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55-548: It was founded in the 11th century. In the 13th century, as a result of the activity of pirates and Latins, Karakallou was totally deserted. By the end of the 15th century according to the Russian pilgrim Isaiah, the monastery was Albanian. The monastery was rebuilt in the 16th century by Moldavian voievod Peter IV Rareș . Located near Karakallou Monastery, the Kathisma of St. Efstathios  [ el ] , or Mylopotamos,

110-601: A Roman milestone found near Osijek , Croatia by Matija Petar Katančić in the 18th century, mentions the existence of a Jassiorum municipium , or Municipium Dacorum-Iassiorum from other sources. Other explanations show that the name originated from the Iranian Alanic tribe of Jassi , having the same origin with the Yazyges tribes Jassic people . In medieval times the Prut river was known as Alanus fluvius and

165-606: A humid continental climate ( Dfa , near Dfb ) if the 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm is used, or a humid temperate climate ( Cfa ) bordering on an oceanic climate ( Cfb ) if the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm is used. Iași experiences four distinct seasons. Summers are warm with temperatures sometimes exceeding 35 °C (95 °F) while winters are cold and windy with moderate snowfall and temperatures at night sometimes dropping below −15 °C (5 °F). Iași features historical monuments, 500-year-old churches and monasteries, contemporary architecture, many of them listed on

220-507: A major Christian pilgrimage site since the early modern period . In 1641, the relics of Saint Parascheva were brought to Iași. Each year, around 14 October, hundreds of thousands of pilgrims gather to commemorate Saint Parascheva, while the city itself established its Celebration Days at the same time. The October pilgrimage is one of the largest in Europe, drawing people all over Romania as well as from neighboring Orthodox countries. During

275-462: A major wave of industrialisation, in 1955–1989. During this period of time, it received numerous migrants from rural regions, and the urban area expanded. In the Communist era , Iași saw a growth of 235% in population and 69% in area. The local systematization plans of the old city started in 1960 and continued in the 1970s and 1980s as part of the larger national systematization program; however,

330-579: A new mainly Mid-Century modern style Civic Centre was built around the Old Market Square (The Central Hall). The mid-1990s to early-2000s brought the first non-industrial glass curtain walled buildings (Romtelecom, Hotel Europa), while in 2012, in close proximity to the Palace of Culture, the Palas shopping mall and office complex was inaugurated. Other significant buildings include: Iași

385-545: A notable Iași landmark. The Odd Poplars Alley  [ ro ] , in Bucium neighbourhood, is another spot where Mihai Eminescu sought inspiration (the poem "Down Where the Lonely Poplars Grow"). In 1973, the 15 white poplars still left (with the age ranges between 233 and 371 years) were declared natural monuments. Iași County has 387 centuries-old trees, of which 224 were declared monument trees and 160 got

440-523: A population of 271,692, its metropolitan area had a population of 423,154, whereas more than 500,000 people live within its peri-urban area . Counting 500,668 residents (as of 2018), the Iași urban area is the second most populous in Romania after Bucharest . Home to the oldest Romanian university and to the first engineering school , Iași is one of the most important education and research centres of

495-635: A shortcut to his citadel. It took over two years and various political changes in Transylvania and Moldavia before Petru was able to gain the sultan's forgiveness and regain the Moldavian throne in early 1541. Entering the country, he captured voievod Alexandru Cornea and his faithful boyars and killed them. Now, however, he was no longer trusted to wage wars, especially because he no longer retained his special links with Muntenia, his son-in-law Vlad VII Vintilă having been slain. Nor could he take back

550-670: A unique monument, considered to be an architectural masterpiece, was erected in 1635–1639 by Vasile Lupu, and adorned with gilded carvings on its outer walls and twin towers. Other examples of historic churches and monasteries (some of them surrounded by defence walls and towers) include: Socola (1562), Galata (1582), Saint Sava (1583), Hlincea (1587), Aroneanu  [ ro ] (1594), Bârnova (1603), Barnovschi (1627), Golia (1650), Cetățuia (1668), Frumoasa (1726), Saint Spiridon (1747), Old Metropolitan Cathedral  [ ro ] (1761), Bărboi (1843 with 18th-century bell tower), Bucium (1853). The city has become

605-683: Is a kathisma (cell) belonging to the Monastery of Great Lavra . It was founded by St. Athanasius to serve as a place of convalescence for monks. It is a complex with a defensive tower and vineyards. Patriarch Joachim III of Constantinople , also rested here in the 19th century. Today it is used as a winery and is known for its excellent quality wine. [REDACTED] Media related to Karakalou monastery at Wikimedia Commons Peter IV Rare%C8%99 Petru Rareș ( pronounced [ˈpetru ˈrareʃ] ), sometimes known as Petryła or Peter IV (Petru IV); c.  1483 – 3 September 1546),

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660-623: Is also known as the site of the largest Romanian pilgrimage which takes place every year, in October. Scholars have different theories on the origin of the name "Iași". Some argue that the name originates with the Sarmatian tribe Iazyges (of Iranian origin), one mentioned by Ovid as "ipse vides, onerata ferox ut ducat Iazyx / per medias Histri plaustra bubulcus aquas" and " Iazyges et Colchi Metereaque turba Getaque/ Danubii mediis vix prohibentur aquis" . A now lost inscription on

715-599: Is the oldest surviving synagogue in Romania and among the oldest synagogues still active in Europe. A 10-year restoration project funded by UNESCO, the Romanian Ministry of Culture and the local authorities of Iași restored it to its former glory, opening in time for Hanukkah on 4 December 2018. During the war, while the full scale of the Holocaust remained generally unknown to the Allied Powers ,

770-608: Is the third largest city in Romania and the seat of Iași County . Located in the historical region of Moldavia , it has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Romanian social, cultural, academic and artistic life. The city was the capital of the Principality of Moldavia from 1564 to 1859, then of the United Principalities from 1859 to 1862, and the capital of Romania from 1916 to 1918. Known as

825-703: Is the seat of the Romanian Orthodox Metropolitan of Moldavia and Bukovina , and of the Roman Catholic Bishop of Iași . The city and the surrounding area house more than 10 monasteries and 100 historical churches. Among the oldest is Princely Saint Nicholas (1491), dating from the reign of Stephen the Great , and the Metropolitan Cathedral is the largest of its kind in Romania. The Trei Ierarhi Monastery ,

880-675: The Bahlui River valley, a tributary of the Jijia River (tributary of the Prut River ). The surrounding country is one of uplands and woods, featuring monasteries and parks. Iași itself stands amid vineyards and gardens, partly on hills, partly in the in-between valley. The central part of the city is located on the 25 m (82  ft ) fluvial terrace of the Bahlui River (the so-called Palat Terrace). From this nucleus,

935-453: The Budjak , occupied by Sultan Suleiman , nor even the citadels of Ciceu and Cetatea de Baltă, except as simple fiefdoms (which he did in 1544), for their walls had been razed by George Martinuzzi . In 1541, Rareș caught Transylvanian voievod István Majláth at Făgăraș , on the sultan's orders, and sent him to Constantinople. In 1542 he tried unsuccessfully to take Bistrița. Another failure

990-550: The Iași pogrom stood as one of the known examples of Axis brutality toward the Jews. The pogrom lasted from 29 June to 6 July 1941, and over 13,266 people, or one third of the Jewish population, were massacred in the pogrom itself or in its aftermath, and many were deported. Particularly brutal was the massacre of Jews who were forced on sealed trains in the brutal summer heat. Over half of

1045-627: The National Register of Historic Monuments . Notable architecture includes the Trei Ierarhi Monastery , part of the tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Site , or the neo-Gothic Palace of Culture , built on the old ruins of the mediaeval Princely Court of Moldavia. During World War II and the Communist era many historical buildings in the old city centre (around Union Square area) were destroyed or demolished, and replaced by International style buildings and also

1100-473: The Romanian Academy 's approval and are proposed for such a classification. Most of them are oak or linden trees. The oldest tree in the county is the 675-year-old hybrid linden ( Tilia ) tree located in the courtyard of Bârnova Monastery , in the vicinity of Iași. When the linden was about 57 years old and about 14 cm (5.5 in) in diameter, Iași was mentioned as an urban settlement, during

1155-691: The Tatars (in 1513, 1574, 1577, 1593), by the Ottomans in 1538, the Cossacks and Tartars (1650), or the Poles (1620, 1686). In 1734, it was hit by the plague . The city was also affected by famine (1575, 1724, 1739–1740), or large local fires (1725, 1735, 1753, 1766, 1785), propagated by many buildings that were built on wooden structures. It was through the Treaty of Jassy that the sixth Russo-Turkish War

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1210-495: The United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. In 1862, when the union of the two principalities was recognised under the name of Romania , the national capital was established in Bucharest. For the loss caused to the city in 1861 by the removal of the seat of government to Bucharest the constituent assembly voted 148,150 lei to be paid in ten annual instalments, but no payment was ever made. During World War I , Iași

1265-591: The 34.5 m a.s.l. (113.19 ft) in the Bahlui River floodplain, at the Holboca bridge, and 354.77 m a.s.l. (1,163.94 ft), at the edge of the Repedea Hill . It is a common belief that Iași is built on seven hills ( Romanian : coline ): Breazu, Bucium, Cetățuia, Copou, Galata, Repedea and Șorogari, thus triggering comparisons with Rome . Under the Köppen climate classification , Iaşi falls within either

1320-551: The Cultural Capital of Romania, Iași is a symbol of Romanian history. Historian Nicolae Iorga stated that "there should be no Romanian who does not know of it". Still referred to as "The Moldavian Capital", Iași is the main economic and business centre of Romania's Moldavian region. In December 2018, Iași was officially declared the Historical Capital of Romania. At the 2021 census , the city-proper had

1375-629: The Jazyges; also he shows that the word jasz is a Slavic loan word. The Hungarian name of the city ( Jászvásár ) literally means "Jassic Market"; the antiquated Romanian name, Târgul Ieșilor (and the once-favoured Iașii ), and the German Jassenmarkt , may indicate the same meaning. [REDACTED]   Moldavia 1408–1859 [REDACTED] United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia 1859–1862 [REDACTED]   Romania 1862–present Archaeological investigations attest to

1430-658: The Polish merchants of Lvov . However, as buildings older than 1408 still exist, e.g. the Armenian Church believed to be originally built in 1395, it is certain that the city existed before its first surviving written mention. Around 1564, Prince Alexandru Lăpușneanu moved the Moldavian capital from Suceava to Iași. Between 1561 and 1563, a school and a Lutheran church were founded by the Greek adventurer prince, Ioan Iacob Heraclid . In 1640, Vasile Lupu established

1485-695: The city and marks one of the first Romanian coordinated public parks. The oldest monument in Romania stands in the middle of the park, the Obelisk of Lions  [ ro ] (1834), a 13.5 m (44.29  ft ) tall obelisk , dedicated to the Regulamentul Organic , the first law on political, administrative and juridical organisation in Romanian Principalities. Founded in 1856, the Botanical Garden of Iași ,

1540-742: The city as Forum Philistinorum . From this population derived the plural of the town name, "Iașii". Another historian wrote that the Iasians lived among the Cumans and that they left the Caucasus after the first Mongolian campaign in the West, settling temporarily near the Prut. He asserts that the ethnic name of Jasz which is given to the Iasians by the Hungarians has been erroneously identified with

1595-532: The city evolved after the medieval times toward south and north on the Bahlui River floodplain and on the adjacent hills. The southern part of the city lies on the Iași Ridge ( Romanian : Coasta Iașilor ) (the northernmost hill of the Bârlad Plateau). Considering the present day extension of the administrative boundaries, the city territory has an altitudinal extension of 320 m (1,050 ft), between

1650-919: The country, accommodating over 60,000 students in five public universities. The social and cultural life revolves around the Vasile Alecsandri National Theatre (the oldest in Romania), the Moldova State Philharmonic , the Opera House , the Iași Athenaeum , the Botanical Garden (the oldest and largest in Romania), the Central University Library (the oldest in Romania), the cultural centres and festivals, an array of museums, memorial houses, religious and historical monuments. The city

1705-492: The efforts made Rareș was unable to occupy Bistrița. Neither could he subdue Brașov , which he besieged again in October for several weeks. Thus he was far from realizing his plan of ruling Transylvania. He had to content himself with Ciceu and Cetatea de Baltă , ruled by his father, and with the bishopric of Vad. He then shifted his attention to Poland and in 1530 occupied Pokuttya . The Polish general Jan Tarnowski soon reconquered it, but when Petru re-entered Pokuttya, he

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1760-780: The end of the Communist regime and the transition to a free market economy, the private sector has grown steadily, while much of the old industry gradually decayed. Located in the North-East of Romania, at the contact between the Jijia Plain and the Bârlad Plateau , Iași used to be the crossroads place of the historic trade routes that passed through Moldavia coming from the Kingdom of Poland , Habsburg monarchy , Tsardom of Russia , and Constantinople . The city lies on

1815-401: The entire year, pilgrimages to Iași can also involve visits to a large number of religious sites, both within and around the city. Iași has a diverse array of public spaces, from city squares to public parks. Begun in 1833, at the time when Iași was the capital of Moldavia , by Prince Mihail Sturdza and under the plans of Gheorghe Asachi and Mihail Singurov, Copou Park was integrated into

1870-693: The first botanical garden in Romania, has an area of over 100 hectares, and more than 10,000 species of plants. Iași Exhibition Park was opened in 1923 and built under the co-ordination of the architect N. Ghica Budești . The Ciric Park , located in the north-eastern part of Iași, consists of parkland and four lakes. Eminescu's Linden Tree ( Romanian : Teiul lui Eminescu ) is a 500-year-old silver linden ( Tilia tomentosa Moench ) situated in Copou Park . Mihai Eminescu reportedly wrote some of his best works underneath this linden tree, rendering it one of Romania's most important natural monuments and

1925-788: The first school in which the Romanian replaced Greek, and set up a printing press in the Byzantine Trei Ierarhi Monastery ( Monastery of the Three Hierarchs ; built 1635–39). Between 15 September – 27 October 1642, the city hosted the Synod of Iași (also referred to as the Synod of Jassy). In 1643, the first volume ever printed in Moldavia was published in Iași. The city was often burned down and looted by

1980-456: The job. However, instead of helping Gritti, Huru lured him out and delivered him to his enemies, who killed him on the spot (1534). Rareș then killed Gritti's sons, who had entered Moldavia. The Ottomans could not presently retaliate, being occupied in Persia, so Petru was free to continue his intrigues between Ferdinand and Zápolya. The Poles tried in vain to have him replaced in 1538, appealing to

2035-478: The land of Moldovia. It is said that, during this flight, Rareș wandered for two weeks in the impassable forests of Transylvania, with difficulty making his way through spiny vegetation and ancient bushes and trees. Overcome by hunger, thirst, shock and despair, he was seen by a group of fishermen. Since he himself had been a fisherman, he was recognized and they sheltered and cared for him. Once he had recovered, his hosts garbed him in fishermen's clothes and showed him

2090-541: The late 16th century. The oldest tomb inscription in the local cemetery probably dates to 1610. By the mid-19th century, owing to widespread Russian Jewish and Galician Jewish immigration into Moldavia, the city was at least one-third Jewish, growing to 50% Jewish by 1899 according to the Great Geographic Dictionary of Romania cited by JewishGen . The Podu Roș Synagogue was built in Iași, circa 1810, by Avraham Yehoshua Heshel of Apta , but

2145-485: The occupants perished in these trains, which were aimlessly driven throughout the countryside with no particular destination. In May 1944, the Iași area became the scene of ferocious fighting between Romanian- German forces and the advancing Soviet Red Army and the city was partially destroyed. The German Panzergrenadier Division Großdeutschland won a defensive victory at the Battle of Târgu Frumos , near Iași, which

2200-542: The presence of human communities on the present territory of the city and around it as far back as the prehistoric age. Later settlements included those of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture , a late Neolithic archaeological culture . There is archaeological evidence of human settlements in the area of Iași dating from the 6th to 7th centuries (Curtea Domnească) and 7th to 10th centuries; these settlements contained rectangular houses with semicircular ovens. Also, many of

2255-425: The second largest ethnic group in Iași. There were over 127 synagogues . After World War II , in 1947, there were about 38,000 Jews living in Iași. Because of massive emigration to Israel, in 1975 there were about 3,000 Jews living in Iași and four synagogues were active. Currently, Iași has a dwindling Jewish population of ca. 300 to 600 members and two working synagogues, one of which, the 1671 Great Synagogue ,

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2310-474: The sultan to punish him. Then the over-zealous Petru, deserted by his own boyars, his capital Iași ablaze, and faced with a Turkish-Tatar-Polish army headed by Suleiman the Magnificent , who was bringing Ștefan Lăcustă to the throne, had to flee to his Transylvanian fortress of Ciceu. {{blockquote|The voivoda Petru raised his head in revolt, but my horse's hoofs ground him into the dust, and I conquered

2365-584: The synagogue became mostly Misnagdic not long thereafter. In 1855, Iași was the home of the first-ever Yiddish -language newspaper, Korot Haitim , and, in 1876, the site of what was arguably the first-ever professional Yiddish theatre performance, established by Avraham Goldfaden . The words of HaTikvah , the national anthem of Israel, were written in Iași by Naftali Herz Imber . Jewish musicians in Iași played an important role as preservers of Yiddish folklore, as performers and composers. The first Zionist Hebrew-language newspaper in Romania, Emek Israel ,

2420-688: The tradition inherited from Stephen the Great. Aided by his wife Jelena, he built and repaired numerous churches, including in Baia , Botoșani , Hârlău , Târgu Frumos and Roman . His most beautiful achievement is considered to be Probota Monastery. Ia%C8%99i Iași ( UK : / ˈ j æ ʃ j / YASH -(y) , US : / ˈ j ɑː ʃ ( i )/ YAHSH( -ee) , Romanian: [ˈjaʃʲ] ; also known by other alternative names ), also referred to mostly historically as Jassy ( UK : / ˈ j æ s i / YASS -ee , US : / ˈ j ɑː s i / YAH -see ),

2475-411: The urban planning was sometimes arbitrary and followed by dysfunctions. By 1989, Iași had become highly industrialised, with 108,000 employees (representing 47% of the total workforce) active in 46 large state-owned enterprises , in various industries: machine building and heavy equipment, chemical, textile, pharmaceutical, metallurgical, electronics, food, energy, building materials, furniture. After

2530-534: The vessels (9th–11th centuries) found in Iași had a cross, potentially indicating that the inhabitants were Christians. In 1396, Iași is mentioned by the German crusader Johann Schiltberger (a participant in the Battle of Nicopolis ). The name of the city is first found in an official document in 1408. This is a grant of certain commercial privileges by the Moldavian Prince Alexander to

2585-648: Was brought to a close in 1792. A Greek revolutionary manoeuvre and occupation under Alexander Ypsilanti (Αλέξανδρος Υψηλάντης) and the Filiki Eteria (Φιλική Εταιρία) (1821, at the beginning of the Greek War of Independence ) led to the storming of the city by the Turks in 1822. In 1844 a severe fire affected much of the city. Between 1564 and 1859, the city was the capital of Moldavia; then, between 1859 and 1862, both Iași and Bucharest were de facto capitals of

2640-537: Was defeated by Tarnowski through superior tactics at Obertyn on 22 August 1531. Events forced him to return to Transylvania. Here, the Ottomans had dispatched an Italian adventurer, Lodovico Gritti , to restore order. Transylvanian voievod István Majláth and the country's nobles forced him to close himself in Mediaș . Since Petru had received orders from the sultan to free Gritti, he sent his trusted vassal Huru to do

2695-442: Was his enthusiastic involvement in plans for a crusade by Christian princes against the Ottomans . He lent the head of the proposed crusade , Joachim II of Brandenburg , 200,000 florins, but the initiative was abandoned when Buda was besieged in 1542 and Rareș died, still a Turkish vassal, on 3 September 1546. He is buried in the monastery that he endowed, Probota Monastery . On the ecclesiastical and artistic front, he continued

2750-496: Was marked by inconstancy and a lack of political instincts. In the Hungarian battles between Ferdinand Habsburg and John Zápolya , he initially sided with Ferdinand, but when the Ottomans awarded recognition to Zápolya, he switched allegiances. In exchange for the citadel of Bistrița , he entered Transylvania on Zápolya's side and crushed Ferdinand at Feldioara on 22 June 1529. Zápolya then gave him Ungurașul but in spite of

2805-408: Was not Petru's actual name but a nickname of his mother's husband. In his youth he was a fish merchant, but Prince Ștefăniță , grandson of Ștefan cel Mare, on his deathbed, recommended Petru as a suitable contender to the throne, thus acknowledging Petru's blood lineage from Ștefan cel Mare. Petru exhibited many of his father's qualities: ambition, daring, bravery, piety, artistic taste. However, he

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2860-417: Was published in Iași in 1882. Zionist sports clubs, student associations and discussion groups were established in the city, most of which later merged into the Organizația Sionistă . The Hachshara Farms in Iași were a type of training farms to prepare young people for resettlement in the Palestine region. According to the 1930 census, with a population of 34,662 (some 34% of the city's population), Jews were

2915-416: Was the capital of a much reduced Romania for two years, following the Central Powers ' occupation of Bucharest on 6 December 1916. The capital was returned to Bucharest after the defeat of Imperial Germany and its allies in November 1918. In November–December 1918 Iași hosted the Jassy Conference . Iași also figures prominently in Jewish history, with the first documented presence of Sephardi Jews from

2970-413: Was the object of several NATO studies during the Cold War . By 20 August, Iași had been taken by Soviet forces. Iași suffered heavy damage due to Soviet (June–July 1941, June 1944) and American (June 1944) airstrikes, respectively. The bombing of Soviet aviation and artillery on 20 August 1944, resulted in more than 5,000 civilian deaths and the destruction of two-thirds of the city. Iași experienced

3025-415: Was twice voivode of Moldavia : 20 January 1527 to 18 September 1538 and 19 February 1541 to 3 September 1546. He was an illegitimate child born (probably at Hârlău ) to Stephen the Great . His mother was Maria Răreșoaia of Hârlău, whose existence is not historically documented but who is said to have been the wife of a wealthy boyar fish-merchant nicknamed Rareș "rare-haired" (i.e., bald). Rareș thus

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