )

2002-596: The 2nd Panzer Army and all of Army Group F were pushed out of Belgrade in a joint operation by the Partisans and Red Army during the Belgrade Offensive . The 2nd Panzer Army finished the war in disarray in modern Austria . As all German armies on the Eastern Front, Panzer Group 2 implemented the criminal Commissar Order during Operation Barbarossa . In September 1942, the 2nd Panzer Army took part in war crimes while conducting anti-guerrilla operations in

2079-476: The Army Rear Area 532 with its center in the town of Lokot. On 19 July 1942, after approval from Commander of Army Group Centre , Field Marshal Günther von Kluge , Schmidt and 532 Area commander Volksdeutsche , Kaminski received a certain degree of autonomy and nominal self-rule and self-governing powers under the supervision of Major von Veltheim and Colonel Rübsam. Kaminski was made a chief major of

2156-559: The Autonomous Administration of Lokot (comprising eight raions ) and brigade commander of the local militia. Starting in June 1942, Kaminski's militia took part in the major action codenamed Operation Vogelsang as a part of Generalleutnant Werner Freiherr von und zu Gilsa's Kampfgruppe (taskforce) Gilsa II . This unit included one Panzer regiment from 5th Panzer Division , elements of 216th Infantery Division ,

2233-580: The Holocaust and caused thousands of Jewish deaths. Usually the battalions were voluntary units and were not directly involved in combat. In total, about 200 battalions were formed. There were approximately 21 ethnic Estonian, 47 Latvian, 26 Lithuanian, 11 Belarusian, 8 Tatar, and 71 Ukrainian Schuma battalions. Each battalion had an authorized strength of about 500, but the actual size varied greatly. They should not be confused with native German Order Police battalions ( SS-Polizei-Bataillone ) which

2310-630: The Holocaust (guarding or liquidating Nazi ghettos ). About 12,000 men guarded forced laborers (Soviet POWs, civilians, Jews) working on the Durchgangsstrasse IV , a major road from Lemberg (now Lviv ) to Stalino (now Donetsk ). The issue of involving Schutzmannschaft in combat was revisited after the Battle of Stalingrad . Some Schutzmannschaft battalions in Estonia, Latvia, Ukraine and elsewhere were reorganized into Waffen-SS divisions wearing national insignia. Deserters were

2387-532: The Iron Cross 2nd Class and on the same day the Iron Cross 1st Class. On February 15, 1944, Kaminski issued an order to relocate the brigade and administration further west to the Dzyatlovo area of West Belarus. At this point, the brigade's ranks were replenished by the addition of police forces from Belarus. In March 1944, the brigade was renamed Volksheer-Brigade Kaminski . Starting on April 11, 1944, it

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2464-651: The Kaminski militia, and elements of the Hungarian 102nd Light Division and 108th Light Division. The militia, serving as guides, scouts and translators, stayed with Kampfgruppe Gilsa II until it was disbanded in October 1942. The official results of this operation, the first major one where Kaminski's troops participated, were 1,193 alleged partisans killed, 1,400 wounded, 498 captured, 12,531 civilians "evacuated". The Kampfgruppe suffered 58 killed and 130 wounded from

2541-571: The Kyiv encirclement, the German planned for the three Panzer armies to attack Moscow from different directions: 4th Panzer Army in the North around Leningrad would attack southward. Hoth's 3rd Panzer Army would attack eastward towards Moscow, while the 2nd Panzer Army would turn northwest and attack Moscow from the south. Guderian's forces tried to encircle the 50th Army , which was successfully defending Tula . After unsuccessful attempts to capture Tula,

2618-477: The Order Police formed between 1939 and 1945 and which also participated in the Holocaust. The Order Police organized the Schutzmannschaften by nationality: Belarusian , Estonian , Latvian , Lithuanian , and Ukrainian . The Germans did not want to use local collaborators on a large scale as they were deemed to be unreliable and inferior ( Untermensch ). However, the rapid German advance in

2695-488: The Soviet Union. Guderian's 2nd Panzer Army formed the Army Group's southern pincer while Hoth's 3rd Panzer Army formed the northern pincer destroying several Soviet armies during the opening phase of Operation Barbarossa. During the battles of Bialystok and Minsk, substantial numbers of prisoners were captured and several weapons captured. Suffering heavy losses in men and equipment, the German forces advanced deeper into

2772-524: The Soviet Union. The rasputitsa season (literally "roadlessness", due to heavy rains and sluggish muddy roads) began to slow down the formation's progress to a few kilometres a day. The rasputitsa was not an unusual phenomenon, but the Wehrmacht did not prepare for this contingency as the German high command had expected the German army to be in Moscow and beyond at this time, with the campaign over before

2849-650: The Soviet Union. These operations killed at least a thousand people, razed entire villages, and deported over 18,500. During these operations, Jews and suspected partisans were murdered by being forced to drag ploughs through minefields. In August 1943, the army's headquarters was subordinated to Army Group F and transferred to the Balkans for anti-partisan operations. The army became primarily an infantry formation at this point and found itself committed to anti-partisan operations, and personnel were accused postwar of multiple atrocities against civilians and partisans. After

2926-507: The Soviet counter-offensive, the Germans enjoyed complete domination of the skies and numerical advantage in material and men power during the Battle of Moscow . The massive and unexpected counter-attacks of 1st Guards Cavalry Corps , 50th Army, 10th Army , and parts of 49th Army drove the Germans the furthest from the capital, thus resulting in Hitler's dismissal of Heinz Guderian . After

3003-587: The USSR handed death sentences to Ivan Frolov and several others. Some of the returned members of the brigade and supporters of the Lokot Autonomy formed partisan groups around Lokot; the movement slowly degenerated into crime groups, and the last large group was eliminated in 1951. In the 1950s and 1960s in the USSR, dozens of other former members were found, some of them also convicted and sentenced to death. The last member of Lokot/RONA personnel to be prosecuted

3080-478: The battalions for more direct military duties. In particular, Franz Walter Stahlecker asked to relieve the 16th Army in the Demyansk Pocket . However, Hitler refused. In Directive no. 46 , dated August 1942, he agreed to strengthen and enlarge Schutzmannschaft , but to use it only for Nazi security warfare and other auxiliary duties behind the front lines. Some battalions continued to participate in

3157-523: The battle, he would never again reach the height and the popularity with Hitler or command any significant part of the German forces. In August 1943, the 2nd Panzer Army was transferred to occupied Yugoslavia , where it was incorporated into Army Group F and engaged in anti-partisan operations against the Chetniks under Draža Mihailović and the communist Yugoslav Partisans under Josip Broz Tito . Despite engaging in several operations aimed to crush

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3234-516: The breakdown in logistics. By November, the situation of Guderian's Panzer Group was dire. Nonetheless, Guderian expected the Red Army's resistance to collapse and, driven by National Socialist military thinking, including the idea that the "will" was key to success, continued to direct his forces to attack. By early December, the final advance on Moscow failed in the face of stiffening Soviet resistance and due to shortages in men and equipment. Until

3311-634: The brigade was absorbed as part of the Waffen-SS . With its transfer to the Waffen-SS, the brigade was renamed Waffen-Sturm-Brigade RONA , and Kaminski was given the rank of Waffen-Brigadeführer der SS , as the only man with such rank. As a result of the Operation Bagration , anti-partisan activities of the brigade were halted and its personnel (3,000-7,000, sources vary) collected at the SS training camp Neuhammer and plans were made for

3388-474: The brigade was ordered to assist the efforts in crushing the uprising. SS- Gruppenführer Heinz Reinefarth was placed in charge of Kampfgruppe Reinfarth , a pacification unit which consisted of the Kaminski Brigade along with the Dirlewanger Brigade , several other Ordnungspolizei and SS rear area units. Himmler personally requested Kaminski's assistance, and the latter obliged by gathering

3465-528: The civilian population. The unit was absorbed into the Waffen-SS in June 1944. After Operation Bagration (June to August 1944), the RONA retreated further west, and by the end of July 1944, the remains of the Kaminski unit (3 to 4 thousand—some sources estimate 6 to 7 thousand) assembled at the SS training camp at Neuhammer (now Świętoszów ). On the base of the Kaminski unit, SS leaders planned to form an SS division –

3542-412: The emptied village of Truskaw . Nearly 100 Russian and German SS-men died in the midnight assault. The remnants of the battalion, which was mostly drunk at the time of the attack, fled in disarray, abandoning their weapons as they fled. In Truskaw, the 1st Regiment lost its entire artillery and much of the stolen merchandise from the city. According to some Polish sources, 250 RONA troops were killed during

3619-429: The end of summer. After Minsk, the 2nd and 3rd Panzer Armies captured Smolensk in another successful pincer operation taking around 300,000 prisoners. Hitler ordered Army Group Center to detach the 2nd Panzer Group, turning southward towards Kyiv to form the northern pincer at Kyiv. Guderian's 2nd Panzer Army and Kleist's 1st Panzer Army were locked in a pincer around Kyiv to trap 665,000 Soviet prisoners. After concluding

3696-491: The entire rear area of Army Group Center's area of operations. In mid-March 1942, Kaminski's representative assured the German Second Panzer Army at Orel that Kaminski's unit was "ready to actively fight the guerillas" and to carry on a propaganda campaign against "Jew-Bolshevism" and Soviet partisans. Thereafter, commander of 2nd Army Generaloberst Rudolf Schmidt appointed Kaminski as mayor of

3773-456: The evacuation of property and families of RONA brigade members and Lokot authorities. Up to 30,000 persons (10-11,000 of them brigade members) were transferred by the Germans to the Lepel area of Vitebsk in Belarus by the end of August 1943. According to post-war Soviet estimates up to 10,000 civilians were killed during the existence of the Kaminski formation. The brigade finally settled in

3850-416: The first tasks of the battalions was mass execution of Jews. Attached to Einsatzgruppen as needed, the battalions rounded up, executed, and disposed of Jews. For example, it is estimated that Lithuanian Schutzmannschaft killed 78,000 Jews in Lithuania and Belarus. The mass executions largely ceased by the end of 1941. By that time German advance into Soviet Union halted and Nazi officials considered using

3927-486: The high command ordered Gudarian to bypass Tula on November 18 and head towards the vital town of Kashira. The furthest attack was stopped near Kashira by the 1st Guards Cavalry Corps , 173rd Rifle Division , and other units that withstood the central attack of the Guderian army. The Group's divisions had suffered heavy attrition since the beginning of the invasion and experienced shortages in fuel and ammunition due to

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4004-466: The later stages of the war. In general, the battalions were poorly provided for, sometimes even lacking food rations, as priority and preference was given to German units fighting in the front lines. The Schutzmannschaft battalions were organized by nationality: Ukrainians, Belarusians, Estonians, Lithuanians, Latvians, Tatars. Germans attempted to organize police battalions in occupied Poland , but did not find volunteers and had to use force in forming

4081-527: The night of September 2–3 in the raid on Truskaw , and 100 more in the raid  [ pl ] on the village of Marianów the next night. A captured diary of the Kaminski brigade soldier, Ivan Vashenko, (killed at Truskaw) was published in Poland in 1947. At the time of the Warsaw actions, Kaminski was called to Łódź to attend a leadership conference. He never reached it. Officially, Polish partisans were blamed for an alleged ambush in which Kaminski and

4158-450: The objective over, units dispersed into loose, plundering hordes." Kaminski himself was involved in the looting in Warsaw, claiming he was collecting for his "Russian Liberation Fund". Major General Günter Rohr , commander of Warsaw's southern sector, demanded that the brigade be removed from his command. Bach-Zelewski agreed as the troublesome unit was slowing his efforts to suppress the uprising. As soon as replacement units were available,

4235-493: The partisan movement, particularly the communists, no clear victory was gained. Indeed, the partisan movement grew in size and equipment, particularly after Italy signed the Armistice of Cassibile on 8 September 1943, which led to Italian units in occupied Bosnia and Montenegro either surrendering or defecting to the partisans. Throughout 1943-44, the 2nd Panzer Army was progressively stripped of its heavy armor destined for

4312-515: The partisans), Kaminski flew to Tarosov's headquarters and, according to one account, strangled him and 8 others in front of his men. Despite the threat of repercussions up to 200 men deserted within the following two days. By the beginning of October 1943 the brigade had lost 2/3 of its personnel, while still being in possession of 12 tanks (8 of them T-34's), one 122-mm, 3– 76 mm and 8 45 mm artillery systems. On January 27, 1944, Himmler rewarded Kaminski's "achievements" by decorating him with

4389-536: The service and eliminated service term limits (initially men signed up for one-year or six-month terms). There was a marked difference in attitudes of more enthusiastic early volunteers and later forced recruits. To increase their reliability, Himmler ordered the organization of NCO training, which would include political education, that lasted up to eight weeks. The Schutzmannschaft comprised four sections: Police battalions were divided based on their intended functions into five categories: Each battalion had

4466-433: The single Polish Schutzmannschaft Battalion 202 . The battalions were initially allotted numbers as follows (in brackets: re-allotted numbers in 1942; not all numbers were actually used): The battalions were not confined to their locations and could be easily moved to locations far outside their home country. Since formation of the battalions was particularly slow in Belarus, many of them were first stationed there. One of

4543-417: The size of a 14- battalion brigade , close to 8,000 armed men. From November 19, 1942 till December 1942, Lokot was inspected under the orders of Alfred Rosenberg . As of January 1943, the brigade numbered 9828 men; the armoured unit of the brigade had one heavy KV-II, two medium T-34, three BT-7 and two BT-5 light tanks, and three armored cars (BA-10, 2 BA-20). In the spring of 1943, the brigade's structure

4620-546: The task of clearing the Ochota district defended by only 300 poorly armed Poles. Their attack was planned for the morning of August 5, but when the time came, Kaminski's men could not be found. After some searching, they were found looting abandoned houses in the rear. The attack finally got underway shortly before noon and it went poorly, with the brigade advancing only 275 meters before nightfall. The men had neither training for nor prior experience in urban combat . For many it

4697-419: The unit "had no military combat value whatsoever, with both officers and soldiers having not even a hint of tactical understanding. "I saw Kaminski's men removing entire cartloads of stolen jewellery, gold watches, and precious stones. The capture of a liquor supply was more important for the brigade than the seizure of a position commanding the same street. Each assault was instantly stopped, because after taking

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4774-452: The unit. At this time the strength of the unit was estimated at up to 8,500 men. The armoured unit of the brigade had one heavy KV-II , four medium T-34, three BT-5 light tanks , one T-37 amphibious tank, one armoured car (BA-10) and two armoured carriers. After the failure of Citadel, the Soviet counter-offensives forced the brigade, along with their families, to flee with the retreating Germans. On July 29, 1944, Kaminski issued orders for

4851-452: The upper part a yellow abbreviation "POHA". Some sources noted that the Nazi swastika also appeared on the brigade banner. Schutzmannschaft The Schutzmannschaft , or Auxiliary Police ( lit. "protection team"; plural: Schutzmannschaften , abbreviated as Schuma ) was the collaborationist auxiliary police of native policemen serving in those areas of the Soviet Union and

4928-622: The war on the Eastern Front , and became a primarily motorized infantry force. It did gain specialized Alpine support from units like the Brandenburgers and 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen divisions. However, endemic guerilla warfare cost the 2nd Panzer Army heavily, and only months after the Raid on Drvar (Operation Rösselsprung) failed to assassinate the communist partisan leadership via airborne assault ,

5005-493: The war, former members of the brigade and supporters of the Lokot Autonomy formed a partisan movement, which slowly degenerated into organized crime groups and was suppressed in 1951. In October 1941, the Nazi Germany military advance into the Soviet Union reached Lokot area near the city of Bryansk and captured it on October 6, 1941. In November 1941, an engineer at the local alcohol plant, Bronislav Kaminski , and

5082-403: Was Antonina Makarova , who was responsible for at least 168 executions, but likely about 1500 executions. Makarova was arrested in 1978. She was convicted of treason, sentenced to death, and executed in 1979. The ranks from May 1943 to June, 1944 were: In 1942 – white arm bands with a St. George's cross . From May 1943 – arm-badge white shield with red borders with black St. George's cross. In

5159-414: Was appointed by the Germans as starosta of the "Lokot volost " and head of the local militia unit. The militia headed by Voskoboinik began with 200 men, and was to assist the Germans in conducting their different activities, which included murders of civilians loyal to or accused of loyalty to the Soviet authorities or Soviet partisans . By January 1942 militia numbers were increased to 400–500. During

5236-524: Was attached to SS-Kampfgruppe von Gottberg , which also included the notorious Dirlewanger Brigade , and participated in a series of anti-partisan operations: Regenschauer (up to 7,000 partisans reported as killed), Frühlingsfest (7,011 partisans reported as killed and 1,065 weapons captured) and Kormoran (7,697 partisans reported as killed and 325 weapons captured). During these operations local civilians were shot as "suspected partisans" or deported as slave laborers, their villages burned down. In June 1944,

5313-452: Was followed by similar operations – Freischütz and Tannhäuser . The brigade, together with other units under German command, was involved in action against partisans and also took part in reprisal operations against the civilian population. In the summer of 1943, the brigade began to suffer major desertions due in part to the recent Soviet victories and to the efforts of the partisans to "turn" as many of Kaminski's troops as possible. As

5390-531: Was formed in November 1940 from Panzer Group Guderian. In October 1941 it was renamed the 2nd Panzer Army. Panzer Group 2 played a significant role in the early stages of the German invasion of the Soviet Union during Operation Barbarossa in 1941 when it was a constituent part of Army Group Centre . 2nd Panzer Group was part of the Army Group Centre during Operation Barbarossa , the invasion of

5467-741: Was formed on 5 June 1940 and named after its commander, general Heinz Guderian . In early June 1940, after reaching the English Channel following the breakthrough in the Ardennes , the Panzergruppe Guderian was formed from the XIX Army Corps , and thrust deep into France , cutting off the Maginot Line . In November 1940, it was upgraded into Panzergruppe 2 . The 2nd Panzer Group ( German : Panzergruppe 2 )

5544-402: Was later executed on the orders of Himmler. By August 27, 1944, having found the brigade too undisciplined and unreliable, the German commanders removed it from Warsaw. The unit was sent to Slovakia , and deployed against Slovak partisans . After the end of October 1944 the brigade was disbanded and the remaining personnel absorbed into General Andrey Vlasov 's Russian Liberation Army . After

5621-413: Was ordered to collect abandoned Soviet tanks and armored cars, and by November 1942, his unit was in possession of at least two BT-7 tanks and one 76 mm artillery system. Due to the lack of military dress and boots (some units were barefoot), the Germans provided used uniforms for Kaminski's brigade, sufficient for only 4 battalions. By late 1942, the militia of the Lokot Autonomy had expanded to

5698-542: Was placed under the command of the SS-Brigadeführer and Generalmajor der Polizei Christoph Diehm . As the front line approached again, the remnants of the brigade and accompanying civilian refugees were due to be evacuated to Hungary , but the start of the Slovak National Uprising left it stranded in railway trains near Racibórz in southern Poland . From September 27, 1944 the brigade

5775-656: Was reorganized – there were 5 regiments created with 3 battalions each, an anti-aircraft battalion (3 AAA guns and 4 heavy machine guns), and an armoured unit. A separate "guard" battalion was created; brigade strength was estimated up to 12,000 in total. Prior to Operation Citadel , the massive offensive to destroy the Kursk salient , in May–June 1943 the brigade took part in Operation Zigeunerbaron ("Gypsy Baron") together with other German units. This operation

5852-587: Was the first time they had even seen a major city and they fought poorly while suffering high casualties. At the same time, thousands of Polish civilians were killed by the RONA SS men during the events known as the Ochota massacre ; many of the victims were also raped . In the middle of the month, the Kaminski was moved north to the Wola sector, but it fared no better in combat there than in Ochota. In one incident,

5929-505: Was under overall command of SS-Gruppenführer Heinrich Jürs  [ de ] . In October, after inspection of the brigade personnel in the Raum Kattowitz, the Germans decided to absorb the remnants of Kaminski's brigade into General Andrey Vlasov 's Russian Liberation Army . From November 1944, remnants of the brigade (some sources estimated its strength at up to 2,000) forwarded into the military training camp Münsingen, with

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