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40-883: Kamienna Góra on the Bóbr river is situated in Lower Silesian Voivodeship between the Stone Mountains and the Rudawy Janowickie at the old trade route from Silesia to Prague , today part of the National Road No. 5 . It lies approximately 95 kilometres (59 miles) south-west of the regional capital Wrocław . The area was part of the Great Moravian Empire in the Early Middle Ages , and became part of

80-769: A Bohemian invasion, and Bolko I declared he would not allow any Bohemian or German ruler in Silesia. Kamienna Góra received new privileges from Duke Bolko II the Small in 1334. In 1345 the heavily fortified town was captured by the Bohemians, probably by digging an underground tunnel. In 1348 it was recaptured by the Poles, probably by using a ruse modeled on the Trojan Horse . Carts with hidden soldiers, supposedly filled with hay or other goods, were reportedly used. Nevertheless,

120-1015: Is a National Institute and Library of great importance, and the Pan Tadeusz Museum, containing the manuscript of the Polish national epos, Pan Tadeusz by Adam Mickiewicz , serves as its branch. Bolesławiec , center of pottery production since the Middle Ages, hosts the Museum of Ceramics. The former gold mines in Złoty Stok and Złotoryja , tin and cobalt mine in Krobica , nickel mine in Szklary , coal mine in Nowa Ruda and uranium ore mine in Kowary are available for tourists. There

160-742: Is also an underground tourist route in historic cellars under the old town of Kłodzko . Lower Silesia boasts three World Heritage Sites and 15 Historic Monuments of Poland : There are several burial sites of Polish monarchs and dukes from the Piast dynasty , including at Henryków , Lubiąż , Trzebnica , and several in Legnica and Wrocław. The Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Krzeszów and Church of St. John

200-609: Is bordered by Lubusz Voivodeship to the north-west, Greater Poland Voivodeship to the north-east, Opole Voivodeship to the south-east, the Czech Republic ( Hradec Králové Region , Liberec Region , Olomouc Region and Pardubice Region ) to the south, and Germany ( Saxony ) to the west. Wrocław Airport serves as an international and domestic airport. Wrocław Główny is the largest railway station in Poland, serving an average of 21.2 million passengers annually. It offers

240-474: Is divided into 30 counties ( powiaty ), four of which are city counties. These are further divided into 169 gminy . Lower Silesia is divided into three additional delegation districts governed by the provincial government, with Wrocław serving as the capital of the administrative region: The counties are listed in the following table (ordering within categories is by decreasing population). Speedway , football , basketball , handball and volleyball enjoy

280-709: Is host to several spa towns , many castles and palaces , and the Giant Mountains with several ski resorts . For this reason tourism is a large part of this region's economy. In the past 1,200 years, the region has been part of Great Moravia , the Medieval Kingdom of Poland , the Crown of Bohemia , Kingdom of Hungary , Habsburg monarchy (Austria), Kingdom of Prussia , the German Empire , and modern Poland after 1945. Silesian tribes settled

320-527: Is mostly located within the voivodeship. The village of Henryków Lubański contains Poland's oldest tree, an over-1200-year-old yew , listed as a natural monument . The voivodeship has a number of mineral springs and is host to a large number of spa towns . The highest point in the voivodeship is Mount Śnieżka (1603 m above sea level) while the lowest point is located in the Oder River Valley (69 m above sea level). Lower Silesian Voivodeship

360-489: Is one of the 16 voivodeships (provinces) into which Poland is divided. It covers an area of 19,946 square kilometres (7,701 sq mi), and as of 2019 has a total population of 2,899,986. It is one of the wealthiest provinces in Poland as natural resources such as copper , brown coal and rock materials are widely present. Its capital and largest city is Wrocław , situated on the Oder River . The voivodeship

400-768: Is the list of subcamps of Gross-Rosen concentration camp , a complex of Nazi concentration camps built and operated by Nazi Germany during World War II . The camps are arranged alphabetically by their Nazi German designation. For the list of present-day locations in alphabetical order, please use table-sort buttons. The majority of prisoners came from occupied Poland (up to 90% in some subcamps) both Christian and Jewish (usually separated). Most, were put to work as slave labour in textile, armament, mining and defence construction industries. Other nationalities included Czechs, Slovaks, Roma, Belgians, Frenchmen, Russians, Yugoslavs, Hungarians and even ethnically German and Italian inmates. Thousands were brought in from Auschwitz after

440-673: The Ostsiedlung , the cultural and ethnic Germanic influence grew with an influx of immigrants from the German-speaking areas of the Holy Roman Empire , and since the 1330s when it was subjugated to the Kingdom of Bohemia , although large portions of Lower Silesia still formed Polish-ruled duchies under the houses of Piast, Jagiellon and Sobieski , some up to the 17th and 18th century. Chief medieval ducal capitals of

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480-813: The Market Square , the Cathedral Island and Wrocław's dwarfs . The Festival of Good Beer is held every year of June. The annual international Chopin Festival is held in the Fryderyk Chopin Theatre in the town of Duszniki-Zdrój . Other major attraction of the town is the Museum of Papermaking , established in a 17th-century paper mill . Śnieżka is the highest peak of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship and

520-490: The Middle Ages , gold (Polish: złoto ) and silver (Polish: srebro ) were mined in the region, which is reflected in the names of the former mining towns of Złotoryja , Złoty Stok and Srebrna Góra . The voivodeship contains 8 cities and 83 towns. The cities, governed by a city mayor ( Polish : prezydent miasta ), are listed below in descending order of population (as of 2019): Lower Silesian Voivodeship

560-808: The Piast Duke Bolesław II the Bald of Legnica gave the area to the Benedictine monastery of Opatovice (in eastern Bohemia ), who already had established the Krzeszów Abbey at nearby Krzeszów . When the abbey passed to the Cistercians in 1289, Kamienna Góra was acquired by Duke Bolko I the Strict of Świdnica, who extended it as a stronghold against the nearby Kingdom of Bohemia and granted town rights in 1292. In 1295, Poles repelled

600-729: The Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998. Although much of the region is relatively low-lying, Lower Silesia includes the Sudeten Foreland , as well as part of the Sudetes mountain range, that runs along the Polish/ Czech border. Ski resorts in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship include Karpacz and Szklarska Poręba in the Karkonosze mountains. Lower Silesian Forest , the largest continuous forest of Poland,

640-683: The Protestant Reformation , the Silesian Wars , Napoleonic Wars , industrialisation and the two World Wars . Before and during World War II , the region's Polish and Jewish populations were persecuted by Nazi Germany . During the war, Germany operated numerous prisons and camps in the region, most notably the Gross-Rosen concentration camp and Stalag VIII-A prisoner-of-war camp for Allied POWs of various nationalities, both with multiple subcamps scattered throughout

680-581: The Soviets on 9 May 1945, and after the war it became part of Poland. A time of insecurity began for the German townspeople, who were outlawed, repeately drived out of their homes, and had to wear white armbands. Between May 8 and May 24, almost all population of the town and the county was deported for the remainder of Germany, in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement . From 1975 to 1998, it

720-656: The Archdiocese Museum in Wrocław, which contains the Book of Henryków . Wrocław also hosts the Post and Telecommunications Museum, Poland's chief museum dedicated to postal history. The Regional Museum in Środa Śląska holds the Środa Treasure , containing medieval gold and silver coins, jewellery and royal regalia , considered one of the most precious archaeological findings of 20th-century Europe. The Ossolineum in Wrocław

760-844: The Baptist in Legnica contain entire Baroque mausoleums of the Piast dukes from the Świdnica and Legnica lines, respectively. Other rather unique historic structures include the Skull Chapel in Kudowa-Zdrój and the Vang Stave Church in Karpacz . The Ducal Tower in Siedlęcin contains one of the best preserved medieval frescos in Poland, and the world's only in situ depiction of Sir Lancelot . World War II sites include

800-455: The Germans destroyed a synagogue and four Jewish stores. During World War II, the Germans established and operated a subcamp of the Gross-Rosen concentration camp . Around 1,600 men, mostly Poles , and also smaller groups of other ethnicities, were imprisoned and used as forced labour in the subcamp, and many of them died. There was also a forced labour camp for Jews . It was captured by

840-427: The area were Wrocław , Legnica , Głogów , Świdnica and Jawor . Lower Silesia was, during the Middle Ages , one of Poland's cultural centers. The Book of Henryków (1273), which contains the earliest known sentence written in the Polish language, as well as a document which contains the oldest printed text in Polish, were both created within it. The first granting of municipal privileges in Poland took place in

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880-471: The cities of Legnica , Głogów , Lubin and Polkowice produces copper , as well as other valuable minerals, making Poland the second largest producer of copper in Europe, and the largest producer of silver and rhenium in Europe and one of the largest in the world (as of 2024). Strzegom and its surroundings are the site of granite mining, and the town is called the "capital of Polish granite". One of

920-445: The domestic and international connections of various carriers. The A4 motorway , A8 motorway , A18 motorway and S3 Expressway , S5 Expressway , S8 Expressway also run through the voivodeship. Tourism is important for Lower Silesian Voivodeship. There are 99 castles and hundreds of palaces. A lot are located Jelenia Góra Valley . Wrocław being the largest city in the voivodeship has many sights and attractions, including

960-548: The duchy fell to the Bohemian crown with Bolko's death in 1368. It burnt down during the 1426 Hussite campaign to Silesia and in the 1460s it passed to the Kingdom of Hungary , before in 1490 it fell back to Bohemia, then under the rule of Vladislaus II , who erected new town walls. During the Thirty Years' War the town was plundered by Austrian and Swedish troops. As a result of the war, only two residents remained in

1000-571: The emerging Polish state in the 10th century under its first ruler Mieszko I of Poland . During the times of the fragmentation of Poland it was part of the duchies of Silesia , Legnica , Jawor and Świdnica . In the early 13th century, Polish Duke Henry the Bearded erected a defensive castle at the site, due to its proximity to the Polish – Czech border. The settlement was mentioned in documents from 1232 (as Landeshut ) and 1249 (as Landishute and Landishute forensis auch Camena Gora ). In 1254

1040-484: The lands at the end of the first millennium after the Migration Period . In the 9th century, the region became part of Great Moravia under Svatopluk I of Moravia and in the 10th century, Mieszko I of the Piast dynasty eventually incorporated the region to Poland. The region withstood German invasions with decisive Polish victories at Niemcza (1017) and Głogów (1109), both commemorated with monuments. It

1080-569: The largest following in the voivodeship with several accomplished teams. Since the establishment of the province, various major international sports competitions were co-hosted by the province, including the EuroBasket 2009 , 2009 Women's European Volleyball Championship , 2010 Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships , UEFA Euro 2012 , 2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship , 2016 European Men's Handball Championship , 2017 World Games . List of subcamps of Gross-Rosen Below

1120-635: The local branch of the Nazi German Gross-Rosen concentration camp . The officially protected traditional food of Kamienna Góra, as designated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland , is the kamiennogórski ser pleśniowy (Kamienna Góra blue cheese ). Kamienna Góra is twinned with: Lower Silesian Voivodeship Lower Silesian Voivodeship ( Polish : Województwo dolnośląskie , [vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ dɔlnɔˈɕlɔ̃skjɛ] ) in southwestern Poland,

1160-773: The museum at the former Nazi German Gross-Rosen concentration camp and memorials at the sites of other Nazi camps and prisons and to the Polish resistance movement , etc. A portion of the underground structures built as part of the unfinished Nazi German Project Riese is available for tourists. There are also the Kłodzko and Srebrna Góra fortresses, which initially served for military purposes, and during World War II as German prisons for prisoners of various nationalities, especially Polish. Protected areas in Lower Silesian Voivodeship: and many areas of Natura 2000 network. The gross domestic product (GDP) of

1200-629: The province was 41.1 billion euro in 2018, accounting for 8.3% of the Polish economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was €23,400 or 78% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 85% of the EU average. Lower Silesia Voivodeship is the province with the second highest GDP per capita in Poland. The wealth of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship is partly due to mining and production of various minerals. The Legnica-Głogów Copper Basin (Polish: Legnicko-Głogowski Okręg Miedziowy ) with

1240-589: The province. In 1469, Lower Silesia passed to Hungary , and in 1490 it fell back to Bohemia, then ruled by the Jagiellonian dynasty, then together with it became part of the Habsburg monarchy (1526). In 1742/44, the territory was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia , and subsequently became part of the German Empire (1871). Over the centuries, Lower Silesia has experienced several epochal events such as

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1280-604: The region and beyond, including forced labour camps at the Project Riese construction project. There was also a camp for kidnapped Polish children up to 5 years of age deemed " racially worthless " in Wąsosz , and a youth prison in Wołów with several forced labour subcamps in the region, whereas Kamieniec Ząbkowicki was the place of Aktion T4 murders of mentally ill children by involuntary euthanasia . In 1945, Lower Silesia

1320-426: The region, with the granting of rights for Złotoryja by Henry the Bearded . Medieval municipal rights modeled after Lwówek Śląski and Środa Śląska , both established by Henry the Bearded, became the basis of municipal form of government for several cities and towns in Poland, and two of five local Polish variants of medieval town rights. Burial sights of medieval Polish monarchs from the Piast dynasty are located in

1360-493: The three largest lignite mines in Poland is located in Bogatynia . Wałbrzych and Nowa Ruda are former bituminous coal mining centers. Szklary was the location of the country's sole nickel ore mine, and one of only five places in the world, where the rare chrysoprase , carnelian and opal were extracted, and the place of discovery of the extremely rare szklaryite , nioboholtite and titanoholtite minerals. In

1400-401: The town in 1639. After Frederick II of Prussia had conquered Silesia with Landeshut in 1742, it was the site of 12 battles during the Silesian Wars . The two largest were fought on 22 May 1745 and 23 June 1760 . In the former Prussians defeated Austrian, Hungarian and Croatian forces, and in the latter Austrians defeated a Prussian corps. From 1871 the town formed part of Germany. The town

1440-401: The whole of the Sudetes . The voivodeship contains 11 spa towns ( Długopole-Zdrój , Duszniki-Zdrój , Jedlina-Zdrój , Kudowa-Zdrój , Lądek-Zdrój , Polanica-Zdrój , Przerzeczyn-Zdrój , Szczawno-Zdrój , Świeradów-Zdrój ), more than any other province of Poland. There are various museums, including the major National Museum in Wrocław with the branch Racławice Panorama Museum, and

1480-595: Was administratively located in the Jelenia Góra Voivodeship . The main historic district of Kamienna Góra is the Old Town ( Stare Miasto ) with the Freedom ( Plac Wolności ), Grunwald Squares ( Plac Grunwaldzki ) and Brewery ( Plac Browarowy ) Squares, filled with numerous historic buildings. Among the historic sights of Kamienna Góra are: There are also several monuments dedicated to the victims of

1520-582: Was divided into small realms reigned by Silesian branches of Piast dukes after the testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth in 1138. Wrocław was mentioned as one of three centers of the Kingdom of Poland, along with Kraków and Sandomierz , in the early-12th-century Gesta principum Polonorum chronicle. In 1241, it was the place of the Battle of Legnica , the largest battle of the Mongol invasions of Poland. With

1560-478: Was made again part of Poland as agreed at the post-war Potsdam Conference . As a consequence, Lower Silesia suffered a nearly total loss of its pre-war population between 1945 and 1950. Polish citizens dispossessed by the Soviets were then settled in the now emptied lands. The voivodeship was created on 1 January 1999 out of the former Wrocław , Legnica , Wałbrzych and Jelenia Góra Voivodeships, following

1600-484: Was not destroyed during World War I and II . With the rise of Nazism among the Germans, a local branch of the NSDAP was established in 1929, and soon five Nazis became town councilors. In 1934, a local branch of the Hitler Youth was established. The town's mayor, Günther Ries, supported the Nazis and provided funding for the Hitler Youth. The Nazis held three party ceremonies in the town, on 22 June 1935, 9 November 1937 and 2 March 1939. During Kristallnacht in 1938,

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